Allow some non 2D inputs in qqmm (#2981 )

Expose to/from fp8 in Python and don't auto-convert fp8 when loading from safetensors (#2985 )
Don't try to use NAX at run-time if kernels aren't there (#2982 )
2026-01-13 15:48:30 -08:00 · 2026-01-13 15:48:21 -08:00 · 2026-01-13 15:47:45 -08:00 · 2026-01-13 12:42:37 -08:00 · 2026-01-13 11:26:25 -08:00 · 2026-01-12 13:33:26 -08:00
314 changed files with 23781 additions and 6052 deletions
@@ -1,579 +0,0 @@
-version: 2.1
-
-orbs:
-  apple: ml-explore/pr-approval@0.1.0
-
-parameters:
-  nightly_build:
-    type: boolean
-    default: false
-  test_release:
-    type: boolean
-    default: false
-
-jobs:
-  build_documentation:
-    parameters:
-      upload-docs:
-        type: boolean
-        default: false
-    macos:
-      xcode: "26.0.0"
-    resource_class: m4pro.medium
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Install
-          command: |
-            xcodebuild -downloadComponent MetalToolchain
-            brew install python@3.10
-            brew install doxygen
-            python3.10 -m venv env
-            source env/bin/activate
-            pip install --upgrade pip
-            pip install --upgrade cmake
-            pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-            pip install . -v
-      - when:
-          condition:
-            not: << parameters.upload-docs >>
-          steps:
-            - run:
-               name: Build documentation
-               command: |
-                 source env/bin/activate
-                 cd docs && doxygen && make html O=-W
-      - when:
-          condition: << parameters.upload-docs >>
-          steps:
-            - add_ssh_keys:
-                fingerprints:
-                  - "SHA256:OhcVVMovbT0pkgMeiVRyxMnjV9R2t+hKBsNcuxq9h+0"
-            - run:
-               name: Upload documentation
-               command: |
-                 source env/bin/activate
-                 git config user.email "mlx@group.apple.com"
-                 git config user.name "CircleCI Docs"
-                 git checkout gh-pages
-                 git rebase main
-                 cd docs
-                 git rm -rf build/html
-                 doxygen && make html O=-W
-                 git add -f build/html
-                 git commit -m "rebase"
-                 git push -f origin gh-pages
-
-  linux_build_and_test:
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2204:current
-      resource_class: large
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Run style checks
-          command: |
-            pip install pre-commit
-            pre-commit run --all
-            if ! git diff --quiet; then echo 'Style checks failed, please install pre-commit and run pre-commit run --all and push the change'; exit 1; fi
-      - run:
-          name: Install dependencies
-          command: |
-            export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
-            export NEEDRESTART_MODE=a
-            sudo apt-get update
-            sudo apt-get install -y libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
-            sudo apt-get install openmpi-bin openmpi-common libopenmpi-dev
-            curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
-      - run:
-          name: Install Python package
-          command: |
-            uv venv
-            uv pip install cmake
-            DEBUG=1 CMAKE_ARGS="-DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON" \
-              uv pip install -e ".[dev]" -v
-      - run:
-          name: Generate package stubs
-          command: |
-            uv pip install typing_extensions
-            uv run --no-project setup.py generate_stubs
-      - run:
-          name: Run Python tests
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            python -m unittest discover python/tests -v
-            mpirun --bind-to none -host localhost:8 -np 8 python python/tests/mpi_test_distributed.py
-            mlx.launch --verbose -n 8 python/tests/ring_test_distributed.py -v 2> >(tee -a stderr.log >&2)
-            if $(grep "\[WARN\]" stderr.log); then echo "Distributed ring test failed"; exit 1; fi
-      - run:
-          name: Build CPP only
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            mkdir -p build && cd build
-            cmake .. -DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=DEBUG
-            make -j `nproc`
-      - run:
-          name: Run CPP tests
-          command: ./build/tests/tests
-
-  mac_build_and_test:
-    parameters:
-      xcode_version:
-        type: string
-        default: "26.0.0"
-      macosx_deployment_target:
-        type: string
-        default: ""
-    macos:
-      xcode: << parameters.xcode_version >>
-    environment:
-      MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: << parameters.macosx_deployment_target >>
-    resource_class: m4pro.medium
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Install dependencies
-          command: |
-            xcodebuild -downloadComponent MetalToolchain
-            HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1 \
-              brew install openmpi uv
-      - run:
-          name: Install Python package
-          command: |
-            uv venv --python 3.10
-            uv pip install \
-              nanobind==2.4.0 \
-              cmake \
-              numpy \
-              torch \
-              tensorflow \
-              unittest-xml-reporting
-            DEBUG=1 CMAKE_ARGS="-DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON" \
-              uv pip install -e . -v
-      - run:
-          name: Generate package stubs
-          command: |
-            uv pip install typing_extensions
-            uv run --no-project setup.py generate_stubs
-      - run:
-          name: Run Python tests
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            LOW_MEMORY=1 DEVICE=cpu python -m xmlrunner discover -v python/tests -o test-results/cpu
-            LOW_MEMORY=1 DEVICE=gpu METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE=1 METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE=0 python -m xmlrunner discover -v python/tests -o test-results/gpu
-            mpirun --bind-to none -host localhost:8 -np 8 -x DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/homebrew/lib/ python python/tests/mpi_test_distributed.py
-            mlx.launch --verbose -n 8 python/tests/ring_test_distributed.py -v 2> >(tee -a stderr.log >&2)
-            if $(grep "\[WARN\]" stderr.log); then echo "Distributed ring test failed"; exit 1; fi
-      - run:
-          name: Build example extension
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            cd examples/extensions
-            uv pip install -r requirements.txt
-            uv run --no-project setup.py build_ext --inplace
-            uv run --no-project python test.py
-      - store_test_results:
-          path: test-results
-      - run:
-          name: Build CPP only
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            mkdir -p build && cd build && cmake .. && make -j `sysctl -n hw.ncpu`
-      - run:
-          name: Run CPP tests
-          command: |
-            DEVICE=gpu METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE=1 METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE=0 ./build/tests/tests
-      - run:
-          name: Build small binary
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            cd build/
-            cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel \
-              -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON \
-              -DMLX_BUILD_CPU=OFF \
-              -DMLX_BUILD_SAFETENSORS=OFF \
-              -DMLX_BUILD_GGUF=OFF \
-              -DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON
-            make -j `sysctl -n hw.ncpu`
-      - run:
-          name: Run Python tests with JIT
-          command: |
-            CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON" \
-              uv pip install -e . -v
-            LOW_MEMORY=1 DEVICE=gpu METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE=1 \
-              METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE=0 \
-              uv run --no-project python -m xmlrunner discover \
-                -v python/tests \
-                -o test-results/gpu_jit
-
-  cuda_build_and_test:
-    parameters:
-      image_date:
-        type: string
-        default: "2023.11.1"
-    machine:
-      image: "linux-cuda-12:<< parameters.image_date >>"
-      resource_class: gpu.nvidia.small.gen2
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - restore_cache:
-          keys:
-            - cuda-<< parameters.image_date >>-{{ arch }}-
-      - run:
-          name: Install dependencies
-          command: |
-            sudo apt-get update
-            sudo apt-get install libcudnn9-dev-cuda-12
-            sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
-            sudo apt-get install libnccl2 libnccl-dev
-            curl -sL https://github.com/ccache/ccache/releases/download/v4.11.3/ccache-4.11.3-linux-x86_64.tar.xz | tar xJf -
-            sudo mv ccache-4.11.3-linux-x86_64/ccache /usr/bin/ccache
-            rm -rf ccache-4.11.3-linux-x86_64
-            curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
-      - run:
-          name: Set CCache size
-          command: ccache --max-size 1G
-      - run:
-          name: Install Python package
-          command: |
-            uv venv
-            uv pip install cmake
-            DEBUG=1 CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON -DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON -DCMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER=`which nvcc`" \
-              uv pip install -e ".[dev]" -v
-      - run:
-          name: Run Python tests
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            LOW_MEMORY=1 DEVICE=cpu python -m unittest discover python/tests -v
-            LOW_MEMORY=1 DEVICE=gpu python -m tests discover python/tests -v
-      - run:
-          name: Build CPP only
-          command: |
-            source .venv/bin/activate
-            cmake . -B build \
-              -DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON \
-              -DCMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER=`which nvcc` \
-              -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=DEBUG
-            cmake --build build -j `nproc`
-      - run:
-          name: Run CPP tests
-          command: ./build/tests/tests -sfe="*fft_tests.cpp,*linalg_tests.cpp"
-      - run:
-          name: CCache report
-          command: |
-            ccache --show-stats
-            ccache --zero-stats
-            ccache --cleanup
-      - save_cache:
-          key: cuda-<< parameters.image_date >>-{{ arch }}-{{ epoch }}
-          paths:
-            - /home/circleci/.cache/ccache
-
-  build_release:
-    parameters:
-      python_version:
-        type: string
-        default: "3.10"
-      xcode_version:
-        type: string
-        default: "26.0.0"
-      build_env:
-        type: string
-        default: ""
-      macosx_deployment_target:
-        type: string
-        default: ""
-    macos:
-      xcode: << parameters.xcode_version >>
-    resource_class: m4pro.medium
-    environment:
-      MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: << parameters.macosx_deployment_target >>
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Install dependencies
-          command: |
-            xcodebuild -downloadComponent MetalToolchain
-            mkdir -p ~/miniconda3
-            curl https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-arm64.sh -o ~/miniconda3/miniconda.sh
-            bash ~/miniconda3/miniconda.sh -b -u -p ~/miniconda3
-            rm ~/miniconda3/miniconda.sh
-            source ~/miniconda3/bin/activate
-            conda init --all
-            conda create -n env python=<< parameters.python_version >> -y
-            conda activate env
-            pip install --upgrade cmake
-            pip install nanobind==2.4.0
-            pip install --upgrade setuptools
-            pip install numpy
-            pip install twine
-            pip install build
-      - run:
-          name: Install Python package
-          command: |
-            conda activate env
-            env -u MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET DEV_RELEASE=1 \
-              pip install . -v
-      - run:
-          name: Generate package stubs
-          command: |
-            conda activate env
-            pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
-      - run:
-          name: Build Python package
-          command: |
-            conda activate env
-            python setup.py clean --all
-            << parameters.build_env >> MLX_BUILD_STAGE=1 python -m build -w
-      - when:
-          condition:
-            equal: ["3.10", << parameters.python_version >>]
-          steps:
-            - run:
-                name: Build common package
-                command: |
-                  conda activate env
-                  python setup.py clean --all
-                  << parameters.build_env >> MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 python -m build -w
-      - when:
-          condition: << parameters.build_env >>
-          steps:
-            - run:
-                name: Upload package
-                command: |
-                  conda activate env
-                  twine upload dist/*
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: dist/
-
-  build_linux_release:
-    parameters:
-      python_version:
-        type: string
-        default: "3.10"
-      build_env:
-        type: string
-        default: ""
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2204:current
-      resource_class: large
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Build wheel
-          command: |
-            PYTHON=python<< parameters.python_version >>
-            export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
-            export NEEDRESTART_MODE=a
-            sudo apt-get update
-            TZ=Etc/UTC sudo apt-get -y install tzdata
-            sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
-            sudo apt-get install -y $PYTHON $PYTHON-dev $PYTHON-full
-            sudo apt-get install -y libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
-            $PYTHON -m venv env
-            source env/bin/activate
-            pip install --upgrade pip
-            pip install --upgrade cmake
-            pip install auditwheel
-            pip install patchelf
-            pip install build
-            pip install twine
-            << parameters.build_env >> pip install ".[dev]" -v
-            pip install typing_extensions
-            python setup.py generate_stubs
-            python setup.py clean --all
-            MLX_BUILD_STAGE=1 << parameters.build_env >> python -m build -w
-            bash python/scripts/repair_linux.sh
-      - when:
-          condition:
-            equal: ["3.10", << parameters.python_version >>]
-          steps:
-            - run:
-                name: Build common package
-                command: |
-                  source env/bin/activate
-                  python setup.py clean --all
-                  << parameters.build_env >> MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 \
-                    python -m build -w
-                  auditwheel repair dist/mlx_cpu*.whl --plat manylinux_2_35_x86_64
-      - when:
-          condition: << parameters.build_env >>
-          steps:
-            - run:
-                name: Upload packages
-                command: |
-                  source env/bin/activate
-                  twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: wheelhouse/
-
-  build_cuda_release:
-    parameters:
-      build_env:
-        type: string
-        default: ""
-    machine:
-      image: ubuntu-2204:current
-      resource_class: xlarge
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: Build wheel
-          command: |
-            export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
-            export NEEDRESTART_MODE=a
-            wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2404/x86_64/cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
-            sudo dpkg -i cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
-            sudo apt-get update
-            sudo apt-get install cuda-toolkit-12-9 libcudnn9-dev-cuda-12
-            sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev
-            sudo apt-get install zip
-            pip install auditwheel
-            pip install patchelf
-            pip install build
-            pip install twine
-            export PATH=/usr/local/cuda/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
-            export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
-            << parameters.build_env >> MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 \
-              CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON -DCMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER=`which nvcc`" \
-              python -m build -w
-            bash python/scripts/repair_cuda.sh
-      - when:
-          condition: << parameters.build_env >>
-          steps:
-            - run:
-                name: Upload package
-                command: |
-                  twine upload wheelhouse/*.whl
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: wheelhouse/
-
-workflows:
-  build_and_test:
-    when:
-      and:
-        - matches:
-            pattern: "^(?!pull/)[-\\w]+$"
-            value: << pipeline.git.branch >>
-        - not: << pipeline.parameters.nightly_build >>
-        - not: << pipeline.parameters.test_release >>
-    jobs:
-      - mac_build_and_test:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              macosx_deployment_target: ["13.5", "15.0"]
-      - linux_build_and_test
-      - cuda_build_and_test:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              image_date: ["2023.11.1", "2025.05.1"]
-      - build_documentation 
-
-  build_pypi_release:
-    when:
-      and:
-        - not: << pipeline.parameters.nightly_build >>
-        - not: << pipeline.parameters.test_release >>
-    jobs:
-      - build_release:
-          filters:
-            tags:
-              only: /^v.*/
-            branches:
-              ignore: /.*/
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
-              macosx_deployment_target: ["13.5", "14.0", "15.0"]
-              build_env: ["PYPI_RELEASE=1"]
-              xcode_version: ["26.0.0"]
-      - build_documentation:
-          filters:
-            tags:
-              only: /^v.*/
-            branches:
-              ignore: /.*/
-          upload-docs: true
-      - build_linux_release:
-          filters:
-            tags:
-              only: /^v.*/
-            branches:
-              ignore: /.*/
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
-              build_env: ["PYPI_RELEASE=1"]
-      - build_cuda_release:
-          filters:
-            tags:
-              only: /^v.*/
-            branches:
-              ignore: /.*/
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              build_env: ["PYPI_RELEASE=1"]
-
-  prb:
-    when:
-      matches:
-        pattern: "^pull/\\d+(/head)?$"
-        value: << pipeline.git.branch >>
-    jobs:
-      - hold:
-          type: approval
-      - apple/authenticate:
-          context: pr-approval
-      - mac_build_and_test:
-          requires: [ hold ]
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              macosx_deployment_target: ["13.5", "15.0"]
-      - linux_build_and_test:
-          requires: [ hold ]
-      - cuda_build_and_test:
-          requires: [ hold ]
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              image_date: ["2023.11.1", "2025.05.1"]
-  nightly_build:
-    when:
-      and:
-        - equal: [ main, << pipeline.git.branch >> ]
-        - << pipeline.parameters.nightly_build >>
-    jobs:
-      - build_release:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
-              macosx_deployment_target: ["13.5", "14.0", "15.0"]
-              xcode_version: ["26.0.0"]
-      - build_linux_release:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
-      - build_cuda_release
-
-  build_dev_release:
-    when:
-      and:
-        - equal: [ main, << pipeline.git.branch >> ]
-        - << pipeline.parameters.test_release >>
-    jobs:
-      - build_release:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
-              macosx_deployment_target: ["13.5", "14.0", "15.0"]
-              build_env: ["DEV_RELEASE=1"]
-              xcode_version: ["26.0.0"]
-      - build_linux_release:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
-              build_env: ["DEV_RELEASE=1"]
-      - build_cuda_release:
-          matrix:
-            parameters:
-              build_env: ["DEV_RELEASE=1"]
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+name: 'Build CUDA wheel'
+description: 'Build CUDA wheel'
+
+inputs:
+  arch:
+    description: 'Platform architecture tag'
+    required: true
+    type: choice
+    options:
+      - x86_64
+      - aarch64
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Build package
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        CMAKE_ARGS: -DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=ON
+      run: |
+        pip install auditwheel build patchelf setuptools
+        python setup.py clean --all
+        MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 python -m build -w
+
+        auditwheel repair dist/mlx_cuda*.whl \
+          --plat manylinux_2_35_${{ inputs.arch }} \
+          --exclude libcublas* \
+          --exclude libcuda* \
+          --exclude libcudnn* \
+          --exclude libnccl* \
+          --exclude libnvrtc*
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+name: 'Build Documentation'
+description: 'Build documentation'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Setup machine
+      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get install -y doxygen
+        source .venv/bin/activate
+        pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+        pip install . -v
+  
+    - name: Build documentation
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        source .venv/bin/activate
+        cd docs
+        doxygen
+        make html O=-W
+    
+    - name: Create artifact tar
+      shell: bash
+      run: tar -cf artifact.tar -C docs --dereference build/html index.html
+
+    # Do it manually because upload-pages-artifact requires gtar
+    - name: Upload artifact
+      id: upload-artifact
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+      with:
+        name: github-pages
+        path: artifact.tar
+        retention-days: 1
+        if-no-files-found: error
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: 'Build Linux wheel'
+description: 'Build Linux wheel'
+
+inputs:
+  build-backend:
+    description: 'Build the backend mlx-cpu package'
+    type: boolean
+    required: false
+    default: false
+  arch:
+    description: 'Platform architecture tag'
+    required: true
+    type: choice
+    options:
+      - x86_64
+      - aarch64
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Build MLX
+      shell: bash
+      run: pip install -e . -v
+
+    - name: Build Python package
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        pip install auditwheel patchelf build
+        python setup.py clean --all
+        MLX_BUILD_STAGE=1 python -m build -w
+        auditwheel repair dist/mlx-*.whl \
+          --plat manylinux_2_35_${{ inputs.arch }} \
+          --exclude libmlx.so* \
+          --only-plat
+
+    - name: Build backend package
+      if: ${{ inputs.build-backend }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        python setup.py clean --all
+        MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 python -m build -w
+        auditwheel repair dist/mlx_cpu*.whl --plat manylinux_2_35_${{ inputs.arch }}
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: 'Build and Test on Linux'
+
+inputs:
+  toolkit:
+    description: 'The toolkit to build with'
+    required: false
+    default: 'cpu'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Install Python package
+      id: python_build
+      shell: sh
+      env:
+        DEBUG: 1
+        CMAKE_ARGS: >-
+          -DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON
+          -DMLX_BUILD_CUDA=${{ startsWith(inputs.toolkit, 'cuda') && 'ON' || 'OFF' }}
+      run: |
+        if ${{ startsWith(inputs.toolkit, 'cuda') && runner.arch == 'arm64' }} ; then
+          # There is no GPU in arm64 runner, use a common arch.
+          CMAKE_ARGS="$CMAKE_ARGS -DMLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=90a"
+          # Can not build tests and stubs when the built executables can not run.
+          CMAKE_ARGS="$CMAKE_ARGS -DMLX_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DMLX_BUILD_PYTHON_STUBS=OFF"
+        fi
+        pip install --no-build-isolation -e ".[dev]" -v
+        # Pass the CMAKE_ARGS to following steps.
+        echo CMAKE_ARGS="$CMAKE_ARGS" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+    - name: Build CPP only
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        cmake . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ${{ steps.python_build.outputs.CMAKE_ARGS }}
+        cmake --build build -j $(nproc)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: 'Build macOS release'
+description: 'Build MLX releases macOS'
+
+inputs:
+  macos-target:
+    description: 'macOS build target'
+    required: false
+    default: '15.0'
+  build-backend:
+    description: 'Build the backend mlx-metal package'
+    type: boolean
+    required: false
+    default: false
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Build Python package
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      env:
+        MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: ${{ inputs.macos-target }}
+      run: |
+        pip install build
+        python setup.py clean --all
+        MLX_BUILD_STAGE=1 python -m build -w
+
+    - name: Build backend package
+      if: ${{ inputs.build-backend }}
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      env:
+        MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: ${{ inputs.macos-target }}
+      run: |
+        python setup.py clean --all
+        MLX_BUILD_STAGE=2 python -m build -w
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+name: 'Build and Test on macOS'
+description: 'Build and test MLX on macOS'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      env:
+        DEBUG: 1
+        CMAKE_ARGS: "-DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON"
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      run: |
+        pip install --upgrade pip
+        pip install cmake setuptools typing_extensions
+        pip install -e . -v
+
+    - name: Install tests dependencies
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      run: |
+        pip install numpy torch tensorflow unittest-xml-reporting
+
+    - name: Run Python tests
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      env:
+        LOW_MEMORY: 1
+      run: |
+        DEVICE=cpu python -m xmlrunner discover -v python/tests -o test-results/cpu
+        DEVICE=gpu METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE=1 METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE=0 python -m xmlrunner discover -v python/tests -o test-results/gpu
+        mpirun --bind-to none -host localhost:8 -np 8 -x DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/homebrew/lib/ python python/tests/mpi_test_distributed.py
+        mlx.launch --verbose -n 8 python/tests/ring_test_distributed.py -v 2> >(tee -a stderr.log >&2)
+        if $(grep "\[WARN\]" stderr.log); then echo "Distributed ring test failed"; exit 1; fi
+    
+    - name: Build example extension
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      run: |
+        cd examples/extensions
+        pip install -r requirements.txt
+        python setup.py build_ext --inplace
+        python test.py
+    
+    - name: Build CPP only
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      run: |
+        mkdir -p build
+        cd build
+        cmake ..
+        make -j $(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
+    
+    - name: Run CPP tests
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      env:
+        DEVICE: gpu
+        METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE: 1
+        METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE: 0
+      run: ./build/tests/tests
+    
+    - name: Build small binary with JIT
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      run: |
+        mkdir -p build
+        cd build
+        cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel \
+          -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON \
+          -DMLX_BUILD_CPU=OFF \
+          -DMLX_BUILD_SAFETENSORS=OFF \
+          -DMLX_BUILD_GGUF=OFF \
+          -DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON
+        make -j $(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
+    
+    - name: Run Python tests with JIT
+      shell: bash -l {0}
+      env:
+        LOW_MEMORY: 1
+        DEVICE: gpu
+        METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE: 1
+        METAL_DEBUG_ERROR_MODE: 0
+      run: |
+        CMAKE_ARGS="-DMLX_METAL_JIT=ON" \
+          pip install -e . -v
+        python -m xmlrunner discover \
+            -v python/tests \
+            -o test-results/gpu_jit
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+name: 'Setup Linux Environment'
+description: 'Install dependencies for Linux builds'
+
+inputs:
+  toolkit:
+    description: 'Which toolkit to install'
+    required: false
+    default: 'cpu'
+  python-version:
+    description: 'Version of python to set up'
+    required: false
+    default: '3.14'
+  use-ccache:
+    description: 'Whether to enable ccache'
+    required: false
+    default: 'true'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Install common dependencies
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Install common dependencies"
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+            zip \
+            libblas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev \
+            openmpi-bin openmpi-common libopenmpi-dev
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Use ccache
+      if: ${{ inputs.use-ccache == 'true' }}
+      uses: hendrikmuhs/ccache-action@v1.2
+      with:
+        key: ccache-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ inputs.toolkit }}
+        max-size: 1GB
+        # ccache-action bug: running "apt-get update" fails on large arm runner.
+        update-package-index: false
+
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ inputs.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Setup Python venv
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Setup Python venv"
+        python -m venv .venv
+        source .venv/bin/activate
+        pip install setuptools cmake typing_extensions
+        echo PATH=$PATH >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        # Search python packages in .venv
+        echo PYTHONPATH=`python -c 'import sys; print(sys.path[-1])'` >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Install CUDA toolkit
+      if: ${{ startsWith(inputs.toolkit, 'cuda') }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        # Note: the CI machine does not meet CUDA 13's driver requirement.
+        # Compatibility matrix:
+        # https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/cudnn/backend/latest/reference/support-matrix.html
+        PACKAGES: |
+          {
+            "cuda-12.6": "libcudnn9-dev-cuda-12 cuda-compiler-12-6 cuda-libraries-dev-12-6",
+            "cuda-12.9": "libcudnn9-dev-cuda-12 cuda-compiler-12-9 cuda-libraries-dev-12-9",
+            "cuda-13.0": "libcudnn9-dev-cuda-13 cuda-compiler-13-0 cuda-libraries-dev-13-0"
+          }
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Install CUDA toolkit"
+        # The CUDA binaries are hosted in the "sbsa" repo, the "arm64" repo is
+        # Jetson specific. SBSA means Arm Server Base System Architecture.
+        ARCH=${{ runner.arch == 'arm64' && 'sbsa' || 'x86_64' }}
+        wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2204/$ARCH/cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
+        sudo dpkg -i cuda-keyring_1.1-1_all.deb
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+            libnccl2 libnccl-dev \
+            ${{ fromJson(env.PACKAGES)[inputs.toolkit] }}
+        echo "/usr/local/${{ inputs.toolkit }}/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: CUDA packages and driver report
+      if: ${{ startsWith(inputs.toolkit, 'cuda') }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Installed NVIDIA and CUDA packages"
+        dpkg -l | egrep "cuda|nvidia" -i
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+        echo "::group::NVIDIA-SMI Status"
+        nvidia-smi || true
+        echo "::endgroup::"
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: 'Setup macOS Environment'
+description: 'Install dependencies for macOS builds'
+
+inputs:
+  python-version:
+    description: 'Python version to use'
+    required: false
+    default: '3.10'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Install Homebrew packages
+      shell: sh
+      run: /opt/homebrew/bin/brew install openmpi
+    
+    - name: Verify MetalToolchain installed
+      shell: bash
+      run: xcodebuild -showComponent MetalToolchain
+
+    - uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@v3
+      with:
+        miniconda-version: "latest"
+        python-version: ${{ inputs.python-version }}
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+name: 'Run Linux tests'
+
+inputs:
+  has-gpu:
+    description: 'Run GPU tests'
+    required: false
+    default: false
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+    - name: Run MPI tests
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::MPI tests"
+        mpirun --bind-to none --allow-run-as-root -host localhost:8 -np 8 python python/tests/mpi_test_distributed.py
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Run distributed tests
+      if: ${{ inputs.has-gpu == 'false' }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Distributed tests"
+        mlx.launch --verbose -n 8 python/tests/ring_test_distributed.py -v 2> >(tee -a stderr.log >&2)
+        if grep -Fq '[WARN]' stderr.log ; then
+          grep -F '[WARN]' stderr.log
+          echo "Distributed ring test failed";
+          exit 1;
+        fi
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Run Python tests - CPU
+      if: ${{ inputs.has-gpu == 'false' }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        DEVICE: cpu
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Python tests - CPU"
+        python -m unittest discover python/tests -v
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Run Python tests - GPU
+      if: ${{ inputs.has-gpu == 'true' }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        DEVICE: gpu
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::Python tests - GPU"
+        python -m tests discover python/tests -v
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Run CPP tests - CPU
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        DEVICE: cpu
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::CPP tests - CPU"
+        ./build/tests/tests
+        echo "::endgroup::"
+
+    - name: Run CPP tests - GPU
+      if: ${{ inputs.has-gpu == 'true' }}
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        DEVICE: gpu
+      run: |
+        echo "::group::CPP tests - GPU"
+        ./build/tests/tests -sfe="*fft_tests.cpp,*linalg_tests.cpp"
+        echo "::endgroup::"
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -ex
+
+export CMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang
+export CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang++
+BASE_CMAKE_ARGS="-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=DEBUG -DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON"
+if [[ "$(uname -s)" != "Darwin" ]]; then
+  BASE_CMAKE_ARGS+=" -DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF"
+fi
+
+run_test() {
+  local sanitizer_name=$1
+  local cmake_sanitizer_flag="-DUSE_${sanitizer_name}=ON"
+  echo "  Running tests with: ${sanitizer_name}"
+
+  case "$sanitizer_name" in
+    ASAN)
+      export ASAN_OPTIONS="detect_leaks=0"
+      ;;
+    UBSAN)
+      export UBSAN_OPTIONS="halt_on_error=0:print_stacktrace=1"
+      ;;
+    TSAN)
+      export TSAN_OPTIONS=""
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+  rm -rf build
+  mkdir -p build
+  pushd build > /dev/null
+
+  cmake .. ${BASE_CMAKE_ARGS} ${cmake_sanitizer_flag}
+  make -j $(nproc)
+  ./tests/tests
+
+  popd > /dev/null
+  unset ${sanitizer_name}_OPTIONS
+}
+
+sanitizer_arg=$(echo "$1" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
+
+if [[ "$sanitizer_arg" == "ASAN" || "$sanitizer_arg" == "UBSAN" || "$sanitizer_arg" == "TSAN" ]]; then
+  run_test "$sanitizer_arg"
+  echo "  ${sanitizer_arg} test run completed successfully."
+else
+  echo "Error: Invalid sanitizer '$1'. Please use one of: ASAN, UBSAN, TSAN."
+  exit 1
+fi
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -ex
+
+# [Setup] Install dependencies inside the container.
+dnf update -y
+dnf install -y \
+  blas-devel \
+  lapack-devel \
+  openblas-devel \
+  make \
+  cmake \
+  clang \
+  git
+dnf clean all
+
+# [C++] CI Build Sanity Check: Verifies code compilation, not for release.
+export CMAKE_ARGS="-DCMAKE_COMPILE_WARNING_AS_ERROR=ON"
+export DEBUG=1
+export CMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang
+export CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/bin/clang++
+
+mkdir -p build
+pushd build
+cmake .. -DMLX_BUILD_METAL=OFF -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=DEBUG
+make -j $(nproc)
+./tests/tests
+popd
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+name: Build and Test
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      # For testing CI without starting a pull request:
+      - test/*
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
+
+jobs:
+  check_lint:
+    name: Check Lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1
+
+  linux_build_and_test:
+    name: Linux (cpu, ${{ matrix.arch }})
+    needs: check_lint
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        arch: ['x86_64', 'aarch64']
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x86_64' && 'ubuntu-22.04' || 'ubuntu-22.04-arm' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-linux
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/test-linux
+
+  cuda_build_and_test:
+    name: Linux (${{ matrix.toolkit }}, ${{ matrix.arch }})
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    needs: check_lint
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        arch: ['x86_64', 'aarch64']
+        toolkit: ['cuda-12.6', 'cuda-12.9']
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x86_64' && 'gpu-t4-4-core' || 'ubuntu-22.04-arm' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+        with:
+          toolkit: ${{ matrix.toolkit }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-linux
+        with:
+          toolkit: ${{ matrix.toolkit }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/test-linux
+        if: matrix.arch == 'x86_64'
+        with:
+          has-gpu: true
+
+  mac_build_and_test:
+    name: macOS (${{ matrix.macos-target }})
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        macos-target: ["14.0", "15.0", "26.0"]
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, macos]
+    env:
+      MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: ${{ matrix.macos-target }}
+    needs: check_lint
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-macos
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos
+
+  build_documentation:
+    name: Build Documentation
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs: check_lint
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-docs
+
+  linux_sanitizer_build_and_test:
+    name: Linux Sanitizer Tests (${{ matrix.sanitizer }})
+    needs: check_lint
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        sanitizer: [ASAN, UBSAN]
+        # todo 12/16/2025: enable TSAN later + consider enabling ASAN for GPU backend tests.
+        # sanitizer: [ASAN, UBSAN, TSAN]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-arm
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: Install Dependencies
+        run: |
+          export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y \
+            build-essential \
+            libblas-dev \
+            liblapacke-dev \
+            libopenblas-dev \
+            cmake \
+            clang \
+            git
+          sudo apt-get clean
+          sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+      - name: Linux Build and Test with ${{ matrix.sanitizer }}
+        run: |
+          bash .github/scripts/build-sanitizer-tests.sh ${{ matrix.sanitizer }}
+
+  linux_fedora_build_cpp:
+    name: Linux Fedora (${{ matrix.arch }})
+    needs: check_lint
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - host: ubuntu-22.04
+            arch: x86_64
+          - host: ubuntu-22.04-arm
+            arch: aarch64
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.host }}
+    container:
+      image: fedora:42
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: CPP Build Test - No Release
+        run: |
+          bash ./.github/scripts/setup+build-cpp-linux-fedora-container.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+name: Documentation
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-docs
+      
+  deploy:
+    needs: build
+    permissions:
+      pages: write
+      id-token: write
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deployment
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+name: Nightly Build
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: 33 6 * * 1-5
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build_linux_release:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python_version: ["3.10", "3.14"]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-linux-release
+        with:
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.10' }}
+          arch: "x86_64"
+      - name: Upload mlx artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: linux-wheels-${{ matrix.python_version }}
+          path: wheelhouse/mlx-*.whl
+          retention-days: 7
+      - name: Upload mlx-cpu artifacts
+        if: matrix.python_version == '3.10'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: mlx-cpu
+          path: wheelhouse/mlx_cpu-*.whl
+          retention-days: 7
+
+  build_linux_with_tests:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python_version: ["3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        runner:
+          - ubuntu-22.04
+          - ubuntu-22.04-arm
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-linux
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/test-linux
+
+  build_mac_release:
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13"]
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, macos]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-macos
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos
+      - name: Build macOS 26 package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos-release
+        with:
+          macos-target: 26.0
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.10' }}
+      - name: Build macOS 15 package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos-release
+        with:
+          macos-target: 15.0
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.10' }}
+      - name: Build macOS 14 package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos-release
+        with:
+          macos-target: 14.0
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.10' }}
+
+  build_cuda_release:
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22-large
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+        with:
+          toolkit: 'cuda-12.9'
+      - name: Build Python package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-cuda-release
+        with:
+          toolkit: 'cuda-12.9'
+          arch: 'x86_64'
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          name: mlx-cuda
+          path: wheelhouse/mlx_cuda_*.whl
+          retention-days: 7
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-on:
-  pull_request:
-    branches:
-      - main
-
-jobs:
-  check_lint:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
-        with:
-          python-version: 3.8
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-          pip install pre-commit black isort clang-format
-      - name: Run lint
-        run: |
-          pre-commit run --all-files
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+name: PyPI Release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'v*'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      publish:
+        description: 'Publish to PyPI (uncheck for dry run)'
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: true
+      dev_release:
+        description: 'Development release (DEV_RELEASE=1)'
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build_documentation:
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-docs
+
+  deploy_documentation:
+    if: inputs.publish
+    needs: build_documentation
+    permissions:
+      pages: write
+      id-token: write
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deployment
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+
+  build_linux_release:
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python_version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        arch: ['x86_64', 'aarch64']
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x86_64' && 'ubuntu-22.04' || 'ubuntu-22.04-arm' }}
+    env:
+      PYPI_RELEASE: 1
+      DEV_RELEASE: ${{ inputs.dev_release && 1 || 0 }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+          use-ccache: false
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-linux-release
+        with:
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python_version == '3.10' }}
+          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+      - name: Upload MLX artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          overwrite: true
+          name: linux-wheels-${{ matrix.python_version }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          path: wheelhouse/mlx-*.whl
+          if-no-files-found: error
+      - name: Upload CPU artifacts
+        if: matrix.python_version == '3.10'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          overwrite: true
+          name: mlx-cpu-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          path: wheelhouse/mlx_cpu-*.whl
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  build_mac_release:
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, macos]
+    env:
+      PYPI_RELEASE: 1
+      DEV_RELEASE: ${{ inputs.dev_release && 1 || 0 }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-macos
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        shell: bash -l {0}
+        run: |
+          pip install --upgrade pip
+          pip install cmake setuptools typing_extensions
+          pip install -e . -v
+      - name: Build macOS 14 package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos-release
+        with:
+          macos-target: 14.0
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.10' }}
+      - name: Build macOS 15 package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-macos-release
+        with:
+          macos-target: 15.0
+          build-backend: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.10' }}
+      - name: Upload MLX artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          overwrite: true
+          name: mac-wheels-${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          path: dist/mlx-*.whl
+          if-no-files-found: error
+      - name: Upload Metal artifacts
+        if: matrix.python-version == '3.10'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          overwrite: true
+          name: mlx-metal
+          path: dist/mlx_metal-*.whl
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  build_cuda_release:
+    if: github.repository == 'ml-explore/mlx'
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        arch: ['x86_64', 'aarch64']
+        toolkit: ['cuda-12.9', 'cuda-13.0']
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.arch == 'x86_64' && 'ubuntu-22-large' || 'ubuntu-22-large-arm' }}
+    env:
+      PYPI_RELEASE: 1
+      DEV_RELEASE: ${{ inputs.dev_release && 1 || 0 }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-linux
+        with:
+          toolkit: ${{ matrix.toolkit }}
+          use-ccache: false
+      - name: Build Python package
+        uses: ./.github/actions/build-cuda-release
+        with:
+          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        with:
+          overwrite: true
+          name: mlx-${{ matrix.toolkit }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+          path: wheelhouse/mlx_cuda_*.whl
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  pypi-publish:
+    name: Upload release to PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [build_linux_release, build_mac_release]
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    environment:
+      name: ${{ inputs.publish && 'pypi' || '' }}
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/mlx
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          pattern: linux-wheels-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+          path: dist
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          pattern: mac-wheels-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+          path: dist
+      - name: Display structure of downloaded files
+        run: du -ah dist
+      - name: Publish package distributions to PyPI
+        if: inputs.publish
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          repository-url: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
+
+  pypi-publish-cuda:
+    name: Upload CUDA release to PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [build_cuda_release]
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    environment:
+      name: ${{ inputs.publish && 'pypi' || '' }}
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/mlx-cuda
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          pattern: mlx-cuda-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+          path: dist
+      - name: Display structure of downloaded files
+        run: du -ah dist
+      - name: Publish package distributions to PyPI
+        if: inputs.publish
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          repository-url: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
+
+  pypi-publish-cpu:
+    name: Upload CPU release to PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [build_linux_release]
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    environment:
+      name: ${{ inputs.publish && 'pypi' || '' }}
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/mlx-cpu
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          pattern: mlx-cpu-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+          path: dist
+      - name: Display structure of downloaded files
+        run: du -ah dist
+      - name: Publish package distributions to PyPI
+        if: inputs.publish
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          repository-url: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
+
+  pypi-publish-metal:
+    name: Upload Metal release to PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [build_mac_release]
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    environment:
+      name: ${{ inputs.publish && 'pypi' || '' }}
+      url: https://pypi.org/p/mlx-metal
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: mlx-metal
+          path: dist
+      - name: Display structure of downloaded files
+        run: du -ah dist
+      - name: Publish package distributions to PyPI
+        if: inputs.publish
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          repository-url: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 repos:
+-   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v6.0.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: check-yaml
+    # -   id: end-of-file-fixer
+    # -   id: trailing-whitespace
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
    rev: v19.1.7
    hooks:
@@ -41,10 +41,14 @@ option(MLX_ENABLE_X64_MAC "Enable building for x64 macOS" OFF)
 option(MLX_BUILD_GGUF "Include support for GGUF format" ON)
 option(MLX_BUILD_SAFETENSORS "Include support for safetensors format" ON)
 option(MLX_BUILD_BLAS_FROM_SOURCE "Build OpenBLAS from source code" OFF)
+option(MLX_BUILD_PYTHON_STUBS "Build stub files for python bindings" ON)
 option(MLX_METAL_JIT "Use JIT compilation for Metal kernels" OFF)
 option(MLX_USE_CCACHE "Use CCache for compilation cache when available" ON)
 option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build mlx as a shared library" OFF)
 option(USE_SYSTEM_FMT "Use system's provided fmt library" OFF)
+option(USE_ASAN "Enable AddressSanitizer (ASan)" OFF)
+option(USE_UBSAN "Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan)" OFF)
+option(USE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer (TSan)" OFF)

 # --------------------- Processor tests -------------------------
 message(
@@ -74,12 +78,70 @@ endif()
 if(MLX_USE_CCACHE)
  find_program(CCACHE_PROGRAM ccache)
  if(CCACHE_PROGRAM)
+    message(STATUS "Found CCache: ${CCACHE_PROGRAM}")
    set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER "${CCACHE_PROGRAM}")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER "${CCACHE_PROGRAM}")
    set(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_LAUNCHER "${CCACHE_PROGRAM}")
  endif()
 endif()

+if(USE_ASAN AND USE_TSAN)
+  message(
+    FATAL_ERROR
+      "AddressSanitizer (ASan) and ThreadSanitizer (TSan) are mutually exclusive and cannot be enabled at the same time."
+  )
+endif()
+
+set(SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS "")
+set(SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS "")
+
+if(USE_ASAN)
+  if(WIN32 AND MSVC)
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS /fsanitize=address)
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS /fsanitize=address)
+  else()
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS -fsanitize=address)
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS -fsanitize=address)
+    if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Linux")
+      list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS -lpthread)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+if(USE_UBSAN)
+  if(WIN32 AND MSVC)
+    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+      list(APPEND SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS -fsanitize=undefined)
+      list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS -fsanitize=undefined)
+    else()
+      message(
+        WARNING
+          "UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan) is not directly supported via a simple flag in MSVC."
+      )
+    endif()
+  else()
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS -fsanitize=undefined)
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS -fsanitize=undefined)
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+if(USE_TSAN)
+  if(WIN32 AND MSVC)
+    message(
+      FATAL_ERROR
+        "ThreadSanitizer (TSan) is not supported by the MSVC compiler. Please use Clang or GCC."
+    )
+  elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Darwin")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "ThreadSanitizer (TSan) is not supported on macOS.")
+  else()
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS -fsanitize=thread)
+    list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS -fsanitize=thread)
+    if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Linux")
+      list(APPEND SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS -lpthread)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+endif()
+
 # ----------------------------- Lib -----------------------------

 include(FetchContent)
@@ -88,6 +150,13 @@ cmake_policy(SET CMP0135 NEW)

 add_library(mlx)

+# Supress warnings: note: parameter passing for argument of type
+# ‘std::pair<float, float>’ when C++17 is enabled changed to match C++14 in GCC
+# 10.1
+target_compile_options(mlx PRIVATE -Wno-psabi)
+target_compile_options(mlx PUBLIC ${SANITIZER_COMPILE_FLAGS})
+target_link_options(mlx PUBLIC ${SANITIZER_LINK_FLAGS})
+
 if(MLX_BUILD_CUDA)
  enable_language(CUDA)
 endif()
@@ -122,9 +191,12 @@ if(MLX_BUILD_METAL)
  message(STATUS "Building with macOS SDK version ${MACOS_SDK_VERSION}")

  set(METAL_CPP_URL
-      https://developer.apple.com/metal/cpp/files/metal-cpp_macOS15_iOS18.zip)
+      https://developer.apple.com/metal/cpp/files/metal-cpp_26.zip)

  if(NOT CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET STREQUAL "")
+    if(${CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET} LESS 14.0)
+      message(FATAL_ERROR "MLX requires macOS >= 14.0")
+    endif()
    set(XCRUN_FLAGS "-mmacosx-version-min=${CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}")
  endif()
  execute_process(
@@ -133,7 +205,6 @@ if(MLX_BUILD_METAL)
      "echo \"__METAL_VERSION__\" | xcrun -sdk macosx metal ${XCRUN_FLAGS} -E -x metal -P - | tail -1 | tr -d '\n'"
    OUTPUT_VARIABLE MLX_METAL_VERSION COMMAND_ERROR_IS_FATAL ANY)
  FetchContent_Declare(metal_cpp URL ${METAL_CPP_URL})
-
  FetchContent_MakeAvailable(metal_cpp)
  target_include_directories(
    mlx PUBLIC $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${metal_cpp_SOURCE_DIR}>
@@ -265,14 +336,16 @@ target_link_libraries(mlx PRIVATE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:fmt::fmt-header-only>)
 if(MLX_BUILD_PYTHON_BINDINGS)
  message(STATUS "Building Python bindings.")
  find_package(
-    Python 3.8
+    Python 3.10
    COMPONENTS Interpreter Development.Module
    REQUIRED)
-  execute_process(
-    COMMAND "${Python_EXECUTABLE}" -m nanobind --cmake_dir
-    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
-    OUTPUT_VARIABLE nanobind_ROOT)
-  find_package(nanobind CONFIG REQUIRED)
+  FetchContent_Declare(
+    nanobind
+    GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/wjakob/nanobind.git
+    GIT_TAG v2.10.2
+    GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
+    EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+  FetchContent_MakeAvailable(nanobind)
  add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/python/src)
 endif()

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ void time_irregular_binary_ops_3D() {

 void time_irregular_binary_ops_4D() {
  auto device = mx::default_device();
-  std::vector<int> shape = {8, 8, 512, 512};
+  mx::Shape shape = {8, 8, 512, 512};
  auto a = mx::random::uniform(shape);
  auto b = mx::random::uniform(shape);

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ void time_irregular_binary_ops_4D() {

 void time_irregular_reshape() {
  auto device = mx::default_device();
-  std::vector<int> shape;
+  mx::Shape shape;
  auto reshape_fn = [&shape, device](const mx::array& a) {
    return mx::reshape(a, shape, device);
  };
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ void time_irregular_astype_1D() {
 void time_irregular_astype_2D() {
  auto device = mx::default_device();
  int size = 2048;
-  std::vector<int> shape = {size, size};
+  mx::Shape shape = {size, size};

  auto a = mx::random::uniform(shape);
  TIMEM("2D regular", mx::astype, a, mx::int32, device);
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # Copyright © 2023 Apple Inc.

-import argparse
 import os
 import subprocess
 import time
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ def bench(f, *args):
    for i in range(10):
        f(*args)

-    s = time.time()
+    s = time.perf_counter()
    for i in range(100):
        f(*args)
-    e = time.time()
+    e = time.perf_counter()
    return e - s


@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ def bench(f, *args):
    for i in range(10):
        f(*args)

-    s = time.time()
+    s = time.perf_counter()
    for i in range(100):
        f(*args)
-    e = time.time()
+    e = time.perf_counter()
    return e - s


@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+import math
+import os
+import subprocess
+import time
+from copy import copy
+from functools import partial
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import mlx.core as mx
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from matplotlib.ticker import FuncFormatter
+
+RESULTS_DIR = "./results"
+
+
+if not os.path.isdir(RESULTS_DIR):
+    os.mkdir(RESULTS_DIR)
+
+DEVICE_NAME = subprocess.check_output(["sysctl", "-n", "machdep.cpu.brand_string"])
+DEVICE_NAME = DEVICE_NAME.decode("utf-8").strip("\n")
+
+TORCH_DEVICE = torch.device(
+    "mps"
+    if torch.backends.mps.is_available()
+    else ("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
+)
+
+
+N_WARMUP = 5
+N_ITER_BENCH = 50
+N_ITER_FUNC = 20
+
+VECTOR_LENGTHS = [4096 * (2**i) for i in range(10)]
+MASK_DENSITIES = [0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5]
+D_TYPES = ("float32", "float16")
+
+
+def _power_of_two_formatter(value, _position):
+    if value <= 0:
+        return ""
+    exponent = int(round(math.log2(value)))
+    if abs(value - (1 << exponent)) / value > 1e-6:
+        return f"{value:g}"
+    return f"$2^{{{exponent}}}$"
+
+
+def torch_sync():
+    if TORCH_DEVICE.type == "cuda":
+        torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    elif TORCH_DEVICE.type == "mps":
+        torch.mps.synchronize()
+
+
+def masked_scatter_mlx(self_arr, mask_arr, src_arr):
+    outs = []
+    for _ in range(N_ITER_FUNC):
+        out = copy(self_arr)
+        out[mask_arr] = src_arr
+        outs.append(out)
+    mx.eval(outs)
+    return outs
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def masked_scatter_torch(self_tensor, mask_tensor, src_tensor):
+    outs = []
+    for _ in range(N_ITER_FUNC):
+        out = self_tensor.clone()
+        out.masked_scatter_(mask_tensor, src_tensor)
+        outs.append(out)
+    torch_sync()
+    return outs
+
+
+def measure(fn):
+    for _ in range(N_WARMUP):
+        fn()
+    start = time.perf_counter_ns()
+    for _ in range(N_ITER_BENCH):
+        fn()
+    end = time.perf_counter_ns()
+    return (end - start) * 1e-9
+
+
+def bytes_touched(length, true_count, item_size):
+    mask_bytes = length
+    self_bytes = length * item_size * 2  # read + write
+    src_bytes = true_count * item_size
+    return (mask_bytes + self_bytes + src_bytes) * N_ITER_FUNC * N_ITER_BENCH
+
+
+def build_case(length, density, np_dtype, torch_dtype):
+    true_count = max(1, int(round(length * density)))
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng()
+    self_np = rng.normal(0.0, 1.0, length).astype(np_dtype)
+    mask_np = np.zeros(length, dtype=bool)
+    mask_np[:true_count] = True
+    rng.shuffle(mask_np)
+    src_np = rng.normal(0.0, 1.0, true_count).astype(np_dtype)
+
+    self_mlx = mx.array(self_np)
+    mask_mlx = mx.array(mask_np)
+    src_mlx = mx.array(src_np)
+
+    self_torch = torch.from_numpy(self_np).to(device=TORCH_DEVICE, dtype=torch_dtype)
+    mask_torch = torch.from_numpy(mask_np).to(device=TORCH_DEVICE)
+    src_torch = torch.from_numpy(src_np).to(device=TORCH_DEVICE, dtype=torch_dtype)
+
+    # Correctness check once per configuration
+    mx_out = mx.array(self_np)
+    mx_out[mask_mlx] = src_mlx
+    mx.eval(mx_out)
+    torch_out = self_torch.clone()
+    torch_out.masked_scatter_(mask_torch, src_torch)
+
+    atol = 5e-3 if np_dtype == np.float16 else 1e-5
+    if not np.allclose(np.array(mx_out), torch_out.cpu().numpy(), atol=atol):
+        raise AssertionError("masked_scatter results diverged between MLX and Torch")
+
+    return (self_mlx, mask_mlx, src_mlx, self_torch, mask_torch, src_torch, true_count)
+
+
+def bench_case(length, density, dtype):
+    np_dtype = getattr(np, dtype)
+    torch_dtype = getattr(torch, dtype)
+    (
+        self_mlx,
+        mask_mlx,
+        src_mlx,
+        self_torch,
+        mask_torch,
+        src_torch,
+        true_count,
+    ) = build_case(length, density, np_dtype, torch_dtype)
+
+    time_mlx = measure(partial(masked_scatter_mlx, self_mlx, mask_mlx, src_mlx))
+    time_torch = measure(
+        partial(masked_scatter_torch, self_torch, mask_torch, src_torch)
+    )
+
+    total_bytes = bytes_touched(length, true_count, np_dtype().itemsize)
+    bytes_per_gb = float(1024**3)
+    mlx_gbps = (total_bytes / bytes_per_gb) / time_mlx
+    torch_gbps = (total_bytes / bytes_per_gb) / time_torch
+
+    return time_mlx, time_torch, mlx_gbps, torch_gbps
+
+
+def plot_density(ax_perf, ax_speedup, density, dtype):
+    mlx_gbps = []
+    torch_gbps = []
+    mlx_times = []
+    torch_times = []
+
+    for length in VECTOR_LENGTHS:
+        t_mlx, t_torch, gbps_mlx, gbps_torch = bench_case(length, density, dtype)
+        mlx_gbps.append(gbps_mlx)
+        torch_gbps.append(gbps_torch)
+        mlx_times.append(t_mlx)
+        torch_times.append(t_torch)
+
+    ax_perf.plot(VECTOR_LENGTHS, mlx_gbps, "tab:blue", label="MLX")
+    ax_perf.plot(VECTOR_LENGTHS, torch_gbps, "tab:red", label="Torch")
+    ax_perf.set_xscale("log", base=2)
+    ax_perf.set_xticks(VECTOR_LENGTHS)
+    formatter = FuncFormatter(_power_of_two_formatter)
+    ax_perf.xaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
+    ax_perf.set_title(f"density={density:.2f}")
+    ax_perf.set_ylabel("GB/s")
+    ax_perf.grid(True, which="both", linestyle=":", alpha=0.4)
+    ax_perf.legend()
+
+    speedup = np.array(torch_times) / np.array(mlx_times)
+    ax_speedup.plot(VECTOR_LENGTHS, speedup, "tab:green")
+    ax_speedup.axhline(1.0, color="tab:gray", linestyle="--")
+    ax_speedup.set_xscale("log", base=2)
+    ax_speedup.set_xticks(VECTOR_LENGTHS)
+    ax_speedup.xaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
+    ax_speedup.set_ylabel("Speedup (Torch_t / MLX_t)")
+    ax_speedup.grid(True, which="both", linestyle=":", alpha=0.4)
+
+
+def main():
+    for dtype in D_TYPES:
+        fig, axs = plt.subplots(
+            len(MASK_DENSITIES),
+            2,
+            figsize=(10, 12),
+            layout="constrained",
+            sharex=True,
+        )
+
+        for i, density in enumerate(MASK_DENSITIES):
+            plot_density(axs[i][0], axs[i][1], density, dtype)
+            axs[i][0].set_xlabel("vector length")
+            axs[i][1].set_xlabel("vector length")
+
+        fig.suptitle(
+            f"{DEVICE_NAME.replace('Apple ', '')} ({TORCH_DEVICE.type}) | dtype={dtype}"
+        )
+        output_path = os.path.join(
+            RESULTS_DIR,
+            f"{DEVICE_NAME.replace(' ', '_')}_masked_scatter_{dtype}.pdf",
+        )
+        fig.savefig(output_path)
+        plt.close(fig)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ def measure_runtime(fn, **kwargs):
    for _ in range(5):
        fn(**kwargs)

-    tic = time.time()
+    tic = time.perf_counter()
    iters = 100
    for _ in range(iters):
        fn(**kwargs)
-    return (time.time() - tic) * 1000 / iters
+    return (time.perf_counter() - tic) * 1000 / iters
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# This file does nothing but to suppress the cmake warning: "By not providing
+# Findnvpl.cmake in CMAKE_MODULE_PATH...", which is caused by the
+# find_package(nvpl) from cmake's builtin FindLAPACK.cmake module.
@@ -777,11 +777,11 @@ with the naive :meth:`simple_axpby` we first defined.
            mx.eval(z)

        # Timed run
-        s = time.time()
+        s = time.perf_counter()
        for i in range(100):
            z = f(x, y, alpha, beta)
            mx.eval(z)
-        e = time.time()
+        e = time.perf_counter()
        return 1000 * (e - s) / 100

    simple_time = bench(simple_axpby)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+Metal Logging
+=============
+
+In debug builds, MLX compiles Metal kernels with ``os_log`` enabled so shader
+warnings and debug messages are visible during development.
+
+.. note::
+    Metal logging is only available with Metal 3.2 or higher (macOS 15 and up,
+    iOS 18 and up).
+
+To enable logging from kernels, first make sure to build in debug mode:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    DEBUG=1 python -m pip install -e .
+
+Then, in the kernel source code include MLX's logging shim and use
+``mlx::os_log``:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    #include "mlx/backend/metal/kernels/logging.h"
+
+    constant mlx::os_log logger("mlx", "my_kernel");
+
+    kernel void my_kernel(/* ... */) {
+    // ...
+      logger.log_debug("unexpected state: idx=%u", idx);
+    }
+
+When you run the program, set the Metal log level to your desired level and
+forward logs to ``stderr``:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    MTL_LOG_LEVEL=MTLLogLevelDebug MTL_LOG_TO_STDERR=1 python script.py
+
+See the `Metal logging guide`_ for more details.
+
+.. _`Metal logging guide`: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/logging-shader-debug-messages
@@ -89,5 +89,6 @@ are the CPU and GPU.

   dev/extensions
   dev/metal_debugger
+   dev/metal_logging
   dev/custom_metal_kernels
   dev/mlx_in_cpp
@@ -17,11 +17,10 @@ To install from PyPI your system must meet the following requirements:

 - Using an M series chip (Apple silicon)
 - Using a native Python >= 3.10
- macOS >= 13.5
+- macOS >= 14.0

 .. note::
-    MLX is only available on devices running macOS >= 13.5
-    It is highly recommended to use macOS 14 (Sonoma)
+    MLX is only available on devices running macOS >= 14.0 and higher.

 CUDA
 ^^^^
@@ -30,17 +29,20 @@ MLX has a CUDA backend which you can install with:

 .. code-block:: shell

-    pip install mlx[cuda]
+    pip install mlx[cuda12]
+

 To install the CUDA package from PyPi your system must meet the following
 requirements:

- Nvidia architecture >= SM 7.0 (Volta)
+- Nvidia architecture >= SM 7.5
 - Nvidia driver >= 550.54.14
 - CUDA toolkit >= 12.0
 - Linux distribution with glibc >= 2.35
 - Python >= 3.10

+For CUDA 13 use ``pip install mlx[cuda13]``. The CUDA 13 package requires
+an Nvidia driver >= 580 or an appropriate CUDA compatibility package.

 CPU-only (Linux)
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -126,13 +128,6 @@ Run the tests with:

  python -m unittest discover python/tests

-Optional: Install stubs to enable auto completions and type checking from your
-IDE:
-
-.. code-block:: shell
-
-  python setup.py generate_stubs
-
 C++ API
 ^^^^^^^

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ The default floating point type is ``float32`` and the default integer type is
     - 4 
     - 32-bit float
   * - ``float64``
-     - 4 
+     - 8
     - 64-bit double
   * - ``complex64``
     - 8 
@@ -257,7 +257,26 @@ constants. For example:

 In order to have the change of state reflected in the outputs of ``fun`` you
 again have two options. The first option is to simply pass ``state`` as input
-to the function. In some cases this can be pretty inconvenient. Hence,
+to the function.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+  state = [mx.array(1.0)]
+
+  @mx.compile
+  def fun(x, state):
+      return x + state[0]
+
+  # Prints array(2, dtype=float32)
+  print(fun(mx.array(1.0), state))
+
+  # Update state
+  state[0] = mx.array(5.0)
+
+  # Prints array(6, dtype=float32)
+  print(fun(mx.array(1.0), state))
+
+In some cases this can be pretty inconvenient. Hence,
 :func:`compile` also has a parameter to capture implicit inputs:

 .. code-block:: python
@@ -7,21 +7,29 @@ Distributed Communication

 MLX supports distributed communication operations that allow the computational cost
 of training or inference to be shared across many physical machines. At the
-moment we support two different communication backends:
+moment we support several different communication backends introduced below.
+
+.. list-table::
+   :widths: 20 80
+   :header-rows: 1
+
+   * - Backend
+     - Description
+   * - :ref:`MPI <mpi_section>`
+     - A full featured and mature distributed communications library.
+   * - :ref:`RING <ring_section>`
+     - Ring all reduce and all gather over TCP sockets. Always available and
+       usually faster than MPI.
+   * - :ref:`JACCL <jaccl_section>`
+     - Low latency communication with RDMA over thunderbolt. Necessary for
+       things like tensor parallelism.
+   * - :ref:`NCCL <nccl_section>`
+     - The backend of choice for CUDA environments.

-* `MPI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface>`_ a
-  full-featured and mature distributed communications library
-* A **ring** backend of our own that uses native TCP sockets and should be
-  faster for thunderbolt connections.

 The list of all currently supported operations and their documentation can be
 seen in the :ref:`API docs<distributed>`.

-.. note::
-   Some operations may not be supported or not as fast as they should be.
-   We are adding more and tuning the ones we have as we are figuring out the
-   best way to do distributed computing on Macs using MLX.
-
 Getting Started
 ---------------

@@ -84,9 +92,8 @@ Selecting Backend
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 You can select the backend you want to use when calling :func:`init` by passing
-one of ``{'any', 'ring', 'mpi'}``. When passing ``any``, MLX will try to
-initialize the ``ring`` backend and if it fails the ``mpi`` backend. If they
-both fail then a singleton group is created.
+one of ``{'any', 'ring', 'jaccl', 'mpi', 'nccl'}``. When passing ``any``, MLX will try all
+available backends. If they all fail then a singleton group is created.

 .. note::
   After a distributed backend is successfully initialized :func:`init` will
@@ -110,6 +117,8 @@ The following examples aim to clarify the backend initialization logic in MLX:
    world_ring = mx.distributed.init(backend="ring")
    world_any = mx.distributed.init()  # same as MPI because it was initialized first!

+.. _training_example:
+
 Training Example
 ----------------

@@ -192,80 +201,7 @@ almost identical to the example above:
        loss = step(model, x, y)
        mx.eval(loss, model.parameters())

-
-Getting Started with MPI
------------------------
-
-MLX already comes with the ability to "talk" to MPI if it is installed on the
-machine. Launching distributed MLX programs that use MPI can be done with
-``mpirun`` as expected. However, in the following examples we will be using
-``mlx.launch --backend mpi`` which takes care of some nuisances such as setting
-absolute paths for the ``mpirun`` executable and the ``libmpi.dyld`` shared
-library.
-
-The simplest possible usage is the following which, assuming the minimal
-example in the beginning of this page, should result in:
-
-.. code:: shell
-
-    $ mlx.launch --backend mpi -n 2 test.py
-    1 array([2, 2, 2, ..., 2, 2, 2], dtype=float32)
-    0 array([2, 2, 2, ..., 2, 2, 2], dtype=float32)
-
-The above launches two processes on the same (local) machine and we can see
-both standard output streams. The processes send the array of 1s to each other
-and compute the sum which is printed. Launching with ``mlx.launch -n 4 ...`` would
-print 4 etc.
-
-Installing MPI
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-MPI can be installed with Homebrew, using the Anaconda package manager or
-compiled from source. Most of our testing is done using ``openmpi`` installed
-with the Anaconda package manager as follows:
-
-.. code:: shell
-
-    $ conda install conda-forge::openmpi
-
-Installing with Homebrew may require specifying the location of ``libmpi.dyld``
-so that MLX can find it and load it at runtime. This can simply be achieved by
-passing the ``DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH`` environment variable to ``mpirun`` and it is
-done automatically by ``mlx.launch``.
-
-.. code:: shell
-
-    $ mpirun -np 2 -x DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/homebrew/lib/ python test.py
-    $ # or simply
-    $ mlx.launch -n 2 test.py
-
-Setting up Remote Hosts
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-MPI can automatically connect to remote hosts and set up the communication over
-the network if the remote hosts can be accessed via ssh. A good checklist to
-debug connectivity issues is the following:
-
-* ``ssh hostname`` works from all machines to all machines without asking for
-  password or host confirmation
-* ``mpirun`` is accessible on all machines.
-* Ensure that the ``hostname`` used by MPI is the one that you have configured
-  in the ``.ssh/config`` files on all machines.
-
-Tuning MPI All Reduce
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. note::
-
-    For faster all reduce consider using the ring backend either with Thunderbolt
-    connections or over Ethernet.
-
-Configure MPI to use N tcp connections between each host to improve bandwidth
-by passing ``--mca btl_tcp_links N``.
-
-Force MPI to use the most performant network interface by setting ``--mca
-btl_tcp_if_include <iface>`` where ``<iface>`` should be the interface you want
-to use.
+.. _ring_section:

 Getting Started with Ring
 -------------------------
@@ -275,7 +211,7 @@ available. It uses TCP sockets so the nodes need to be reachable via a network.
 As the name suggests the nodes are connected in a ring which means that rank 1
 can only communicate with rank 0 and rank 2, rank 2 only with rank 1 and rank 3
 and so on and so forth. As a result :func:`send` and :func:`recv` with
-arbitrary sender and receiver is not supported in the ring backend.
+arbitrary sender and receiver are not supported in the ring backend.

 Defining a Ring
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -316,22 +252,13 @@ utility as follows:

 .. code:: shell

-   mlx.distributed_config --verbose --hosts host1,host2,host3,host4
+   mlx.distributed_config --verbose --hosts host1,host2,host3,host4 --backend ring

 By default the script will attempt to discover the thunderbolt ring and provide
 you with the commands to configure each node as well as the ``hostfile.json``
 to use with ``mlx.launch``. If password-less ``sudo`` is available on the nodes
 then ``--auto-setup`` can be used to configure them automatically.

-To validate your connection without configuring anything
-``mlx.distributed_config`` can also plot the ring using DOT format.
-
-.. code:: shell
-
-   mlx.distributed_config --verbose --hosts host1,host2,host3,host4 --dot >ring.dot
-   dot -Tpng ring.dot >ring.png
-   open ring.png
-
 If you want to go through the process manually, the steps are as follows:

 * Disable the thunderbolt bridge interface
@@ -342,3 +269,382 @@ If you want to go through the process manually, the steps are as follows:
  and ``en2`` also on node ``i + 1`` then we may assign IPs ``192.168.0.1`` and
  ``192.168.0.2`` respectively to the two nodes. For more details you can see
  the commands prepared by the utility script.
+
+.. _jaccl_section:
+
+Getting Started with JACCL
+--------------------------
+
+Starting from macOS 26.2, RDMA over thunderbolt is available and
+enables low-latency communication between Macs with thunderbolt 5. MLX provides
+the JACCL backend that uses this functionality to achieve communication latency
+an order of magnitude lower than the ring backend.
+
+.. note::
+
+   The name JACCL (pronounced Jackal) stands for *Jack and Angelos' Collective
+   Communication Library* and it is an obvious pun to Nvidia's NCCL but also
+   tribute to *Jack Beasley* who led the development of RDMA over Thunderbolt
+   at Apple.
+
+Enabling RDMA
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Until the feature matures, enabling RDMA over thunderbolt is slightly more
+involved and **cannot** be done remotely even with sudo. In fact, it has to be
+done in macOS recovery:
+
+1. `Start your computer in recovery <https://support.apple.com/en-us/102518>`_.
+2. Open the Terminal by going to Utilities -> Terminal.
+3. Run ``rdma_ctl enable``.
+4. Reboot.
+
+To verify that you have successfully enabled Thunderbolt RDMA you can run
+``ibv_devices`` which should produce something like the following for an M3 Ultra.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    ~ % ibv_devices
+    device          	   node GUID
+    ------          	----------------
+    rdma_en2        	8096a9d9edbaac05
+    rdma_en3        	8196a9d9edbaac05
+    rdma_en5        	8396a9d9edbaac05
+    rdma_en4        	8296a9d9edbaac05
+    rdma_en6        	8496a9d9edbaac05
+    rdma_en7        	8596a9d9edbaac05
+
+Defining a Mesh
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The JACCL backend supports only fully connected topologies. Namely, there needs
+to be a thunderbolt cable connecting all pairs of Macs directly. For example, in
+the following topology visualizations, the left one is valid because there is a
+connection from any node to any other node, while for the one on the right M3
+Ultra 1 is not connected to M3 Ultra 2.
+
+.. raw:: html
+
+   <div style="display: flex; text-align: center; align-items: end; font-size: 80%;">
+     <div>
+       <img src="../_static/distributed/m3-ultra-mesh.png" alt="M3 Ultra thunderbolt mesh" style="width: 55%">
+       <p>Fully connected mesh of four M3 Ultra.</p>
+     </div>
+     <div>
+       <img src="../_static/distributed/m3-ultra-mesh-broken.png" alt="M3 Ultra broken thunderbolt mesh" style="width: 55%">
+       <p>Not a valid mesh (M3 Ultra 1 is not connected to M3 Ultra 2).</p>
+     </div>
+   </div>
+
+Similar to the ring backend, the easiest way to use JACCL with MLX is to write
+a JSON hostfile that will be used by ``mlx.launch``. The hostfile needs to contain
+
+- Hostnames to use for launching scripts via ssh
+- An IP for rank 0 that is reachable by all nodes
+- A list of rdma devices that connect each node to each other node
+
+The following JSON defines the valid 4-node mesh from the image above.
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+    [
+        {
+            "ssh": "m3-ultra-1",
+            "ips": ["123.123.123.1"],
+            "rdma": [null, "rdma_en5", "rdma_en4", "rdma_en3"]
+        },
+        {
+            "ssh": "m3-ultra-2",
+            "ips": [],
+            "rdma": ["rdma_en5", null, "rdma_en3", "rdma_en4"]
+        },
+        {
+            "ssh": "m3-ultra-3",
+            "ips": [],
+            "rdma": ["rdma_en4", "rdma_en3", null, "rdma_en5"]
+        },
+        {
+            "ssh": "m3-ultra-4",
+            "ips": [],
+            "rdma": ["rdma_en3", "rdma_en4", "rdma_en5", null]
+        }
+    ]
+
+Even though TCP/IP is not used when communicating with Thunderbolt RDMA,
+disabling the thunderbolt bridge is still required as well as setting up
+isolated local networks for each thunderbolt connection.
+
+All of the above can be done instead via ``mlx.distributed_config``. This helper
+script will
+
+- ssh into each node
+- extract the thunderbolt connectivity
+- check for a valid mesh
+- provide the commands to configure each node (or run them if sudo is available)
+- generate the hostfile to be used with ``mlx.launch``
+
+Putting It All Together
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For example launching a distributed MLX script that uses JACCL is fairly simple
+if the nodes are reachable via ssh and have password-less sudo.
+
+First, connect all the thunderbolt cables. Then we can verify the connections
+by using the ``mlx.distributed_config`` script to visualize them.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.distributed_config --verbose \
+        --hosts m3-ultra-1,m3-ultra-2,m3-ultra-3,m3-ultra-4 \
+        --over thunderbolt --dot | dot -Tpng | open -f -a Preview
+
+After making sure that everything looks right we can auto-configure the nodes
+and save the hostfile to ``m3-ultra-jaccl.json`` by running:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.distributed_config --verbose \
+        --hosts m3-ultra-1,m3-ultra-2,m3-ultra-3,m3-ultra-4 \
+        --over thunderbolt --backend jaccl \
+        --auto-setup --output m3-ultra-jaccl.json
+
+And now we are ready to run a distributed MLX script such as distributed inference
+of a gigantic model using MLX LM.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.launch --verbose --backend jaccl --hostfile m3-ultra-jaccl.json \
+        --env MLX_METAL_FAST_SYNCH=1 -- \  # <--- important
+        /path/to/remote/python -m mlx_lm chat --model mlx-community/DeepSeek-R1-0528-4bit
+
+.. note::
+
+   Defining the environment variable ``MLX_METAL_FAST_SYNCH=1`` enables a
+   different, faster way of synchronizing between the GPU and the CPU. It is
+   not specific to the JACCL backend and can be used in all cases where the CPU
+   and GPU need to collaborate for some computation and is pretty critical for
+   low-latency communication since the communication is done by the CPU.
+
+.. _nccl_section:
+
+Getting Started with NCCL
+-------------------------
+
+MLX on CUDA environments ships with the ability to talk to `NCCL
+<https://developer.nvidia.com/nccl>`_ which is a high-performance collective
+communication library that supports both multi-gpu and multi-node setups.
+
+For CUDA environments, NCCL is the default backend for ``mlx.launch`` and all
+it takes to run a distributed job is
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.launch -n 8 test.py
+
+   # perfect for interactive scripts
+   mlx.launch -n 8 python -m mlx_lm chat --model my-model
+
+You can also use ``mlx.launch`` to ssh to a remote node and launch a script
+with the same ease
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.launch --hosts my-cuda-node -n 8 test.py
+
+In many cases you may not want to use ``mlx.launch`` with the NCCL backend
+because the cluster scheduler will be the one launching the processes. You can
+:ref:`see which environment variables need to be defined <no_mlx_launch>` in
+order for the MLX NCCL backend to be initialized correctly.
+
+.. _mpi_section:
+
+Getting Started with MPI
+------------------------
+
+MLX already comes with the ability to "talk" to `MPI
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface>`_ if it is installed
+on the machine. Launching distributed MLX programs that use MPI can be done
+with ``mpirun`` as expected. However, in the following examples we will be
+using ``mlx.launch --backend mpi`` which takes care of some nuisances such as
+setting absolute paths for the ``mpirun`` executable and the ``libmpi.dyld``
+shared library.
+
+The simplest possible usage is the following which, assuming the minimal
+example in the beginning of this page, should result in:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+    $ mlx.launch --backend mpi -n 2 test.py
+    1 array([2, 2, 2, ..., 2, 2, 2], dtype=float32)
+    0 array([2, 2, 2, ..., 2, 2, 2], dtype=float32)
+
+The above launches two processes on the same (local) machine and we can see
+both standard output streams. The processes send the array of 1s to each other
+and compute the sum which is printed. Launching with ``mlx.launch -n 4 ...`` would
+print 4 etc.
+
+Installing MPI
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+MPI can be installed with Homebrew, pip, using the Anaconda package manager, or
+compiled from source. Most of our testing is done using ``openmpi`` installed
+with the Anaconda package manager as follows:
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+    $ conda install conda-forge::openmpi
+
+Installing with Homebrew or pip requires specifying the location of ``libmpi.dyld``
+so that MLX can find it and load it at runtime. This can simply be achieved by
+passing the ``DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH`` environment variable to ``mpirun`` and it is
+done automatically by ``mlx.launch``. Some environments use a non-standard
+library filename that can be specified using the ``MPI_LIBNAME`` environment
+variable. This is automatically taken care of by ``mlx.launch`` as well.
+
+.. code:: shell
+
+    $ mpirun -np 2 -x DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/homebrew/lib/ -x MPI_LIBNAME=libmpi.40.dylib python test.py
+    $ # or simply
+    $ mlx.launch -n 2 test.py
+
+Setting up Remote Hosts
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+MPI can automatically connect to remote hosts and set up the communication over
+the network if the remote hosts can be accessed via ssh. A good checklist to
+debug connectivity issues is the following:
+
+* ``ssh hostname`` works from all machines to all machines without asking for
+  password or host confirmation
+* ``mpirun`` is accessible on all machines.
+* Ensure that the ``hostname`` used by MPI is the one that you have configured
+  in the ``.ssh/config`` files on all machines.
+
+Tuning MPI All Reduce
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. note::
+
+    For faster all reduce consider using the ring backend either with Thunderbolt
+    connections or over Ethernet.
+
+Configure MPI to use N tcp connections between each host to improve bandwidth
+by passing ``--mca btl_tcp_links N``.
+
+Force MPI to use the most performant network interface by setting ``--mca
+btl_tcp_if_include <iface>`` where ``<iface>`` should be the interface you want
+to use.
+
+.. _no_mlx_launch:
+
+Distributed Without ``mlx.launch``
+----------------------------------
+
+None of the implementations of the distributed backends require launching with
+``mlx.launch``. The script simply connects to each host. Starts a process per
+rank and sets up the necessary environment variables before delegating to your
+MLX script. See the :doc:`dedicated documentation page <launching_distributed>`
+for more details.
+
+For many use-cases this will be the easiest way to perform distributed
+computations in MLX. However, there may be reasons that you cannot or should
+not use ``mlx.launch``. A common such case is the use of a scheduler that
+starts all the processes for you on machines undetermined at the time of
+scheduling the job.
+
+Below we list the environment variables required to use each backend.
+
+Ring
+^^^^^^
+
+**MLX_RANK** should contain a single 0-based integer that defines the rank of
+the process.
+
+**MLX_HOSTFILE** should contain the path to a json file that contains IPs and
+ports for each rank to listen to, something like the following:
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+   [
+     ["123.123.1.1:5000", "123.123.1.2:5000"],
+     ["123.123.2.1:5000", "123.123.2.2:5000"],
+     ["123.123.3.1:5000", "123.123.3.2:5000"],
+     ["123.123.4.1:5000", "123.123.4.2:5000"]
+   ]
+
+**MLX_RING_VERBOSE** is optional and if set to 1 it enables some more logging
+from the distributed backend.
+
+JACCL
+^^^^^
+
+**MLX_RANK** should contain a single 0-based integer that defines the rank of
+the process.
+
+**MLX_JACCL_COORDINATOR** should contain the IP and port that rank 0 can listen
+to all the other ranks connect to in order to establish the RDMA connections.
+
+**MLX_JACCL_DEVICES** should contain the path to a json file that contains the
+ibverbs device names that connect each node to each other node, something like
+the following:
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+   [
+      [null, "rdma_en5", "rdma_en4", "rdma_en3"],
+      ["rdma_en5", null, "rdma_en3", "rdma_en4"],
+      ["rdma_en4", "rdma_en3", null, "rdma_en5"],
+      ["rdma_en3", "rdma_en4", "rdma_en5", null]
+   ]
+
+
+NCCL
+^^^^^
+
+**MLX_RANK** should contain a single 0-based integer that defines the rank of
+the process.
+
+**MLX_WORLD_SIZE** should contain the total number of processes that will be
+launched.
+
+**NCCL_HOST_IP** and **NCCL_PORT** should contain the IP and port that all
+hosts can connect to to establish the NCCL communication.
+
+**CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES** should contain the local index of the gpu that
+corresponds to this process.
+
+Of course any `other environment variable
+<https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nccl/user-guide/docs/env.html>`_ that is
+used by NCCL can be set.
+
+.. _tips_and_tricks:
+
+Tips and Tricks
+----------------
+
+This is a small collection of tips to help you utilize better the distributed
+communication capabilities of MLX.
+
+- *Test locally first.*
+
+  You can use the pattern ``mlx.launch -n2 -- my_script.py`` to run a small
+  scale test on a single node first.
+
+- *Batch your communication.*
+
+  As described in the :ref:`training example <training_example>`, performing a
+  lot of small communications can hurt performance. Copy the approach of
+  :func:`mlx.nn.average_gradients` to gather many small communications in a
+  single large one.
+
+- *Visualize the connectivity.*
+
+  Use ``mlx.distributed_config --hosts h1,h2,h3 --over thunderbolt --dot`` to
+  visualize the connnections and make sure that the cables are connected
+  correctly. See the :ref:`JACCL section <jaccl_section>` for examples.
+
+- *Use the debugger.*
+
+  ``mlx.launch`` is meant for interactive use. It broadcasts stdin to all
+  processes and gathers stdout from all processes. This makes using ``pdb`` a
+  breeze.
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ Differences from NumPy

  * Indexing does not perform bounds checking. Indexing out of bounds is
    undefined behavior.
-  * Boolean mask based indexing is not yet supported.
+  * Boolean mask based indexing is supported for assignment only (see
+    :ref:`boolean-mask-assignment`).

 The reason for the lack of bounds checking is that exceptions cannot propagate
 from the GPU. Performing bounds checking for array indices before launching the
@@ -143,3 +144,51 @@ expected. For example:

 In the above ``dfdx`` will have the correct gradient, namely zeros at ``idx``
 and ones elsewhere.
+
+.. _boolean-mask-assignment:
+
+Boolean Mask Assignment
+-----------------------
+
+MLX supports boolean indices using NumPy syntax. A mask must already be
+a :class:`bool_` MLX :class:`array` or a NumPy ``ndarray`` with ``dtype=bool``.
+Other index types are routed through the standard scatter code.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   >>> a = mx.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+   >>> mask = mx.array([True, False, True])
+   >>> updates = mx.array([5.0, 6.0])
+   >>> a[mask] = updates
+   >>> a
+   array([5.0, 2.0, 6.0], dtype=float32)
+
+Scalar assignments broadcast to every ``True`` entry in ``mask``. For non-scalar
+assignments, ``updates`` must provide at least as many elements as there are
+``True`` entries in ``mask``.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   >>> a = mx.zeros((2, 3))
+   >>> mask = mx.array([[True, False, True],
+                        [False, False, True]])
+   >>> a[mask] = 1.0
+   >>> a
+   array([[1.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+          [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]], dtype=float32)
+
+Boolean masks follow NumPy semantics:
+
+- The mask shape must match the shape of the axes it indexes exactly. The only
+  exception is a scalar boolean mask, which broadcasts to the full array.
+- Any axes not covered by the mask are taken in full.
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+   >>> a = mx.arange(1000).reshape(10, 10, 10)
+   >>> a[mx.random.normal((10, 10)) > 0.0] = 0  # valid: mask covers axes 0 and 1
+
+The mask of shape ``(10, 10)`` applies to the first two axes, so ``a[mask]``
+selects the 1-D slices ``a[i, j, :]`` where ``mask[i, j]`` is ``True``.
+Shapes such as ``(1, 10, 10)`` or ``(10, 10, 1)`` do not match the indexed
+axes and therefore raise errors.
@@ -7,13 +7,106 @@ Launching Distributed Programs

 .. currentmodule:: mlx.core.distributed

-Installing the MLX python package provides a helper script ``mlx.launch`` that
-can be used to run python scripts distributed on several nodes. It allows
-launching using either the MPI backend or the ring backend. See the
-:doc:`distributed docs <distributed>` for the different backends.
+The MLX python package provides two utilities to help you configure
+your Macs for distributed computation and also launch distributed programs on
+multiple nodes or with many processes in a single node. These utilities are aptly named

-Usage
-----
+- ``mlx.launch``
+- ``mlx.distributed_config``
+
+See the :doc:`distributed docs <distributed>` for an introduction and
+getting-started guides to the various backends.
+
+``mlx.distributed_config`` 
+---------------------------
+
+Unless you are launching distributed jobs locally for development or multi-gpu
+CUDA environments, then you have several Macs that you need to configure for
+distributed communication with MLX.
+
+``mlx.distributed_config`` aims to automate the process of configuring the
+network interfaces (especially for communication over thunderbolt) and also
+creating the hostfile to be used with ``mlx.launch``.
+
+We will analyse 3 cases of using ``mlx.distributed_config``
+
+1. RDMA over thunderbolt using JACCL
+2. TCP/IP over thunderbolt using the ring backend
+3. TCP/IP over ethernet using the ring backend
+
+JACCL
+^^^^^^^
+
+After following :ref:`the steps to enable RDMA <jaccl_section>` you can run the
+following command to configure the nodes and create the hostfile.
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.distributed_config --verbose --backend jaccl \
+        --hosts m3-ultra-1,m3-ultra-2,m3-ultra-3,m3-ultra-4 --over thunderbolt \
+        --auto-setup --output m3-ultra-jaccl.json
+
+Let's walk through the steps that the script takes to configure the nodes.
+
+1. ssh to all nodes to verify that they are reachable
+2. Extract the thunderbolt connectivity. Namely run commands on each node to
+   calculate which node is connected to which other node.
+3. Verify that we have a valid fully connected mesh
+4. Check that RDMA is enabled
+5. Extract the ethernet IP from interface en0
+6. Disable the thunderbolt bridge and set up peer to peer networks for each
+   thunderbolt cable
+7. Write the hostfile
+
+Knowing the above steps allows you to manually configure the nodes but also
+debug any configuration issue. For instance changing the Ethernet IP to a
+different interface directly in the config is possible (as long as it is
+reachable from all nodes).
+
+The ``--auto-setup`` argument requires password-less sudo on each node. If it
+isn't available then the configuration script will print commands to be run on
+each node.
+
+Ring over thunderbolt
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Setting up a ring backend over thunderbolt only requires changing the
+``--backend`` from ``jaccl`` to ``ring``.
+
+The steps are very similar with the main difference being that instead of
+verifying that the nodes are fully connected, the script attempts to identify a
+ring topology (or multiple rings).
+
+Ring over Ethernet
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Configuring the ring backend over ethernet doesn't require setting up network
+interface and as such it simply extracts the ``en0`` IP from each node and
+writes the hostfile.
+
+Debugging cable connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``mlx.distributed_config`` can help you debug the connectivity of your nodes
+over thunderbolt by exporting a graph of the connections.
+
+Running
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.distributed_config --verbose \
+        --hosts host1,host2,host3,host4 \
+        --over thunderbolt --dot
+
+will export a `GraphViz <https://graphviz.org>`_ representation of the
+connections between the nodes which makes it very easy to figure out which
+cable is not connected correctly.
+
+See :ref:`the JACCL section <jaccl_section>` for an example.
+
+
+``mlx.launch``
+--------------

 The minimal usage example of ``mlx.launch`` is simply

@@ -33,6 +126,10 @@ the rest if one of them fails unexpectedly or if ``mlx.launch`` is terminated.
 It also takes care of forwarding the output of each remote process to stdout
 and stderr respectively.

+Importantly, it also broadcasts stdin to each process which enables interactive
+programs to work in distributed mode as well as debugging using the interactive
+debugger.
+
 Providing Hosts
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

@@ -63,10 +160,62 @@ host and on the same path. A good checklist to debug errors is the following:
  ``mlx.launch --print-python`` to see what that path is.
 * the script you want to run is available on all hosts at the same path

+If you are launching from a node with a completely different setup than the
+nodes that the program will run on, you can specify ``--no-verify-script`` so
+that ``mlx.launch`` does not attempt to verify that the executable and script
+exist locally before launching the distributed job.
+
+.. _ring_specifics:
+
+Ring Specifics
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :ref:`ring <ring_section>` backend, which is also the default
+backend, can be explicitly selected with the argument ``--backend ring``. The
+ring backend has some specific requirements and arguments that are different to
+other backends:
+
+* The argument ``--hosts`` only accepts IPs and not hostnames. If we need to
+  ssh to a hostname that does not correspond to the IP we want to bind to we
+  have to provide a hostfile.
+* ``--starting-port`` defines the port to bind to on the remote hosts.
+  Specifically rank 0 for the first IP will use this port and each subsequent
+  IP or rank will add 1 to this port.
+* ``--connections-per-ip`` allows us to increase the number of connections
+  between neighboring nodes. This corresponds to ``--mca btl_tcp_links 2`` for
+  ``mpirun``.
+
+.. _jaccl_specifics:
+
+JACCL Specifics
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :ref:`JACCL <jaccl_section>` backend can be selected with the argument
+``--backend jaccl``. A hostfile is necessary to launch with this backend
+because it needs to contain the RDMA devices connecting each node to each other
+node.
+
+NCCL Specifics
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :ref:`NCCL <nccl_section>` backend is the default backend for CUDA
+environments. When launching from a Mac to a Linux machine with CUDA then the
+backend should be selected using ``--backend nccl``.
+
+The ``--repeat-hosts, -n`` argument should be used to launch multi-node and
+multi-gpu jobs. For instance
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   mlx.launch --backend nccl --hosts linux-1,linux-2 -n 8 --no-verify-script -- ./my-job.sh
+
+will attempt to launch 16 processes, 8 on each node that will all run
+``my-job.sh``.
+
 .. _mpi_specifics:

 MPI Specifics
-------------
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 One can use MPI by passing ``--backend mpi`` to ``mlx.launch``. In that case,
 ``mlx.launch`` is a thin wrapper over ``mpirun``. Moreover,
@@ -83,23 +232,3 @@ to choose a specific interface for the byte-transfer-layer of MPI we can call
 .. code:: shell

    mlx.launch --backend mpi --mpi-arg '--mca btl_tcp_if_include en0' --hostfile hosts.json my_script.py
-
-
-.. _ring_specifics:
-
-Ring Specifics
--------------
-
-The ring backend, which is also the default backend, can be explicitly selected
-with the argument ``--backend ring``. The ring backend has some specific
-requirements and arguments that are different to MPI:
-
-* The argument ``--hosts`` only accepts IPs and not hostnames. If we need to
-  ssh to a hostname that does not correspond to the IP we want to bind to we
-  have to provide a hostfile.
-* ``--starting-port`` defines the port to bind to on the remote hosts.
-  Specifically rank 0 for the first IP will use this port and each subsequent
-  IP or rank will add 1 to this port.
-* ``--connections-per-ip`` allows us to increase the number of connections
-  between neighboring nodes. This corresponds to ``--mca btl_tcp_links 2`` for
-  ``mpirun``.
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ requires = [
  "setuptools>=42",
  "cmake>=3.25",
  "mlx>=0.18.0",
-  "nanobind==2.4.0",
+  "nanobind==2.10.2",
 ]
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 setuptools>=42
 cmake>=3.25
 mlx>=0.21.0
-nanobind==2.4.0
+nanobind==2.10.2
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ def loss_fn(w):

 grad_fn = mx.grad(loss_fn)

-tic = time.time()
+tic = time.perf_counter()
 for _ in range(num_iters):
    grad = grad_fn(w)
    w = w - lr * grad
    mx.eval(w)
-toc = time.time()
+toc = time.perf_counter()

 loss = loss_fn(w)
 error_norm = mx.sum(mx.square(w - w_star)).item() ** 0.5
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ def loss_fn(w):

 grad_fn = mx.grad(loss_fn)

-tic = time.time()
+tic = time.perf_counter()
 for _ in range(num_iters):
    grad = grad_fn(w)
    w = w - lr * grad
    mx.eval(w)

-toc = time.time()
+toc = time.perf_counter()

 loss = loss_fn(w)
 final_preds = (X @ w) > 0
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+from itertools import product
+
+import mlx.core as mx
+
+
+# In mxfp8 mode, the results do not match exactly:
+# fewer than 1% of output elements differ.
+# This does not appear to be a systematic error.
+# The error can exceed 1 ULP for very small values,
+# and is always below 1 ULP for larger values.
+# For nvfp4, the results match exactly.
+# therefore I suspect that the discrepancy comes from
+# the mxfp8 matmul implementation in cuBLASLt..
+def ulp_bf16_at(x):
+    ax = mx.abs(x)
+    min_normal = mx.array(2.0**-126)
+    ax = mx.where(ax < min_normal, min_normal, ax)
+    e = mx.floor(mx.log2(ax))
+    return mx.power(2.0, e - 7.0)
+
+
+def test_qqmm():
+    key = mx.random.key(0)
+    k1, k2 = mx.random.split(key)
+    dtypes = [mx.bfloat16, mx.float32, mx.float16]
+
+    tests = (
+        (16, "nvfp4", 4),
+        (32, "mxfp8", 8),
+    )
+    shapes = (
+        [64, 65, 33, 128, 256, 1024, 1024 * 8],  # M
+        [64, 128, 256, 1024, 1024 * 8],  # N
+        [64, 128, 256, 1024, 1024 * 8],  # K
+    )
+    for group_size, mode, bits in tests:
+        for M, N, K in product(*shapes):
+            for dtype in dtypes:
+                x = mx.random.normal(shape=(M, K), key=k1, dtype=dtype)
+                w = mx.random.normal(shape=(N, K), key=k2, dtype=dtype)
+                w_q, scales_w = mx.quantize(w, group_size, bits, mode=mode)
+                w_dq = mx.dequantize(
+                    w_q,
+                    scales_w,
+                    group_size=group_size,
+                    bits=bits,
+                    mode=mode,
+                    dtype=dtype,
+                )
+                y_q = mx.qqmm(
+                    x,
+                    w_q,
+                    scales_w,
+                    group_size=group_size,
+                    bits=bits,
+                    mode=mode,
+                )
+                x_q, scales_x = mx.quantize(
+                    x, group_size=group_size, bits=bits, mode=mode
+                )
+                x_dq = mx.dequantize(
+                    x_q,
+                    scales_x,
+                    group_size=group_size,
+                    bits=bits,
+                    mode=mode,
+                    dtype=dtype,
+                )
+                y_hat = mx.matmul(x_dq, mx.transpose(w_dq))
+                ulp = ulp_bf16_at(y_hat)
+                error = (y_q - y_hat).abs()
+                if not (mx.logical_or(error < 1e-3, error <= ulp).all()):
+                    raise AssertionError(
+                        f"qqmm test failed for shape {(M, N, K)}, "
+                        f"group_size={group_size}, bits={bits}, "
+                        f"mode={mode}, dtype={dtype}"
+                    )
+
+
+def test_qqmm_vjp():
+    key = mx.random.key(0)
+    k1, k2 = mx.random.split(key)
+    M = 64
+    N = 1024
+    K = 512
+    tests = (
+        (16, "nvfp4", 4),
+        (32, "mxfp8", 8),
+    )
+    x = mx.random.normal(shape=(M, K), key=k1)
+    c = mx.ones(shape=(M, N))
+
+    for group_size, mode, bits in tests:
+        w = mx.random.normal(shape=(N, K), key=k2)
+
+        def fn(x):
+            return mx.qqmm(x, w, group_size=group_size, bits=bits, mode=mode)
+
+        _, vjp_out = mx.vjp(fn, primals=(x,), cotangents=(c,))
+        w_tq, scales_wt = mx.quantize(
+            mx.transpose(w), group_size=group_size, bits=bits, mode=mode
+        )
+        expected_out = mx.qqmm(
+            c, w_tq, scales_wt, group_size=group_size, bits=bits, mode=mode
+        )
+        ulp = ulp_bf16_at(expected_out)
+        error = (vjp_out[0] - expected_out).abs()
+        if not (mx.logical_or(error < 1e-3, error <= ulp).all()):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                f"qqmm vjp test failed for shape {(M, N, K)}, "
+                f"group_size={group_size}, bits={bits}, mode={mode}"
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test_qqmm()
+    test_qqmm_vjp()
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 target_sources(
  mlx
-  PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/allocator.cpp
-          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/array.cpp
+  PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/array.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/compile.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/device.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/dtype.cpp
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright © 2023 Apple Inc.
-
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <sstream>
-
-#include "mlx/allocator.h"
-
-namespace mlx::core::allocator {
-
-Buffer malloc(size_t size) {
-  auto buffer = allocator().malloc(size);
-  if (size && !buffer.ptr()) {
-    std::ostringstream msg;
-    msg << "[malloc] Unable to allocate " << size << " bytes.";
-    throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
-  }
-  return buffer;
-}
-
-void free(Buffer buffer) {
-  allocator().free(buffer);
-}
-
-} // namespace mlx::core::allocator
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class Buffer {
  void* ptr_;

 public:
-  Buffer(void* ptr) : ptr_(ptr) {};
+  explicit Buffer(void* ptr) : ptr_(ptr) {};

  // Get the raw data pointer from the buffer
  void* raw_ptr();
@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@ class Buffer {
  };
 };

-Buffer malloc(size_t size);
-
-void free(Buffer buffer);
-
 class Allocator {
  /** Abstract base class for a memory allocator. */
 public:
  virtual Buffer malloc(size_t size) = 0;
  virtual void free(Buffer buffer) = 0;
  virtual size_t size(Buffer buffer) const = 0;
+  virtual Buffer make_buffer(void* ptr, size_t size) {
+    return Buffer{nullptr};
+  };
+  virtual void release(Buffer buffer) {}

  Allocator() = default;
  Allocator(const Allocator& other) = delete;
@@ -49,4 +49,25 @@ class Allocator {

 Allocator& allocator();

+inline Buffer malloc(size_t size) {
+  return allocator().malloc(size);
+}
+
+inline void free(Buffer buffer) {
+  allocator().free(buffer);
+}
+
+// Make a Buffer from a raw pointer of the given size without a copy.  If a
+// no-copy conversion is not possible then the returned buffer.ptr() will be
+// nullptr. Any buffer created with this function must be released with
+// release(buffer)
+inline Buffer make_buffer(void* ptr, size_t size) {
+  return allocator().make_buffer(ptr, size);
+};
+
+// Release a buffer from the allocator made with make_buffer
+inline void release(Buffer buffer) {
+  allocator().release(buffer);
+}
+
 } // namespace mlx::core::allocator
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ array array::unsafe_weak_copy(const array& other) {
      other.strides(),
      other.flags(),
      [](auto) {});
-  cpy.array_desc_->data_ptr = other.array_desc_->data_ptr;
+  cpy.array_desc_->offset = other.array_desc_->offset;
  return cpy;
 }

@@ -82,6 +82,28 @@ array::array(std::initializer_list<int> data, Dtype dtype)
  init(data.begin());
 }

+array::array(
+    void* data,
+    Shape shape,
+    Dtype dtype,
+    const std::function<void(void*)>& deleter)
+    : array_desc_(std::make_shared<ArrayDesc>(std::move(shape), dtype)) {
+  auto buffer = allocator::make_buffer(data, nbytes());
+  if (buffer.ptr() == nullptr) {
+    set_data(allocator::malloc(nbytes()));
+    auto ptr = static_cast<char*>(data);
+    std::copy(ptr, ptr + nbytes(), this->data<char>());
+    deleter(data);
+  } else {
+    auto wrapped_deleter = [deleter](allocator::Buffer buffer) {
+      auto ptr = buffer.raw_ptr();
+      allocator::release(buffer);
+      return deleter(ptr);
+    };
+    set_data(buffer, std::move(wrapped_deleter));
+  }
+}
+
 /* Build an array from a shared buffer */
 array::array(allocator::Buffer data, Shape shape, Dtype dtype, Deleter deleter)
    : array_desc_(std::make_shared<ArrayDesc>(std::move(shape), dtype)) {
@@ -141,7 +163,7 @@ bool array::is_tracer() const {

 void array::set_data(allocator::Buffer buffer, Deleter d) {
  array_desc_->data = std::make_shared<Data>(buffer, d);
-  array_desc_->data_ptr = buffer.raw_ptr();
+  array_desc_->offset = 0;
  array_desc_->data_size = size();
  array_desc_->flags.contiguous = true;
  array_desc_->flags.row_contiguous = true;
@@ -156,7 +178,7 @@ void array::set_data(
    Flags flags,
    Deleter d) {
  array_desc_->data = std::make_shared<Data>(buffer, d);
-  array_desc_->data_ptr = buffer.raw_ptr();
+  array_desc_->offset = 0;
  array_desc_->data_size = data_size;
  array_desc_->strides = std::move(strides);
  array_desc_->flags = flags;
@@ -167,14 +189,13 @@ void array::copy_shared_buffer(
    const Strides& strides,
    Flags flags,
    size_t data_size,
-    size_t offset /* = 0 */) {
+    int64_t offset /* = 0 */) {
  array_desc_->data = other.array_desc_->data;
  array_desc_->strides = strides;
  array_desc_->flags = flags;
  array_desc_->data_size = data_size;
-  auto char_offset = sizeof(char) * itemsize() * offset;
-  array_desc_->data_ptr = static_cast<void*>(
-      static_cast<char*>(other.array_desc_->data_ptr) + char_offset);
+  array_desc_->offset =
+      sizeof(char) * itemsize() * offset + other.array_desc_->offset;
 }

 void array::copy_shared_buffer(const array& other) {
@@ -57,6 +57,16 @@ class array {
      Shape shape,
      Dtype dtype = TypeToDtype<T>());

+  /* Build an array from a raw pointer. The constructor will attempt to use the
+   * input data without a copy. The deleter will be called when the array no
+   * longer needs the underlying memory - after the array is destroyed in the
+   * no-copy case and after the copy otherwise. */
+  explicit array(
+      void* data,
+      Shape shape,
+      Dtype dtype,
+      const std::function<void(void*)>& deleter);
+
  /* Build an array from a buffer */
  explicit array(
      allocator::Buffer data,
@@ -294,6 +304,11 @@ class array {
    return array_desc_->siblings;
  }

+  /** The array's position in the sibling list. */
+  int sibling_position() const {
+    return array_desc_->position;
+  }
+
  void set_siblings(std::vector<array> siblings, uint16_t position) {
    array_desc_->siblings = std::move(siblings);
    array_desc_->position = position;
@@ -349,15 +364,23 @@ class array {
    return array_desc_->data;
  }

-  // Return a raw pointer to the arrays data
+  // Return a raw pointer to the arrays data. This function may do a copy if
+  // the underlying buffer is not accessible on the CPU. When accessing the
+  // data for GPU kernels, be sure to use the correct method / function for the
+  // given backend to access the GPU pointer.
  template <typename T>
  T* data() {
-    return static_cast<T*>(array_desc_->data_ptr);
+    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(
+        (static_cast<char*>(buffer().raw_ptr()) + array_desc_->offset));
  }

  template <typename T>
  const T* data() const {
-    return static_cast<T*>(array_desc_->data_ptr);
+    return const_cast<array&>(*this).data<T>();
+  }
+
+  int64_t offset() const {
+    return array_desc_->offset;
  }

  enum Status {
@@ -426,7 +449,7 @@ class array {
      const Strides& strides,
      Flags flags,
      size_t data_size,
-      size_t offset = 0);
+      int64_t offset = 0);

  void copy_shared_buffer(const array& other);

@@ -461,8 +484,8 @@ class array {
    // can share the underlying data buffer.
    std::shared_ptr<Data> data;

-    // Properly offset data pointer
-    void* data_ptr{nullptr};
+    // Offset from beginning of data pointer
+    int64_t offset{0};

    // The size in elements of the data buffer the array accesses
    size_t data_size;
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ inline void set_binary_op_output_data(
    const array& a,
    const array& b,
    array& out,
-    BinaryOpType bopt) {
+    BinaryOpType bopt,
+    std::function<allocator::Buffer(size_t)> mallocfn = allocator::malloc) {
  bool b_donatable = is_donatable(b, out);
  bool a_donatable = is_donatable(a, out);
  switch (bopt) {
    case BinaryOpType::ScalarScalar:
-      out.set_data(
-          allocator::malloc(out.itemsize()), 1, a.strides(), a.flags());
+      out.set_data(mallocfn(out.itemsize()), 1, a.strides(), a.flags());
      break;
    case BinaryOpType::ScalarVector:
      if (b_donatable) {
        out.copy_shared_buffer(b);
      } else {
        out.set_data(
-            allocator::malloc(b.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
+            mallocfn(b.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
            b.data_size(),
            b.strides(),
            b.flags());
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ inline void set_binary_op_output_data(
        out.copy_shared_buffer(a);
      } else {
        out.set_data(
-            allocator::malloc(a.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
+            mallocfn(a.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
            a.data_size(),
            a.strides(),
            a.flags());
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ inline void set_binary_op_output_data(
        out.copy_shared_buffer(b);
      } else {
        out.set_data(
-            allocator::malloc(a.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
+            mallocfn(a.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
            a.data_size(),
            a.strides(),
            a.flags());
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ inline void set_binary_op_output_data(
          b_donatable && b.flags().row_contiguous && b.size() == out.size()) {
        out.copy_shared_buffer(b);
      } else {
-        out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+        out.set_data(mallocfn(out.nbytes()));
      }
      break;
  }
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ namespace mlx::core {

 void broadcast(const array& in, array& out) {
  if (out.size() == 0) {
-    out.set_data(nullptr);
+    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(0));
    return;
  }
  Strides strides(out.ndim(), 0);
@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@ void compiled_allocate_outputs(
    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
    std::vector<array>& outputs,
    const std::function<bool(size_t)>& is_constant,
-    bool contiguous) {
+    bool contiguous,
+    const std::function<allocator::Buffer(size_t)>&
+        mallocfn /* = allocator::malloc */) {
  if (contiguous) {
    int o = 0;
    Strides strides;
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ void compiled_allocate_outputs(
      // - Donatable
      // - Not a constant
      if (in.itemsize() == outputs[o].itemsize() && !is_scalar(in) &&
-          in.is_donatable() && is_constant(i)) {
+          in.is_donatable() && !is_constant(i)) {
        outputs[o++].copy_shared_buffer(in);
      }
      // Get representative input flags to properly set non-donated outputs
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ void compiled_allocate_outputs(
    }
    for (; o < outputs.size(); ++o) {
      outputs[o].set_data(
-          allocator::malloc(data_size * outputs[o].itemsize()),
+          mallocfn(data_size * outputs[o].itemsize()),
          data_size,
          strides,
          flags);
@@ -156,14 +158,14 @@ void compiled_allocate_outputs(
      // - Not a constant
      if (in.flags().row_contiguous && in.size() == outputs[o].size() &&
          in.itemsize() == outputs[o].itemsize() && in.is_donatable() &&
-          is_constant(i)) {
+          !is_constant(i)) {
        outputs[o].copy_shared_buffer(
            in, outputs[o].strides(), in.flags(), in.data_size());
        o++;
      }
    }
    for (; o < outputs.size(); ++o) {
-      outputs[o].set_data(allocator::malloc(outputs[o].nbytes()));
+      outputs[o].set_data(mallocfn(outputs[o].nbytes()));
    }
  }
 }
@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ void compiled_allocate_outputs(
    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
    std::vector<array>& outputs,
    const std::function<bool(size_t)>& is_constant,
-    bool contiguous);
+    bool contiguous,
+    const std::function<allocator::Buffer(size_t)>& mallocfn =
+        allocator::malloc);

 // Collapse contiguous dims ignoring scalars and constants.
 std::tuple<bool, Shape, std::vector<Strides>> compiled_collapse_contiguous_dims(
@@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ enum class CopyType {
  GeneralGeneral
 };

-inline bool set_copy_output_data(const array& in, array& out, CopyType ctype) {
+inline bool set_copy_output_data(
+    const array& in,
+    array& out,
+    CopyType ctype,
+    std::function<allocator::Buffer(size_t)> mallocfn = allocator::malloc) {
  if (ctype == CopyType::Vector) {
    // If the input is donateable, we are doing a vector copy and the types
    // have the same size, then the input buffer can hold the output.
@@ -31,14 +35,14 @@ inline bool set_copy_output_data(const array& in, array& out, CopyType ctype) {
      return true;
    } else {
      out.set_data(
-          allocator::malloc(in.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
+          mallocfn(in.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
          in.data_size(),
          in.strides(),
          in.flags());
      return false;
    }
  } else {
-    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+    out.set_data(mallocfn(out.nbytes()));
    return false;
  }
 }
@@ -14,17 +14,13 @@ std::tuple<int64_t, Strides> prepare_slice(
    data_offset += start_indices[i] * in.strides()[i];
    inp_strides[i] = in.strides()[i] * strides[i];
  }
-  // Normalize the offset
-  if (data_offset < 0) {
-    data_offset += in.data_size();
-  }
  return std::make_tuple(data_offset, inp_strides);
 }

 void shared_buffer_slice(
    const array& in,
    const Strides& out_strides,
-    size_t data_offset,
+    int64_t data_offset,
    size_t data_size,
    array& out) {
  // Compute row/col contiguity
@@ -45,23 +41,30 @@ void slice(
    const Shape& start_indices,
    const Shape& strides) {
  if (out.size() == 0) {
-    out.set_data(nullptr);
+    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(0));
    return;
  }

  // Calculate out strides, initial offset
  auto [data_offset, inp_strides] = prepare_slice(in, start_indices, strides);
-  int64_t data_end = 1;
-  for (int i = 0; i < start_indices.size(); ++i) {
-    if (in.shape()[i] > 1) {
-      auto end_idx = start_indices[i] + out.shape()[i] * strides[i] - 1;
-      data_end += end_idx * in.strides()[i];
+
+  // Get the location of the end based on the inp strides and out.shape()
+  int64_t low_idx = 0;
+  int64_t high_idx = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < inp_strides.size(); ++i) {
+    auto delta = inp_strides[i] * (out.shape()[i] - 1);
+    if (inp_strides[i] > 0) {
+      high_idx += delta;
+    } else {
+      low_idx += delta;
    }
  }
-  if (data_end < 0) {
-    data_end += in.data_size();
+  int64_t data_size = (high_idx - low_idx) + 1;
+  if (data_size < 0) {
+    std::ostringstream msg;
+    msg << "[slice] Computed invalid data size: " << data_size << ".";
+    throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
  }
-  size_t data_size = (data_end - data_offset);
  shared_buffer_slice(in, inp_strides, data_offset, data_size, out);
 }

@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ inline void set_ternary_op_output_data(
    const array& b,
    const array& c,
    array& out,
-    TernaryOpType topt) {
+    TernaryOpType topt,
+    std::function<allocator::Buffer(size_t)> mallocfn = allocator::malloc) {
  auto maybe_donate = [&out](const array& x) {
    if (is_donatable(x, out)) {
      out.copy_shared_buffer(x);
@@ -57,13 +58,12 @@ inline void set_ternary_op_output_data(

  switch (topt) {
    case TernaryOpType::ScalarScalarScalar:
-      out.set_data(
-          allocator::malloc(out.itemsize()), 1, b.strides(), b.flags());
+      out.set_data(mallocfn(out.itemsize()), 1, b.strides(), b.flags());
      break;
    case TernaryOpType::VectorVectorVector:
      if (!(maybe_donate(a) || maybe_donate(b) || maybe_donate(c))) {
        out.set_data(
-            allocator::malloc(out.itemsize() * b.data_size()),
+            mallocfn(out.itemsize() * b.data_size()),
            b.data_size(),
            b.strides(),
            b.flags());
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ inline void set_ternary_op_output_data(
      if (!((a.flags().row_contiguous && maybe_donate(a)) ||
            (b.flags().row_contiguous && maybe_donate(b)) ||
            (c.flags().row_contiguous && maybe_donate(c)))) {
-        out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+        out.set_data(mallocfn(out.nbytes()));
      }
      break;
  }
@@ -7,19 +7,22 @@

 namespace mlx::core {

-inline void set_unary_output_data(const array& in, array& out) {
+inline void set_unary_output_data(
+    const array& in,
+    array& out,
+    std::function<allocator::Buffer(size_t)> mallocfn = allocator::malloc) {
  if (in.flags().contiguous) {
    if (is_donatable(in, out)) {
      out.copy_shared_buffer(in);
    } else {
      out.set_data(
-          allocator::malloc(in.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
+          mallocfn(in.data_size() * out.itemsize()),
          in.data_size(),
          in.strides(),
          in.flags());
    }
  } else {
-    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+    out.set_data(mallocfn(out.nbytes()));
  }
 }

@@ -14,233 +14,11 @@

 namespace mlx::core {

-namespace {
-
-template <typename Op>
-void binary(const array& a, const array& b, array& out, Op op, Stream stream) {
-  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
-
-  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
-                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
-                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
-                    bopt]() mutable {
-    switch (out.dtype()) {
-      case bool_:
-        binary_op<bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint8:
-        binary_op<uint8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint16:
-        binary_op<uint16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint32:
-        binary_op<uint32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint64:
-        binary_op<uint64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int8:
-        binary_op<int8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int16:
-        binary_op<int16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int32:
-        binary_op<int32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int64:
-        binary_op<int64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float16:
-        binary_op<float16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float32:
-        binary_op<float, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float64:
-        binary_op<double, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case bfloat16:
-        binary_op<bfloat16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case complex64:
-        binary_op<complex64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-template <typename Op>
-void comparison_op(
-    const array& a,
-    const array& b,
-    array& out,
-    Op op,
-    Stream stream) {
-  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
-
-  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
-                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
-                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
-                    bopt]() mutable {
-    switch (a.dtype()) {
-      case bool_:
-        binary_op<bool, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint8:
-        binary_op<uint8_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint16:
-        binary_op<uint16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint32:
-        binary_op<uint32_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint64:
-        binary_op<uint64_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int8:
-        binary_op<int8_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int16:
-        binary_op<int16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int32:
-        binary_op<int32_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int64:
-        binary_op<int64_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float16:
-        binary_op<float16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float32:
-        binary_op<float, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float64:
-        binary_op<double, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case bfloat16:
-        binary_op<bfloat16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case complex64:
-        binary_op<complex64_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-template <typename Op>
-void binary_float(
-    const array& a,
-    const array& b,
-    array& out,
-    Op op,
-    Stream stream) {
-  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
-
-  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
-                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
-                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
-                    bopt]() mutable {
-    switch (out.dtype()) {
-      case float16:
-        binary_op<float16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float32:
-        binary_op<float, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case float64:
-        binary_op<double, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case bfloat16:
-        binary_op<bfloat16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case complex64:
-        binary_op<complex64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      default:
-        throw std::runtime_error(
-            "[binary_float] Only supports floating point types.");
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-template <typename Op>
-void binary_int(
-    const array& a,
-    const array& b,
-    array& out,
-    Op op,
-    Stream stream) {
-  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
-
-  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
-  encoder.set_input_array(a);
-  encoder.set_input_array(b);
-  encoder.set_output_array(out);
-  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
-                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
-                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
-                    bopt]() mutable {
-    switch (out.dtype()) {
-      case bool_:
-        binary_op<bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-      case uint8:
-        binary_op<uint8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint16:
-        binary_op<uint16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint32:
-        binary_op<uint32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case uint64:
-        binary_op<uint64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int8:
-        binary_op<int8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int16:
-        binary_op<int16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int32:
-        binary_op<int32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      case int64:
-        binary_op<int64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
-        break;
-      default:
-        throw std::runtime_error("[binary_int] Type not supported");
-        break;
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
 void Add::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Add(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Add(), stream());
 }

 void DivMod::eval_cpu(
@@ -324,14 +102,14 @@ void Divide::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Divide(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Divide(), stream());
 }

 void Remainder::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Remainder(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Remainder(), stream());
 }

 void Equal::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
@@ -372,89 +150,90 @@ void Equal::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
      }
    });
  } else {
-    comparison_op(a, b, out, detail::Equal(), stream());
+    comparison_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Equal(), stream());
  }
 }

 void Greater::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
-  comparison_op(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::Greater(), stream());
+  comparison_op_cpu(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::Greater(), stream());
 }

 void GreaterEqual::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
-  comparison_op(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::GreaterEqual(), stream());
+  comparison_op_cpu(
+      inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::GreaterEqual(), stream());
 }

 void Less::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
-  comparison_op(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::Less(), stream());
+  comparison_op_cpu(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::Less(), stream());
 }

 void LessEqual::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
-  comparison_op(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::LessEqual(), stream());
+  comparison_op_cpu(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::LessEqual(), stream());
 }

 void LogAddExp::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary_float(a, b, out, detail::LogAddExp(), stream());
+  binary_float_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::LogAddExp(), stream());
 }

 void LogicalAnd::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2); // LogicalAnd requires two input arrays
  auto& in1 = inputs[0];
  auto& in2 = inputs[1];
-  binary(in1, in2, out, detail::LogicalAnd(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(in1, in2, out, detail::LogicalAnd(), stream());
 }

 void LogicalOr::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2); // LogicalOr requires two input arrays
  auto& in1 = inputs[0];
  auto& in2 = inputs[1];
-  binary(in1, in2, out, detail::LogicalOr(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(in1, in2, out, detail::LogicalOr(), stream());
 }

 void Maximum::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Maximum(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Maximum(), stream());
 }

 void Minimum::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Minimum(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Minimum(), stream());
 }

 void Multiply::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Multiply(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Multiply(), stream());
 }

 void NotEqual::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
-  comparison_op(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::NotEqual(), stream());
+  comparison_op_cpu(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, detail::NotEqual(), stream());
 }

 void Power::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Power(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Power(), stream());
 }

 void Subtract::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary(a, b, out, detail::Subtract(), stream());
+  binary_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::Subtract(), stream());
 }

 void BitwiseBinary::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
@@ -463,19 +242,19 @@ void BitwiseBinary::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  auto& b = inputs[1];
  switch (op_) {
    case BitwiseBinary::And:
-      binary_int(a, b, out, detail::BitwiseAnd(), stream());
+      binary_int_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::BitwiseAnd(), stream());
      break;
    case BitwiseBinary::Or:
-      binary_int(a, b, out, detail::BitwiseOr(), stream());
+      binary_int_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::BitwiseOr(), stream());
      break;
    case BitwiseBinary::Xor:
-      binary_int(a, b, out, detail::BitwiseXor(), stream());
+      binary_int_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::BitwiseXor(), stream());
      break;
    case BitwiseBinary::LeftShift:
-      binary_int(a, b, out, detail::LeftShift(), stream());
+      binary_int_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::LeftShift(), stream());
      break;
    case BitwiseBinary::RightShift:
-      binary_int(a, b, out, detail::RightShift(), stream());
+      binary_int_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::RightShift(), stream());
      break;
  }
 }
@@ -484,7 +263,7 @@ void ArcTan2::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  const auto& a = inputs[0];
  const auto& b = inputs[1];
-  binary_float(a, b, out, detail::ArcTan2(), stream());
+  binary_float_op_cpu(a, b, out, detail::ArcTan2(), stream());
 }

 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "mlx/backend/common/binary.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/common/utils.h"

+#include "mlx/backend/cpu/encoder.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/simd/simd.h"

 namespace mlx::core {
@@ -290,4 +291,227 @@ void binary_op(const array& a, const array& b, array& out, BinaryOpType bopt) {
  binary_op<T, T, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
 }

+template <typename Op>
+void binary_op_cpu(
+    const array& a,
+    const array& b,
+    array& out,
+    Op op,
+    Stream stream) {
+  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
+
+  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
+  encoder.set_input_array(a);
+  encoder.set_input_array(b);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
+                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
+                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
+                    bopt]() mutable {
+    switch (out.dtype()) {
+      case bool_:
+        binary_op<bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint8:
+        binary_op<uint8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint16:
+        binary_op<uint16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint32:
+        binary_op<uint32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint64:
+        binary_op<uint64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int8:
+        binary_op<int8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int16:
+        binary_op<int16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int32:
+        binary_op<int32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int64:
+        binary_op<int64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float16:
+        binary_op<float16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float32:
+        binary_op<float, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float64:
+        binary_op<double, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case bfloat16:
+        binary_op<bfloat16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case complex64:
+        binary_op<complex64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename Op>
+void comparison_op_cpu(
+    const array& a,
+    const array& b,
+    array& out,
+    Op op,
+    Stream stream) {
+  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
+
+  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
+  encoder.set_input_array(a);
+  encoder.set_input_array(b);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
+                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
+                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
+                    bopt]() mutable {
+    switch (a.dtype()) {
+      case bool_:
+        binary_op<bool, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint8:
+        binary_op<uint8_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint16:
+        binary_op<uint16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint32:
+        binary_op<uint32_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint64:
+        binary_op<uint64_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int8:
+        binary_op<int8_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int16:
+        binary_op<int16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int32:
+        binary_op<int32_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int64:
+        binary_op<int64_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float16:
+        binary_op<float16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float32:
+        binary_op<float, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float64:
+        binary_op<double, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case bfloat16:
+        binary_op<bfloat16_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case complex64:
+        binary_op<complex64_t, bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename Op>
+void binary_float_op_cpu(
+    const array& a,
+    const array& b,
+    array& out,
+    Op op,
+    Stream stream) {
+  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
+
+  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
+  encoder.set_input_array(a);
+  encoder.set_input_array(b);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
+                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
+                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
+                    bopt]() mutable {
+    switch (out.dtype()) {
+      case float16:
+        binary_op<float16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float32:
+        binary_op<float, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case float64:
+        binary_op<double, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case bfloat16:
+        binary_op<bfloat16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case complex64:
+        binary_op<complex64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw std::runtime_error(
+            "[binary_float] Only supports floating point types.");
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename Op>
+void binary_int_op_cpu(
+    const array& a,
+    const array& b,
+    array& out,
+    Op op,
+    Stream stream) {
+  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
+
+  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
+  encoder.set_input_array(a);
+  encoder.set_input_array(b);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  encoder.dispatch([a = array::unsafe_weak_copy(a),
+                    b = array::unsafe_weak_copy(b),
+                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
+                    bopt]() mutable {
+    switch (out.dtype()) {
+      case bool_:
+        binary_op<bool, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+      case uint8:
+        binary_op<uint8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint16:
+        binary_op<uint16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint32:
+        binary_op<uint32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case uint64:
+        binary_op<uint64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int8:
+        binary_op<int8_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int16:
+        binary_op<int16_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int32:
+        binary_op<int32_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      case int64:
+        binary_op<int64_t, Op>(a, b, out, bopt);
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw std::runtime_error("[binary_int] Type not supported");
+        break;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -95,4 +95,9 @@ void Recv::eval_cpu(
  distributed::detail::recv(group(), outputs[0], src_, stream());
 }

+void ReduceScatter::eval_cpu(
+    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
+    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
+  throw std::runtime_error("[ReduceScatter] Not implemented yet.");
+}
 } // namespace mlx::core::distributed
@@ -12,6 +12,167 @@ namespace mlx::core {

 namespace {

+template <typename T>
+complex64_t to_complex(T r, T i) {
+  return {static_cast<float>(r), static_cast<float>(i)};
+}
+
+template <typename T, class Enable = void>
+struct EigWork {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct EigWork<
+    T,
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>::type> {
+  using O = complex64_t;
+
+  char jobl;
+  char jobr;
+  int N;
+  int lwork;
+  int info;
+  std::vector<array::Data> buffers;
+
+  EigWork(char jobl_, char jobr_, int N_, bool compute_eigenvectors)
+      : jobl(jobl_), jobr(jobr_), N(N_), lwork(-1) {
+    T work;
+    int n_vecs_l = compute_eigenvectors ? N_ : 1;
+    int n_vecs_r = 1;
+    geev<T>(
+        &jobl,
+        &jobr,
+        &N,
+        nullptr,
+        &N,
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_l,
+        nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_r,
+        &work,
+        &lwork,
+        &info);
+    lwork = static_cast<int>(work);
+
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * N * 2));
+    if (compute_eigenvectors) {
+      buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * N * N * 2));
+    }
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * lwork));
+  }
+
+  void run(T* a, O* values, O* vectors) {
+    auto eig_tmp = static_cast<T*>(buffers[0].buffer.raw_ptr());
+    T* vec_tmp = nullptr;
+    if (vectors) {
+      vec_tmp = static_cast<T*>(buffers[1].buffer.raw_ptr());
+    }
+    auto work = static_cast<T*>(buffers.back().buffer.raw_ptr());
+
+    int n_vecs_l = vectors ? N : 1;
+    int n_vecs_r = 1;
+    geev<T>(
+        &jobl,
+        &jobr,
+        &N,
+        a,
+        &N,
+        eig_tmp,
+        eig_tmp + N,
+        vectors ? vec_tmp : nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_l,
+        nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_r,
+        work,
+        &lwork,
+        &info);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+      values[i] = to_complex(eig_tmp[i], eig_tmp[N + i]);
+    }
+
+    if (vectors) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        if (values[i].imag() != 0) {
+          for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
+            vectors[i * N + j] =
+                to_complex(vec_tmp[i * N + j], -vec_tmp[(i + 1) * N + j]);
+            vectors[(i + 1) * N + j] =
+                to_complex(vec_tmp[i * N + j], vec_tmp[(i + 1) * N + j]);
+          }
+          i += 1;
+        } else {
+          for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
+            vectors[i * N + j] = to_complex(vec_tmp[i * N + j], T(0.0));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct EigWork<std::complex<float>> {
+  using T = std::complex<float>;
+  using R = float;
+  using O = T;
+
+  char jobl;
+  char jobr;
+  int N;
+  int lwork;
+  int lrwork;
+  int info;
+  std::vector<array::Data> buffers;
+
+  EigWork(char jobl_, char jobr_, int N_, bool compute_eigenvectors)
+      : jobl(jobl_), jobr(jobr_), N(N_), lwork(-1), lrwork(2 * N_) {
+    T work;
+    R rwork;
+    int n_vecs_l = compute_eigenvectors ? N_ : 1;
+    int n_vecs_r = 1;
+    geev<T>(
+        &jobl,
+        &jobr,
+        &N,
+        nullptr,
+        &N,
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_l,
+        nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_r,
+        &work,
+        &lwork,
+        &rwork,
+        &info);
+    lwork = static_cast<int>(work.real());
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * lwork));
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(R) * lrwork));
+  }
+
+  void run(T* a, T* values, T* vectors) {
+    int n_vecs_l = vectors ? N : 1;
+    int n_vecs_r = 1;
+    geev<T>(
+        &jobl,
+        &jobr,
+        &N,
+        a,
+        &N,
+        values,
+        vectors,
+        &n_vecs_l,
+        nullptr,
+        &n_vecs_r,
+        static_cast<T*>(buffers[0].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        &lwork,
+        static_cast<R*>(buffers[1].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        &info);
+  }
+};
+
 template <typename T>
 void eig_impl(
    array& a,
@@ -19,101 +180,39 @@ void eig_impl(
    array& values,
    bool compute_eigenvectors,
    Stream stream) {
-  using OT = std::complex<T>;
  auto a_ptr = a.data<T>();
-  auto eig_ptr = values.data<OT>();
+  auto val_ptr = values.data<complex64_t>();

  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream);
  encoder.set_input_array(a);
  encoder.set_output_array(values);
-  OT* vec_ptr = nullptr;
+  complex64_t* vec_ptr = nullptr;
  if (compute_eigenvectors) {
    encoder.set_output_array(vectors);
-    vec_ptr = vectors.data<OT>();
+    vec_ptr = vectors.data<complex64_t>();
  }
  encoder.dispatch([a_ptr,
+                    val_ptr,
                    vec_ptr,
-                    eig_ptr,
                    compute_eigenvectors,
                    N = vectors.shape(-1),
                    size = vectors.size()]() mutable {
-    // Work query
    char jobr = 'N';
    char jobl = compute_eigenvectors ? 'V' : 'N';
-    int n_vecs_r = 1;
-    int n_vecs_l = compute_eigenvectors ? N : 1;
-    int lwork = -1;
-    int info;
-    {
-      T work;
-      geev<T>(
-          &jobl,
-          &jobr,
-          &N,
-          nullptr,
-          &N,
-          nullptr,
-          nullptr,
-          nullptr,
-          &n_vecs_l,
-          nullptr,
-          &n_vecs_r,
-          &work,
-          &lwork,
-          &info);
-      lwork = static_cast<int>(work);
-    }

-    auto eig_tmp_data = array::Data{allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * N * 2)};
-    auto vec_tmp_data =
-        array::Data{allocator::malloc(vec_ptr ? sizeof(T) * N * N * 2 : 0)};
-    auto eig_tmp = static_cast<T*>(eig_tmp_data.buffer.raw_ptr());
-    auto vec_tmp = static_cast<T*>(vec_tmp_data.buffer.raw_ptr());
-    auto work_buf = array::Data{allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * lwork)};
+    EigWork<T> work(jobl, jobr, N, compute_eigenvectors);
+
    for (size_t i = 0; i < size / (N * N); ++i) {
-      geev<T>(
-          &jobl,
-          &jobr,
-          &N,
-          a_ptr,
-          &N,
-          eig_tmp,
-          eig_tmp + N,
-          vec_tmp,
-          &n_vecs_l,
-          nullptr,
-          &n_vecs_r,
-          static_cast<T*>(work_buf.buffer.raw_ptr()),
-          &lwork,
-          &info);
-      for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
-        eig_ptr[i] = {eig_tmp[i], eig_tmp[N + i]};
-      }
+      work.run(a_ptr, val_ptr, vec_ptr);
+      a_ptr += N * N;
+      val_ptr += N;
      if (vec_ptr) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
-          if (eig_ptr[i].imag() != 0) {
-            // This vector and the next are a pair
-            for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
-              vec_ptr[i * N + j] = {
-                  vec_tmp[i * N + j], -vec_tmp[(i + 1) * N + j]};
-              vec_ptr[(i + 1) * N + j] = {
-                  vec_tmp[i * N + j], vec_tmp[(i + 1) * N + j]};
-            }
-            i += 1;
-          } else {
-            for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) {
-              vec_ptr[i * N + j] = {vec_tmp[i * N + j], 0};
-            }
-          }
-        }
        vec_ptr += N * N;
      }
-      a_ptr += N * N;
-      eig_ptr += N;
-      if (info != 0) {
+      if (work.info != 0) {
        std::stringstream msg;
        msg << "[Eig::eval_cpu] Eigenvalue decomposition failed with error code "
-            << info;
+            << work.info;
        throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
      }
    }
@@ -165,8 +264,17 @@ void Eig::eval_cpu(
    case float32:
      eig_impl<float>(a_copy, vectors, values, compute_eigenvectors_, stream());
      break;
+    case float64:
+      eig_impl<double>(
+          a_copy, vectors, values, compute_eigenvectors_, stream());
+      break;
+    case complex64:
+      eig_impl<std::complex<float>>(
+          a_copy, vectors, values, compute_eigenvectors_, stream());
+      break;
    default:
-      throw std::runtime_error("[Eig::eval_cpu] only supports float32.");
+      throw std::runtime_error(
+          "[Eig::eval_cpu] only supports float32, float64, or complex64.");
  }
 }

@@ -747,4 +747,108 @@ void ScatterAxis::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  });
 }

+template <typename T>
+void masked_scatter_impl(const array& mask, const array& src, array& out) {
+  ContiguousIterator mask_it(mask);
+  ContiguousIterator src_it(src);
+  ContiguousIterator out_it(out);
+
+  const bool* mask_ptr = mask.data<bool>();
+  const T* src_ptr = src.data<T>();
+  T* dst_ptr = out.data<T>();
+
+  const size_t batch_count = mask.shape(0);
+  const size_t mask_batch_size = mask.size() / batch_count;
+  const size_t src_batch_size = src.size() / batch_count;
+
+  for (uint b = 0; b < batch_count; ++b) {
+    size_t src_consumed = 0;
+    src_it.seek(b * src_batch_size);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mask_batch_size; ++i) {
+      if (mask_ptr[mask_it.loc]) {
+        if (src_consumed >= src_batch_size) {
+          throw std::runtime_error(
+              "[MaskedScatter::eval_cpu] Source does not have enough elements for mask.");
+        }
+        dst_ptr[out_it.loc] = src_ptr[src_it.loc];
+        src_it.step();
+        ++src_consumed;
+      }
+      mask_it.step();
+      out_it.step();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void MaskedScatter::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
+  assert(inputs.size() == 3);
+
+  auto& dst = inputs[0];
+  auto& mask = inputs[1];
+  auto& src = inputs[2];
+
+  // Copy src into out (copy allocates memory for out)
+  auto ctype =
+      dst.flags().row_contiguous ? CopyType::Vector : CopyType::General;
+  copy_cpu(dst, out, ctype, stream());
+
+  if (mask.size() == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream());
+  encoder.set_input_array(mask);
+  encoder.set_input_array(src);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  encoder.dispatch([mask = array::unsafe_weak_copy(mask),
+                    src = array::unsafe_weak_copy(src),
+                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out)]() mutable {
+    switch (out.dtype()) {
+      case bool_:
+        masked_scatter_impl<bool>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case uint8:
+        masked_scatter_impl<uint8_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case uint16:
+        masked_scatter_impl<uint16_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case uint32:
+        masked_scatter_impl<uint32_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case uint64:
+        masked_scatter_impl<uint64_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case int8:
+        masked_scatter_impl<int8_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case int16:
+        masked_scatter_impl<int16_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case int32:
+        masked_scatter_impl<int32_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case int64:
+        masked_scatter_impl<int64_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case float16:
+        masked_scatter_impl<float16_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case float32:
+        masked_scatter_impl<float>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case float64:
+        masked_scatter_impl<double>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case bfloat16:
+        masked_scatter_impl<bfloat16_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+      case complex64:
+        masked_scatter_impl<complex64_t>(mask, src, out);
+        break;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -45,9 +45,7 @@
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(geqrf)
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(orgqr)
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(syevd)
-INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(geev)
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(potrf)
-INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(gesdd)
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(getrf)
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(getri)
 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(trtri)
@@ -63,3 +61,20 @@ INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_REAL(trtri)
  }

 INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_COMPLEX(heevd)
+
+#define INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_ALL(FUNC)                                \
+  template <typename T, typename... Args>                           \
+  void FUNC(Args... args) {                                         \
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {                       \
+      MLX_LAPACK_FUNC(s##FUNC)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);        \
+    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, double>) {               \
+      MLX_LAPACK_FUNC(d##FUNC)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);        \
+    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::complex<float>>) {  \
+      MLX_LAPACK_FUNC(c##FUNC)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);        \
+    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::complex<double>>) { \
+      MLX_LAPACK_FUNC(z##FUNC)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);        \
+    }                                                               \
+  }
+
+INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_ALL(geev)
+INSTANTIATE_LAPACK_ALL(gesdd)
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 #include <cstring>
 #include "mlx/array.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cpu/binary.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cpu/binary_ops.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/copy.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/encoder.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/gemm.h"
@@ -135,15 +137,29 @@ void AddMM::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
    return;
  }

+  // Handle empty matrix case (K=0)
+  if (inputs[0].shape(-1) == 0) {
+    auto& c = inputs[2];
+    if (beta_ == 1.0f) {
+      CopyType ctype = c.data_size() == 1
+          ? CopyType::Scalar
+          : (c.flags().row_contiguous ? CopyType::Vector : CopyType::General);
+      copy_cpu(c, out, ctype, stream());
+    } else {
+      array beta_scalar = array(beta_, c.dtype());
+      auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream());
+      binary_float_op_cpu(c, beta_scalar, out, detail::Multiply(), stream());
+      encoder.add_temporary(std::move(beta_scalar));
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
  // Fill output with C
  auto& c = inputs[2];
  CopyType ctype = c.data_size() == 1
      ? CopyType::Scalar
      : (c.flags().row_contiguous ? CopyType::Vector : CopyType::General);
  copy_cpu(c, out, ctype, stream());
-  if (inputs[0].shape(-1) == 0) {
-    return;
-  }
  matmul_general(inputs[0], inputs[1], out, stream(), alpha_, beta_);
 }

@@ -291,6 +291,17 @@ void RandomBits::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
                    num_keys,
                    kshape = keys.shape(),
                    kstrides = keys.strides()]() mutable {
+    auto copy_remaining = [&](char* cptr, size_t loc, uint32_t v) {
+      if (4 * loc + 4 <= bytes_per_key) {
+        reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(cptr)[loc] = v;
+      } else {
+        std::copy(
+            reinterpret_cast<char*>(&v),
+            reinterpret_cast<char*>(&v) + bytes_per_key - 4 * loc,
+            cptr + 4 * loc);
+      }
+    };
+
    size_t out_skip = (bytes_per_key + 4 - 1) / 4;
    auto half_size = out_skip / 2;
    bool even = out_skip % 2 == 0;
@@ -310,18 +321,12 @@ void RandomBits::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
      if (count.first < half_size) {
        auto rb = random::threefry2x32_hash(key, count);
        ptr[count.first++] = rb.first;
-        if (bytes_per_key % 4 > 0) {
-          std::copy(
-              reinterpret_cast<char*>(&rb.second),
-              reinterpret_cast<char*>(&rb.second) + bytes_per_key % 4,
-              cptr + 4 * count.second);
-        } else {
-          ptr[count.second] = rb.second;
-        }
+        copy_remaining(cptr, count.second, rb.second);
      }
      if (!even) {
        count.second = 0;
-        ptr[half_size] = random::threefry2x32_hash(key, count).first;
+        copy_remaining(
+            cptr, half_size, random::threefry2x32_hash(key, count).first);
      }
    }
  });
@@ -333,7 +338,7 @@ void Reshape::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {

 void DynamicSlice::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  if (out.size() == 0) {
-    out.set_data(nullptr);
+    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(0));
    return;
  }
  auto& in = inputs[0];
@@ -361,7 +366,7 @@ void DynamicSliceUpdate::eval_cpu(
    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
    array& out) {
  if (out.size() == 0) {
-    out.set_data(nullptr);
+    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(0));
    return;
  }

@@ -396,7 +401,7 @@ void DynamicSliceUpdate::eval_cpu(
 void SliceUpdate::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  if (out.size() == 0) {
-    out.set_data(nullptr);
+    out.set_data(allocator::malloc(0));
    return;
  }

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 // Copyright © 2023 Apple Inc.

+#include "mlx/backend/common/unary.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/copy.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/encoder.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/simd/simd.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cpu/unary.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cpu/unary_ops.h"
 #include "mlx/fast_primitives.h"
 #include "mlx/primitives.h"
 #include "mlx/utils.h"
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ namespace mlx::core {

 namespace {

-const static float MXFP4_LUT[16] = {
+const static float FP4_LUT[16] = {
    +0.0f,
    +0.5f,
    +1.0f,
@@ -29,15 +32,19 @@ const static float MXFP4_LUT[16] = {
    -4.0f,
    -6.0f};

-template <typename T>
+template <typename T, int group_size>
 static inline T dequantize_scale(uint8_t s) {
-  using FOrI = union {
-    bfloat16_t f;
-    uint16_t i;
-  };
-  FOrI out;
-  out.i = (s == 0 ? 0x40 : (static_cast<uint16_t>(s) << 7));
-  return static_cast<T>(out.f);
+  if constexpr (group_size == 16) {
+    return static_cast<T>(detail::FromFP8{}(s));
+  } else {
+    using FOrI = union {
+      bfloat16_t f;
+      uint16_t i;
+    };
+    FOrI out;
+    out.i = (s == 0 ? 0x40 : (static_cast<uint16_t>(s) << 7));
+    return static_cast<T>(out.f);
+  }
 }

 inline constexpr short get_pack_factor(int bits, int wsize = 8) {
@@ -434,8 +441,8 @@ void _qmm_dispatch(
  }
 }

-template <typename T>
-void mxfp4_qmm(
+template <typename T, int group_size, int bits>
+void fp_qmm(
    T* result,
    const T* x,
    const uint32_t* w,
@@ -443,8 +450,7 @@ void mxfp4_qmm(
    int M,
    int N,
    int K) {
-  constexpr int group_size = 32;
-  constexpr int pack_factor = get_pack_factor(4, 8);
+  constexpr int pack_factor = get_pack_factor(bits, 8);
  constexpr int packs_in_group = group_size / pack_factor;

  for (int m = 0; m < M; m++) {
@@ -458,25 +464,27 @@ void mxfp4_qmm(
      T xi = *x++;

      for (int n = 0; n < N; n += group_size) {
-        T scale = dequantize_scale<T>(*scales_local++);
+        T scale = dequantize_scale<T, group_size>(*scales_local++);
        for (int ng = 0; ng < packs_in_group; ng++) {
-          uint8_t wi = *w_local++;
-#pragma clang loop unroll(full)
-          for (int p = 0; p < pack_factor; p++) {
+          if constexpr (bits == 4) {
            (*result_local++) +=
-                xi * scale * static_cast<T>(MXFP4_LUT[wi & 0xf]);
-            wi >>= 4;
+                xi * scale * static_cast<T>(FP4_LUT[w_local[0] & 0xf]);
+            (*result_local++) +=
+                xi * scale * static_cast<T>(FP4_LUT[(w_local[0] >> 4) & 0xf]);
+          } else {
+            (*result_local++) +=
+                xi * scale * static_cast<T>(detail::FromFP8{}(w_local[0]));
          }
+          w_local++;
        }
      }
    }
-
    result += N;
  }
 }

-template <typename T>
-void mxfp4_qmm_t(
+template <typename T, int group_size, int bits>
+void fp_qmm_t(
    T* result,
    const T* x,
    const uint32_t* w,
@@ -484,8 +492,7 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_t(
    int M,
    int N,
    int K) {
-  constexpr int group_size = 32;
-  constexpr int pack_factor = get_pack_factor(4, 8);
+  constexpr int pack_factor = get_pack_factor(bits, 8);
  constexpr int packs_in_group = group_size / pack_factor;

  for (int m = 0; m < M; m++) {
@@ -496,16 +503,19 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_t(
      const T* x_local = x;
      T sum = 0;
      for (int k = 0; k < K; k += group_size) {
-        T scale = dequantize_scale<T>(*scales_local++);
+        T scale = dequantize_scale<T, group_size>(*scales_local++);

        T gsum = 0;
        for (int kw = 0; kw < packs_in_group; kw++) {
-          uint8_t wi = *w_local++;
-#pragma clang loop unroll(full)
-          for (int p = 0; p < pack_factor; p++) {
-            gsum += (*x_local++) * static_cast<T>(MXFP4_LUT[wi & 0xf]);
-            wi >>= 4;
+          if constexpr (bits == 4) {
+            gsum += (*x_local++) * static_cast<T>(FP4_LUT[w_local[0] & 0xf]);
+            gsum +=
+                (*x_local++) * static_cast<T>(FP4_LUT[(w_local[0] >> 4) & 0xf]);
+          } else {
+            gsum +=
+                (*x_local++) * static_cast<T>(detail::FromFP8{}(w_local[0]));
          }
+          w_local++;
        }
        sum += scale * gsum;
      }
@@ -517,9 +527,9 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_t(
  }
 }

-template <int S>
-simd::Simd<float, S> mxfp4_extract_bits_simd(const uint32_t* w) {
-  if constexpr (S == 8) {
+template <int S, int bits>
+simd::Simd<float, S> fp_extract_bits_simd(const uint32_t* w) {
+  if constexpr (S == 8 && bits == 4) {
    constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 8> shifts_ = {{0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28}};
    auto shifts(*(simd::Simd<uint32_t, S>*)&shifts_);
    auto wi = simd::Simd<uint32_t, S>(*w);
@@ -527,17 +537,20 @@ simd::Simd<float, S> mxfp4_extract_bits_simd(const uint32_t* w) {
    wi = wi & 0xf;
    simd::Simd<float, S> w_out;
    for (int i = 0; i < S; ++i) {
-      w_out[i] = MXFP4_LUT[wi[i]];
+      w_out[i] = FP4_LUT[wi[i]];
    }
    return w_out;
+  } else if constexpr (S == 8 && bits == 8) {
+    auto w_out = simd::load<uint8_t, S>(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(w));
+    return detail::FromFP8{}(w_out);
  } else {
    // Appease compiler.. but should never get here
    throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported combination for simd qmm.");
  }
 }

-template <typename T>
-void mxfp4_qmm_t_simd(
+template <typename T, int group_size, int bits>
+void fp_qmm_t_simd(
    T* result,
    const T* x,
    const uint32_t* w,
@@ -545,8 +558,7 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_t_simd(
    int M,
    int N,
    int K) {
-  constexpr int group_size = 32;
-  constexpr int pack_factor = 32 / 4;
+  constexpr int pack_factor = get_pack_factor(bits, 32);
  constexpr int packs_in_group = group_size / pack_factor;
  constexpr int S = simd::max_size<T>;
  static_assert(
@@ -561,12 +573,12 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_t_simd(
      simd::Simd<float, S> acc(0);
      auto x_local = x;
      for (int k = 0; k < K; k += group_size) {
-        T scale = dequantize_scale<T>(*scales_local++);
+        T scale = dequantize_scale<T, group_size>(*scales_local++);

        simd::Simd<float, S> g_acc(0);
        for (int kw = 0; kw < packs_in_group; kw += packs_per_simd) {
          // Extract bits
-          auto wf = mxfp4_extract_bits_simd<S>(w_local);
+          auto wf = fp_extract_bits_simd<S, bits>(w_local);
          w_local += packs_per_simd;
          simd::Simd<float, S> x_simd = simd::load<T, S>(x_local);
          g_acc = g_acc + x_simd * wf;
@@ -582,8 +594,8 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_t_simd(
  }
 }

-template <typename T>
-void mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_transpose(
+template <typename T, int group_size, int bits>
+void fp_qmm_dispatch_transpose(
    T* result,
    const T* x,
    const uint32_t* w,
@@ -595,17 +607,17 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_transpose(
  if (transposed_w) {
    // the simd size must be a multiple of the number of elements per word
    if constexpr (simd::max_size<T> % 8 == 0) {
-      mxfp4_qmm_t_simd<T>(result, x, w, scales, M, N, K);
+      fp_qmm_t_simd<T, group_size, bits>(result, x, w, scales, M, N, K);
    } else {
-      mxfp4_qmm_t<T>(result, x, w, scales, M, N, K);
+      fp_qmm_t<T, group_size, bits>(result, x, w, scales, M, N, K);
    }
  } else {
-    mxfp4_qmm<T>(result, x, w, scales, M, N, K);
+    fp_qmm<T, group_size, bits>(result, x, w, scales, M, N, K);
  }
 }

-template <typename T>
-void mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_typed(
+template <typename T, int group_size, int bits>
+void fp_qmm_dispatch_mode(
    array& out,
    const array& x,
    const array& w,
@@ -623,7 +635,7 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_typed(
  auto w_ptr = w.data<uint32_t>();
  auto scales_ptr = scales.data<uint8_t>();
  for (int i = 0; i < batch_size; i++) {
-    mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_transpose<T>(
+    fp_qmm_dispatch_transpose<T, group_size, bits>(
        out_ptr + i * M * N,
        x_ptr + elem_to_loc(i * M * K, x.shape(), x.strides()),
        w_ptr + elem_to_loc(i * w_els, w.shape(), w.strides()),
@@ -635,21 +647,44 @@ void mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_typed(
  }
 }

-void mxfp4_qmm_dispatch(
+template <typename T>
+void fp_qmm_dispatch_typed(
    array& out,
    const array& x,
    const array& w,
    const array& scales,
+    int group_size,
+    int bits,
+    bool transposed_w) {
+  if (bits == 8) {
+    fp_qmm_dispatch_mode<T, 32, 8>(out, x, w, scales, transposed_w);
+  } else if (group_size == 32) {
+    fp_qmm_dispatch_mode<T, 32, 4>(out, x, w, scales, transposed_w);
+  } else {
+    fp_qmm_dispatch_mode<T, 16, 4>(out, x, w, scales, transposed_w);
+  }
+}
+
+void fp_qmm_dispatch(
+    array& out,
+    const array& x,
+    const array& w,
+    const array& scales,
+    int group_size,
+    int bits,
    bool transposed_w) {
  switch (x.dtype()) {
    case bfloat16:
-      mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_typed<bfloat16_t>(out, x, w, scales, transposed_w);
+      fp_qmm_dispatch_typed<bfloat16_t>(
+          out, x, w, scales, group_size, bits, transposed_w);
      break;
    case float16:
-      mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_typed<float16_t>(out, x, w, scales, transposed_w);
+      fp_qmm_dispatch_typed<float16_t>(
+          out, x, w, scales, group_size, bits, transposed_w);
      break;
    case float32:
-      mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_typed<float>(out, x, w, scales, transposed_w);
+      fp_qmm_dispatch_typed<float>(
+          out, x, w, scales, group_size, bits, transposed_w);
      break;
    default:
      throw std::invalid_argument(
@@ -762,9 +797,8 @@ void _bs_qmm_dispatch(
          "[quantized_matmul] only floating types are supported");
  }
 }
-
-template <typename T>
-void mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed(
+template <typename T, int group_size, int bits>
+void fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_mode(
    array& out,
    const array& x,
    const array& w,
@@ -791,7 +825,7 @@ void mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed(
        i, lhs_indices.shape(), lhs_indices.strides())];
    int w_idx = rhs_indices_ptr[elem_to_loc(
        i, rhs_indices.shape(), rhs_indices.strides())];
-    mxfp4_qmm_dispatch_transpose<T>(
+    fp_qmm_dispatch_transpose<T, group_size, bits>(
        out_ptr + i * M * N,
        x_ptr + elem_to_loc(x_idx * M * K, x.shape(), x.strides()),
        w_ptr + elem_to_loc(w_idx * w_els, w.shape(), w.strides()),
@@ -804,26 +838,75 @@ void mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed(
  }
 }

-void mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch(
+template <typename T>
+void fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed(
    array& out,
    const array& x,
    const array& w,
    const array& scales,
    const array& lhs_indices,
    const array& rhs_indices,
+    int group_size,
+    int bits,
+    bool transposed_w) {
+  if (bits == 8) {
+    fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_mode<T, 32, 8>(
+        out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transposed_w);
+  } else if (group_size == 32) {
+    fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_mode<T, 32, 4>(
+        out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transposed_w);
+  } else {
+    fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_mode<T, 16, 4>(
+        out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transposed_w);
+  }
+}
+
+void fp_bs_qmm_dispatch(
+    array& out,
+    const array& x,
+    const array& w,
+    const array& scales,
+    const array& lhs_indices,
+    const array& rhs_indices,
+    int group_size,
+    int bits,
    bool transposed_w) {
  switch (x.dtype()) {
    case float32:
-      mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed<float>(
-          out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transposed_w);
+      fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed<float>(
+          out,
+          x,
+          w,
+          scales,
+          lhs_indices,
+          rhs_indices,
+          group_size,
+          bits,
+          transposed_w);
      break;
    case float16:
-      mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed<float16_t>(
-          out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transposed_w);
+      fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed<float16_t>(
+          out,
+          x,
+          w,
+          scales,
+          lhs_indices,
+          rhs_indices,
+          group_size,
+          bits,
+          transposed_w);
      break;
    case bfloat16:
-      mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed<bfloat16_t>(
-          out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transposed_w);
+      fp_bs_qmm_dispatch_typed<bfloat16_t>(
+          out,
+          x,
+          w,
+          scales,
+          lhs_indices,
+          rhs_indices,
+          group_size,
+          bits,
+          transposed_w);
      break;
    default:
      throw std::invalid_argument(
@@ -878,8 +961,10 @@ void QuantizedMatmul::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
                      x = array::unsafe_weak_copy(x),
                      w = array::unsafe_weak_copy(w),
                      scales = array::unsafe_weak_copy(scales),
+                      group_size_ = group_size_,
+                      bits_ = bits_,
                      transpose_ = transpose_]() mutable {
-      mxfp4_qmm_dispatch(out, x, w, scales, transpose_);
+      fp_qmm_dispatch(out, x, w, scales, group_size_, bits_, transpose_);
    });
  }
 }
@@ -950,9 +1035,19 @@ void GatherQMM::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
                      scales = array::unsafe_weak_copy(scales),
                      lhs_indices = array::unsafe_weak_copy(lhs_indices),
                      rhs_indices = array::unsafe_weak_copy(rhs_indices),
+                      group_size_ = group_size_,
+                      bits_ = bits_,
                      transpose_ = transpose_]() mutable {
-      mxfp4_bs_qmm_dispatch(
-          out, x, w, scales, lhs_indices, rhs_indices, transpose_);
+      fp_bs_qmm_dispatch(
+          out,
+          x,
+          w,
+          scales,
+          lhs_indices,
+          rhs_indices,
+          group_size_,
+          bits_,
+          transpose_);
    });
  }
 }
@@ -1102,4 +1197,47 @@ void fast::Quantize::eval_cpu(
  });
 }

+void fast::ConvertFP8::eval_cpu(
+    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
+    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
+  auto& in = inputs[0];
+  auto& out = outputs[0];
+  set_unary_output_data(in, out);
+  auto& encoder = cpu::get_command_encoder(stream());
+  encoder.set_input_array(in);
+  encoder.set_output_array(out);
+  encoder.dispatch([in = array::unsafe_weak_copy(in),
+                    out = array::unsafe_weak_copy(out),
+                    to_fp8 = to_fp8_]() mutable {
+    if (to_fp8) {
+      switch (in.dtype()) {
+        case float16:
+          unary_op<float16_t, uint8_t>(in, out, detail::ToFP8());
+          break;
+        case bfloat16:
+          unary_op<bfloat16_t, uint8_t>(in, out, detail::ToFP8());
+          break;
+        default:
+          unary_op<float, uint8_t>(in, out, detail::ToFP8());
+          break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      switch (out.dtype()) {
+        case float16:
+          unary_op<uint8_t, float16_t>(in, out, detail::FromFP8());
+          break;
+        case bfloat16:
+          unary_op<uint8_t, bfloat16_t>(in, out, detail::FromFP8());
+          break;
+        default:
+          unary_op<uint8_t, float>(in, out, detail::FromFP8());
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+void QQMatmul::eval_cpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
+  throw std::runtime_error("QQMatmul not implemented on CPU.");
+}
 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once

+#include <arm_neon.h>
 #include <simd/math.h>
 #include <simd/vector.h>

@@ -200,6 +201,15 @@ SIMD_DEFAULT_COMPARISONS(<=)
 SIMD_DEFAULT_COMPARISONS(==)
 SIMD_DEFAULT_COMPARISONS(!=)

+template <typename T, int N>
+Simd<T, N> clz(Simd<T, N> x) {
+  auto a = *(uint32x4_t*)(&x);
+  auto b = *((uint32x4_t*)(&x) + 1);
+  a = vclzq_u32(a);
+  b = vclzq_u32(b);
+  return asd::make_uint8(a, b);
+}
+
 template <typename T, int N>
 Simd<T, N> atan2(Simd<T, N> a, Simd<T, N> b) {
  return asd::atan2(a.value, b.value);
@@ -207,14 +217,20 @@ Simd<T, N> atan2(Simd<T, N> a, Simd<T, N> b) {

 template <typename T, int N>
 Simd<T, N> maximum(Simd<T, N> a, Simd<T, N> b) {
-  // TODO add isnan
-  return asd::max(a.value, b.value);
+  auto out = Simd<T, N>(asd::max(a.value, b.value));
+  if constexpr (!std::is_integral_v<T>) {
+    out = select(isnan(b), b, select(isnan(a), a, out));
+  }
+  return out;
 }

 template <typename T, int N>
 Simd<T, N> minimum(Simd<T, N> a, Simd<T, N> b) {
-  // TODO add isnan
-  return asd::min(a.value, b.value);
+  auto out = Simd<T, N>(asd::min(a.value, b.value));
+  if constexpr (!std::is_integral_v<T>) {
+    out = select(isnan(b), b, select(isnan(a), a, out));
+  }
+  return out;
 }

 template <typename T, int N>
@@ -171,6 +171,11 @@ DEFAULT_BINARY(&)
 DEFAULT_BINARY(&&)
 DEFAULT_BINARY(||)

+template <typename T>
+Simd<T, 1> clz(Simd<T, 1> x_) {
+  return __builtin_clz(x_.value);
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 Simd<T, 1> remainder(Simd<T, 1> a_, Simd<T, 1> b_) {
  T a = a_.value;
@@ -3,5 +3,9 @@
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/simd/base_simd.h"

 #ifdef MLX_USE_ACCELERATE
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+// the accelerate_simd implementation require neon -- use base implementation
+#else
 #include "mlx/backend/cpu/simd/accelerate_simd.h"
 #endif
+#endif
@@ -8,6 +8,183 @@

 namespace mlx::core {

+template <typename T, class Enable = void>
+struct SVDWork {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct SVDWork<
+    T,
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>::type> {
+  using R = T;
+
+  int N;
+  int M;
+  int K;
+  int lda;
+  int ldu;
+  int ldvt;
+  char jobz;
+  std::vector<array::Data> buffers;
+  int lwork;
+
+  SVDWork(int N, int M, int K, char jobz)
+      : N(N), M(M), K(K), lda(N), ldu(N), ldvt(M), jobz(jobz) {
+    T workspace_dimension = 0;
+
+    // Will contain the indices of eigenvectors that failed to converge (not
+    // used here but required by lapack).
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(int) * 8 * K));
+
+    int lwork_query = -1;
+    int info;
+
+    // Compute workspace size.
+    gesdd<T>(
+        /* jobz = */ &jobz,
+        // M and N are swapped since lapack expects column-major.
+        /* m = */ &N,
+        /* n = */ &M,
+        /* a = */ nullptr,
+        /* lda = */ &lda,
+        /* s = */ nullptr,
+        /* u = */ nullptr,
+        /* ldu = */ &ldu,
+        /* vt = */ nullptr,
+        /* ldvt = */ &ldvt,
+        /* work = */ &workspace_dimension,
+        /* lwork = */ &lwork_query,
+        /* iwork = */ static_cast<int*>(buffers[0].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* info = */ &info);
+
+    if (info != 0) {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "[SVD::eval_cpu] workspace calculation failed with code " << info;
+      throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
+    }
+
+    lwork = workspace_dimension;
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * lwork));
+  }
+
+  void run(T* a, R* s, T* u, T* vt) {
+    int info;
+    gesdd<T>(
+        /* jobz = */ &jobz,
+        // M and N are swapped since lapack expects column-major.
+        /* m = */ &N,
+        /* n = */ &M,
+        /* a = */ a,
+        /* lda = */ &lda,
+        /* s = */ s,
+        // According to the identity above, lapack will write Vᵀᵀ as U.
+        /* u = */ u,
+        /* ldu = */ &ldu,
+        // According to the identity above, lapack will write Uᵀ as Vᵀ.
+        /* vt = */ vt,
+        /* ldvt = */ &ldvt,
+        /* work = */ static_cast<T*>(buffers[1].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* lwork = */ &lwork,
+        /* iwork = */ static_cast<int*>(buffers[0].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* info = */ &info);
+
+    if (info != 0) {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "svd_impl: sgesvdx_ failed with code " << info;
+      throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct SVDWork<std::complex<float>> {
+  using T = std::complex<float>;
+  using R = float;
+
+  int N;
+  int M;
+  int K;
+  int lda;
+  int ldu;
+  int ldvt;
+  char jobz;
+  std::vector<array::Data> buffers;
+  int lwork;
+
+  SVDWork(int N, int M, int K, char jobz)
+      : N(N), M(M), K(K), lda(N), ldu(N), ldvt(M), jobz(jobz) {
+    T workspace_dimension = 0;
+
+    // Will contain the indices of eigenvectors that failed to converge (not
+    // used here but required by lapack).
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(int) * 8 * K));
+
+    const int lrwork =
+        jobz == 'A' ? std::max(1, 5 * K * K + 5 * K) : std::max(1, 7 * K);
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(float) * lrwork));
+
+    int lwork_query = -1;
+    int work_query = -1;
+    int info;
+
+    // Compute workspace size.
+    gesdd<T>(
+        /* jobz = */ &jobz,
+        // M and N are swapped since lapack expects column-major.
+        /* m = */ &N,
+        /* n = */ &M,
+        /* a = */ nullptr,
+        /* lda = */ &lda,
+        /* s = */ nullptr,
+        /* u = */ nullptr,
+        /* ldu = */ &ldu,
+        /* vt = */ nullptr,
+        /* ldvt = */ &ldvt,
+        /* work = */ &workspace_dimension,
+        /* lwork = */ &lwork_query,
+        /* rwork = */ static_cast<float*>(buffers[1].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* iwork = */ static_cast<int*>(buffers[0].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* info = */ &info);
+
+    if (info != 0) {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "[SVD::eval_cpu] workspace calculation failed with code " << info;
+      throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
+    }
+
+    lwork = workspace_dimension.real();
+    buffers.emplace_back(allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * lwork));
+  }
+
+  void run(T* a, R* s, T* u, T* vt) {
+    int info;
+    gesdd<T>(
+        /* jobz = */ &jobz,
+        // M and N are swapped since lapack expects column-major.
+        /* m = */ &N,
+        /* n = */ &M,
+        /* a = */ a,
+        /* lda = */ &lda,
+        /* s = */ s,
+        // According to the identity above, lapack will write Vᵀᵀ as U.
+        /* u = */ u,
+        /* ldu = */ &ldu,
+        // According to the identity above, lapack will write Uᵀ as Vᵀ.
+        /* vt = */ vt,
+        /* ldvt = */ &ldvt,
+        /* work = */ static_cast<T*>(buffers[2].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* lwork = */ &lwork,
+        /* rwork = */ static_cast<float*>(buffers[1].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* iwork = */ static_cast<int*>(buffers[0].buffer.raw_ptr()),
+        /* info = */ &info);
+
+    if (info != 0) {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "svd_impl: sgesvdx_ failed with code " << info;
+      throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
+    }
+  }
+};
+
 template <typename T>
 void svd_impl(
    const array& a,
@@ -27,6 +204,8 @@ void svd_impl(
  const int N = a.shape(-1);
  const int K = std::min(M, N);

+  using R = typename SVDWork<T>::R;
+
  size_t num_matrices = a.size() / (M * N);

  // lapack clobbers the input, so we have to make a copy.
@@ -42,7 +221,7 @@ void svd_impl(
  encoder.set_input_array(a);
  auto in_ptr = in.data<T>();
  T* u_ptr;
-  T* s_ptr;
+  R* s_ptr;
  T* vt_ptr;

  if (compute_uv) {
@@ -58,7 +237,7 @@ void svd_impl(
    encoder.set_output_array(s);
    encoder.set_output_array(vt);

-    s_ptr = s.data<T>();
+    s_ptr = s.data<R>();
    u_ptr = u.data<T>();
    vt_ptr = vt.data<T>();
  } else {
@@ -68,96 +247,26 @@ void svd_impl(

    encoder.set_output_array(s);

-    s_ptr = s.data<T>();
+    s_ptr = s.data<R>();
    u_ptr = nullptr;
    vt_ptr = nullptr;
  }

  encoder.dispatch([in_ptr, u_ptr, s_ptr, vt_ptr, M, N, K, num_matrices]() {
-    // A of shape M x N. The leading dimension is N since lapack receives Aᵀ.
-    const int lda = N;
-    // U of shape M x M. (N x N in lapack).
-    const int ldu = N;
-    // Vᵀ of shape N x N. (M x M in lapack).
-    const int ldvt = M;
-
-    auto jobz = (u_ptr) ? "A" : "N";
-
-    T workspace_dimension = 0;
-
-    // Will contain the indices of eigenvectors that failed to converge (not
-    // used here but required by lapack).
-    auto iwork = array::Data{allocator::malloc(sizeof(int) * 8 * K)};
-
-    static const int lwork_query = -1;
-
-    int info;
-
-    // Compute workspace size.
-    gesdd<T>(
-        /* jobz = */ jobz,
-        // M and N are swapped since lapack expects column-major.
-        /* m = */ &N,
-        /* n = */ &M,
-        /* a = */ nullptr,
-        /* lda = */ &lda,
-        /* s = */ nullptr,
-        /* u = */ nullptr,
-        /* ldu = */ &ldu,
-        /* vt = */ nullptr,
-        /* ldvt = */ &ldvt,
-        /* work = */ &workspace_dimension,
-        /* lwork = */ &lwork_query,
-        /* iwork = */ static_cast<int*>(iwork.buffer.raw_ptr()),
-        /* info = */ &info);
-
-    if (info != 0) {
-      std::stringstream ss;
-      ss << "[SVD::eval_cpu] workspace calculation failed with code " << info;
-      throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
-    }
-
-    const int lwork = workspace_dimension;
-    auto scratch = array::Data{allocator::malloc(sizeof(T) * lwork)};
-
+    auto jobz = (u_ptr) ? 'A' : 'N';
+    SVDWork<T> svd_work(N, M, K, jobz);
    // Loop over matrices.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_matrices; i++) {
-      gesdd<T>(
-          /* jobz = */ jobz,
-          // M and N are swapped since lapack expects column-major.
-          /* m = */ &N,
-          /* n = */ &M,
-          /* a = */ in_ptr + M * N * i,
-          /* lda = */ &lda,
-          /* s = */ s_ptr + K * i,
-          // According to the identity above, lapack will write Vᵀᵀ as U.
-          /* u = */ vt_ptr ? vt_ptr + N * N * i : nullptr,
-          /* ldu = */ &ldu,
-          // According to the identity above, lapack will write Uᵀ as Vᵀ.
-          /* vt = */ u_ptr ? u_ptr + M * M * i : nullptr,
-          /* ldvt = */ &ldvt,
-          /* work = */ static_cast<T*>(scratch.buffer.raw_ptr()),
-          /* lwork = */ &lwork,
-          /* iwork = */ static_cast<int*>(iwork.buffer.raw_ptr()),
-          /* info = */ &info);
-
-      if (info != 0) {
-        std::stringstream ss;
-        ss << "svd_impl: sgesvdx_ failed with code " << info;
-        throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
-      }
+      svd_work.run(
+          in_ptr + M * N * i,
+          s_ptr + K * i,
+          vt_ptr ? vt_ptr + N * N * i : nullptr,
+          u_ptr ? u_ptr + M * M * i : nullptr);
    }
  });
  encoder.add_temporary(in);
 }

-template <typename T>
-void compute_svd(
-    const array& a,
-    bool compute_uv,
-    std::vector<array>& outputs,
-    Stream stream) {}
-
 void SVD::eval_cpu(
    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
@@ -168,9 +277,12 @@ void SVD::eval_cpu(
    case float64:
      svd_impl<double>(inputs[0], outputs, compute_uv_, stream());
      break;
+    case complex64:
+      svd_impl<std::complex<float>>(inputs[0], outputs, compute_uv_, stream());
+      break;
    default:
      throw std::runtime_error(
-          "[SVD::eval_cpu] only supports float32 or float64.");
+          "[SVD::eval_cpu] only supports float32, float64, or complex64.");
  }
 }

@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ void unary_op(const array& a, array& out, Op) {
  auto ndim = a.ndim();
  if (a.flags().contiguous) {
    auto size = a.data_size();
-    constexpr int N = simd::max_size<T>;
+    constexpr int N = std::min(simd::max_size<T>, simd::max_size<U>);
    while (size >= N) {
-      simd::store(dst, Op{}(simd::load<T, N>(src)));
+      simd::store(dst, simd::Simd<U, N>(Op{}(simd::load<T, N>(src))));
      size -= N;
      src += N;
      dst += N;
@@ -108,4 +108,61 @@ struct Square {
  SINGLE()
 };

+template <int N>
+Simd<float, N> fp32_from_bits(Simd<uint32_t, N> x) {
+  return *(Simd<float, N>*)(&x);
+}
+template <int N>
+Simd<uint32_t, N> fp32_to_bits(Simd<float, N> x) {
+  return *(Simd<uint32_t, N>*)(&x);
+}
+
+struct ToFP8 {
+  template <typename T, int N>
+  Simd<uint8_t, N> operator()(Simd<T, N> f) {
+    uint32_t fp8_max = 543 << 21;
+    auto denorm_mask = Simd<uint32_t, N>(141 << 23);
+    Simd<uint32_t, N> f_bits;
+    Simd<float, N> f32 = f;
+    f_bits = fp32_to_bits(f32);
+    Simd<uint8_t, N> result = 0u;
+    auto sign = f_bits & 0x80000000;
+    f_bits = f_bits ^ sign;
+
+    auto f_bits_low =
+        fp32_to_bits(fp32_from_bits(f_bits) + fp32_from_bits(denorm_mask));
+    auto result_low = Simd<uint8_t, N>(f_bits_low - denorm_mask);
+
+    auto mant_odd = Simd<uint8_t, N>((f_bits >> 20) & 1);
+    auto f_bits_high = f_bits + (((uint32_t)(7 - 127) << 23) + 0x7FFFF);
+    f_bits_high = f_bits_high + Simd<uint32_t, N>(mant_odd);
+
+    auto result_high = Simd<uint8_t, N>(f_bits_high >> 20);
+    result = select(f_bits < (121 << 23), result_low, result_high);
+
+    auto result_sat = Simd<uint8_t, N>(0x7E);
+    result = select(f_bits >= fp8_max, result_sat, result);
+    return result | Simd<uint8_t, N>(sign >> 24);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  uint8_t operator()(T x) {
+    return (*this)(Simd<T, 1>(x)).value;
+  }
+};
+
+struct FromFP8 {
+  template <int N>
+  Simd<float, N> operator()(Simd<uint8_t, N> x) {
+    auto v = Simd<uint16_t, N>(x & 127) << 7;
+    auto converted = *(Simd<float16_t, N>*)(&v);
+    converted = converted * 256.0;
+    auto sign = Simd<bool, N>(x & 128);
+    Simd<float, N> out = select(sign, -converted, converted);
+    return out;
+  }
+  float operator()(uint8_t x) {
+    return (*this)(Simd<uint8_t, 1>(x)).value;
+  }
+};
 } // namespace mlx::core::detail
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ target_sources(
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/conv.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/conv/gemm_conv.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/conv/gemm_grouped_conv.cu
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cublas_utils.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cuda.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cudnn_utils.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/custom_kernel.cpp
@@ -28,10 +29,12 @@ target_sources(
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/fence.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gemms/gemv.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gemms/cublas_gemm.cpp
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gemms/grouped_gemm_unaligned.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/jit_module.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/indexing.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/kernel_utils.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/matmul.cpp
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/load.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/layer_norm.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/logsumexp.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/primitives.cpp
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ target_sources(
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/reduce/row_reduce.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/rms_norm.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/rope.cu
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/scaled_dot_product_attention.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/scaled_dot_product_attention.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/scan.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/slicing.cpp
@@ -51,12 +55,25 @@ target_sources(
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ternary.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/utils.cpp
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/affine_quantize.cu
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/fp_quantize.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/quantized.cpp
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/convert_fp8.cu
          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/worker.cpp)

 add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/binary)
 add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unary)

+# fp4 is not available on < 12.8
+if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 12.8.0)
+  target_include_directories(mlx PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/)
+else()
+  target_sources(
+    mlx
+    PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/qqmm.cpp
+            ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/cublas_qqmm.cpp
+            ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/quantized/qqmm_utils.cu)
+endif()
+
 if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 12.9.0)
  target_sources(
    mlx PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gemms/cublas_gemm_batched_12_9.cu)
@@ -65,8 +82,6 @@ else()
    mlx PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gemms/cublas_gemm_batched_12_0.cpp)
 endif()

-target_compile_definitions(mlx PRIVATE MLX_USE_CUDA)
-
 # Embed kernel sources in binary for JIT compilation.
 file(
  GLOB MLX_JIT_SOURCES
@@ -85,6 +100,10 @@ add_custom_target(cuda_jit_sources DEPENDS gen/cuda_jit_sources.h)
 add_dependencies(mlx cuda_jit_sources)
 target_include_directories(mlx PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/gen")

+# ------------------------ Compilation configs ------------------------
+
+target_compile_definitions(mlx PRIVATE MLX_USE_CUDA)
+
 # Enable defining device lambda functions.
 target_compile_options(mlx
                       PRIVATE "$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CUDA>:--extended-lambda>")
@@ -107,6 +126,10 @@ endif()
 target_compile_options(
  mlx PRIVATE "$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CUDA>:--Wno-deprecated-gpu-targets>")

+# Suppress nvcc warnings on MLX headers.
+target_compile_options(mlx PRIVATE $<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CUDA>:-Xcudafe
+                                   --diag_suppress=997>)
+
 # Use stronger binaries compression. This feature was introduced in CUDA 12.8
 # and requires drivers released after CUDA 12.4.
 if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 12.8.0)
@@ -114,15 +137,40 @@ if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 12.8.0)
    mlx PRIVATE "$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CUDA>:--compress-mode=size>")
 endif()

-# Compute capability >= 7.0 is required for synchronization between CPU/GPU with
-# managed memory.
+# Use native CUDA arch by default.
 if(NOT DEFINED MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES)
-  set(MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES "native")
+  execute_process(
+    COMMAND __nvcc_device_query
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES
+    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+  set(UPGRADABLE_ARCHITECTURES "90;100;121")
+  if(MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES STREQUAL "")
+    message(
+      FATAL_ERROR
+        "Can not get native CUDA arch, must set MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES")
+  elseif(MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES IN_LIST UPGRADABLE_ARCHITECTURES)
+    # Use arch-specific compute capability whenever possible.
+    set(MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES "${MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}a")
+  endif()
 endif()
 message(STATUS "CUDA architectures: ${MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")
 set_target_properties(mlx PROPERTIES CUDA_ARCHITECTURES
                                     "${MLX_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")

+if(MLX_BUILD_PYTHON_BINDINGS)
+  set_property(
+    TARGET mlx
+    APPEND
+    PROPERTY INSTALL_RPATH
+             # The paths here should match the install_requires in setup.py.
+             "$ORIGIN/../../nvidia/cublas/lib"
+             "$ORIGIN/../../nvidia/cuda_nvrtc/lib"
+             "$ORIGIN/../../nvidia/cudnn/lib"
+             "$ORIGIN/../../nvidia/nccl/lib")
+endif()
+
+# ------------------------ Dependencies ------------------------
+
 # Use fixed version of CCCL.
 FetchContent_Declare(
  cccl
@@ -130,6 +178,19 @@ FetchContent_Declare(
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(cccl)
 target_include_directories(mlx BEFORE PRIVATE "${cccl_SOURCE_DIR}/include")

+# Install CCCL headers for JIT.
+install(DIRECTORY ${cccl_SOURCE_DIR}/include/cuda
+        DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/cccl)
+install(DIRECTORY ${cccl_SOURCE_DIR}/include/nv
+        DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/cccl)
+
+# The binary of C++ tests will not be installed so it can not find the CCCL
+# headers, and we have to hard-code the path.
+if(MLX_BUILD_TESTS)
+  target_compile_definitions(mlx
+                             PRIVATE MLX_CCCL_DIR="${cccl_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
+endif()
+
 # Use fixed version of NVTX.
 FetchContent_Declare(
  nvtx3
@@ -154,7 +215,7 @@ target_link_libraries(mlx PRIVATE CUDA::nvrtc CUDA::cuda_driver)
 FetchContent_Declare(
  cudnn
  GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/NVIDIA/cudnn-frontend.git
-  GIT_TAG v1.14.0
+  GIT_TAG v1.16.0
  GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
  EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
 set(CUDNN_FRONTEND_SKIP_JSON_LIB ON)
@@ -167,14 +228,13 @@ target_link_libraries(mlx PRIVATE cudnn_frontend)
 include(${cudnn_frontend_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/cuDNN.cmake)
 target_link_libraries(mlx PRIVATE CUDNN::cudnn_all)

-# Suppress nvcc warnings on MLX headers.
-target_compile_options(mlx PRIVATE $<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CUDA>:-Xcudafe
-                                   --diag_suppress=997>)
-# Supress warnings: note: parameter passing for argument of type
-# ‘std::pair<float, float>’ when C++17 is enabled changed to match C++14 in GCC
-# 10.1
-target_compile_options(mlx PRIVATE -Wno-psabi)
-
-# Install CCCL headers for JIT.
-install(DIRECTORY ${cccl_SOURCE_DIR}/include/cuda
-        DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/cccl)
+# Use header-only CUTLASS.
+FetchContent_Declare(
+  cutlass
+  GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/NVIDIA/cutlass.git
+  GIT_TAG v4.3.2
+  GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
+  SOURCE_SUBDIR include EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+FetchContent_MakeAvailable(cutlass)
+target_include_directories(
+  mlx PRIVATE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${cutlass_SOURCE_DIR}/include>)
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.

 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/allocator.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/utils.h"
 #include "mlx/utils.h"

@@ -19,6 +20,19 @@ constexpr int page_size = 16384;
 // Any allocations smaller than this will try to use the small pool
 constexpr int small_block_size = 8;

+#if CUDART_VERSION >= 13000
+inline cudaMemLocation cuda_mem_loc(int i) {
+  cudaMemLocation loc;
+  loc.type = cudaMemLocationTypeDevice;
+  loc.id = i;
+  return loc;
+}
+#else
+inline int cuda_mem_loc(int i) {
+  return i;
+}
+#endif // CUDART_VERSION >= 13000
+
 // The small pool size in bytes. This should be a multiple of the host page
 // size and small_block_size.
 constexpr int small_pool_size = 4 * page_size;
@@ -34,13 +48,7 @@ SmallSizePool::SmallSizePool() {
  int device_count = 0;
  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
  for (int i = 0; i < device_count; ++i) {
-#if CUDART_VERSION >= 13000
-    cudaMemLocation loc;
-    loc.type = cudaMemLocationTypeDevice;
-    loc.id = i;
-#else
-    int loc = i;
-#endif // CUDART_VERSION >= 13000
+    auto loc = cuda_mem_loc(i);
    CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(
        cudaMemAdvise(data_, small_pool_size, cudaMemAdviseSetAccessedBy, loc));
  }
@@ -67,6 +75,7 @@ CudaBuffer* SmallSizePool::malloc() {
  next_free_ = next_free_->next;
  b->buf.data = static_cast<char*>(data_) + i * small_block_size;
  b->buf.size = small_block_size;
+  b->buf.device = -1;
  return &b->buf;
 }

@@ -88,16 +97,47 @@ CudaAllocator::CudaAllocator()
          page_size,
          [](CudaBuffer* buf) { return buf->size; },
          [this](CudaBuffer* buf) { cuda_free(buf); }) {
-  // TODO: Set memory limit for multi-device.
-  size_t free, total;
-  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMemGetInfo(&free, &total));
-  memory_limit_ = total * 0.95;
+  size_t free;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMemGetInfo(&free, &total_memory_));
+  memory_limit_ = total_memory_ * 0.95;
+  free_limit_ = total_memory_ - memory_limit_;
  max_pool_size_ = memory_limit_;
+
+  int device_count = 0;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGetDeviceCount(&device_count));
+  int curr;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGetDevice(&curr));
+  for (int i = 0; i < device_count; ++i) {
+    CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaSetDevice(i));
+    cudaStream_t s;
+    CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaStreamCreateWithFlags(&s, cudaStreamNonBlocking));
+    free_streams_.push_back(s);
+
+    cudaMemPool_t mem_pool;
+    CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaDeviceGetDefaultMemPool(&mem_pool, i));
+    mem_pools_.push_back(mem_pool);
+  }
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaSetDevice(curr));
 }

-Buffer CudaAllocator::malloc(size_t size) {
+void copy_to_managed(CudaBuffer& buf) {
+  // TODO maybe make this async on a i/o stream to avoid synchronizing the
+  // device on malloc/and free
+  void* new_data;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMallocManaged(&new_data, buf.size));
+  buf.device = -1;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMemcpy(new_data, buf.data, buf.size, cudaMemcpyDefault));
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaFree(buf.data));
+  buf.data = new_data;
+}
+
+Buffer
+CudaAllocator::malloc_async(size_t size, int device, cudaStream_t stream) {
+  if (size == 0) {
+    return Buffer{new CudaBuffer{nullptr, 0, -1}};
+  }
+
  // Find available buffer from cache.
-  auto orig_size = size;
  std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
  if (size <= small_block_size) {
    size = 8;
@@ -107,6 +147,10 @@ Buffer CudaAllocator::malloc(size_t size) {
    size = page_size * ((size + page_size - 1) / page_size);
  }

+  if (size <= small_block_size || stream == nullptr) {
+    device = -1;
+  }
+
  CudaBuffer* buf = buffer_cache_.reuse_from_cache(size);
  if (!buf) {
    // If we have a lot of memory pressure try to reclaim memory from the cache.
@@ -122,30 +166,63 @@ Buffer CudaAllocator::malloc(size_t size) {
    }
    lock.unlock();
    if (!buf) {
-      buf = new CudaBuffer{nullptr, size};
-      cudaError_t err = cudaMallocManaged(&buf->data, size);
-      if (err != cudaSuccess && err != cudaErrorMemoryAllocation) {
-        throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
-            "cudaMallocManaged failed: {}.", cudaGetErrorString(err)));
+      void* data = nullptr;
+      if (device == -1) {
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMallocManaged(&data, size));
+      } else {
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMallocAsync(&data, size, stream));
      }
+      if (!data) {
+        std::ostringstream msg;
+        msg << "[malloc] Unable to allocate " << size << " bytes.";
+        throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
+      }
+      buf = new CudaBuffer{data, size, device};
    }
    lock.lock();
+
+    // If any cuda memory pool has too much reserved memory, clear some
+    // memory from the cache. This prevents graph / kernel execution failing
+    // from OOM
+    if (get_cache_memory() > 0) {
+      for (auto p : mem_pools_) {
+        size_t used = 0;
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMemPoolGetAttribute(
+            p, cudaMemPoolAttrReservedMemCurrent, &used));
+        if (used > (total_memory_ - free_limit_)) {
+          buffer_cache_.release_cached_buffers(free_limit_);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
  }
-  active_memory_ += size;
+  active_memory_ += buf->size;
  peak_memory_ = std::max(active_memory_, peak_memory_);

  // Maintain the cache below the requested limit.
  if (get_cache_memory() > max_pool_size_) {
    buffer_cache_.release_cached_buffers(get_cache_memory() - max_pool_size_);
  }
+  // Copy to managed here if the buffer is not on the right device
+  if (buf->device >= 0 && buf->device != device) {
+    copy_to_managed(*buf);
+  }
  return Buffer{buf};
 }

+Buffer CudaAllocator::malloc(size_t size) {
+  return malloc_async(size, -1, nullptr);
+}
+
 void CudaAllocator::free(Buffer buffer) {
  auto* buf = static_cast<CudaBuffer*>(buffer.ptr());
  if (!buf) {
    return;
  }
+  if (buf->size == 0) {
+    delete buf;
+    return;
+  }

  std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
  active_memory_ -= buf->size;
@@ -169,7 +246,11 @@ void CudaAllocator::cuda_free(CudaBuffer* buf) {
  if (scalar_pool_.in_pool(buf)) {
    scalar_pool_.free(buf);
  } else {
-    cudaFree(buf->data);
+    if (buf->device >= 0) {
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaFreeAsync(buf->data, free_streams_[buf->device]));
+    } else {
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaFree(buf->data));
+    }
    delete buf;
  }
 }
@@ -220,6 +301,17 @@ CudaAllocator& allocator() {
  return *allocator_;
 }

+Buffer malloc_async(size_t size, CommandEncoder& encoder) {
+  auto buffer = allocator().malloc_async(
+      size, encoder.device().cuda_device(), encoder.stream());
+  if (size && !buffer.ptr()) {
+    std::ostringstream msg;
+    msg << "[malloc_async] Unable to allocate " << size << " bytes.";
+    throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
+  }
+  return buffer;
+}
+
 } // namespace cu

 namespace allocator {
@@ -232,7 +324,11 @@ void* Buffer::raw_ptr() {
  if (!ptr_) {
    return nullptr;
  }
-  return static_cast<cu::CudaBuffer*>(ptr_)->data;
+  auto& cbuf = *static_cast<cu::CudaBuffer*>(ptr_);
+  if (cbuf.device != -1) {
+    copy_to_managed(cbuf);
+  }
+  return cbuf.data;
 }

 } // namespace allocator
@@ -4,19 +4,24 @@

 #include "mlx/allocator.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/common/buffer_cache.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/cuda_utils.h"

+#include <cuda_runtime.h>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <utility>

 namespace mlx::core::cu {

+class CommandEncoder;
+
 using allocator::Buffer;

 // Stores cuda-managed unified memory.
 struct CudaBuffer {
  void* data;
  size_t size;
+  int device; // -1 for managed
 };

 class SmallSizePool {
@@ -45,6 +50,7 @@ class SmallSizePool {
 class CudaAllocator : public allocator::Allocator {
 public:
  Buffer malloc(size_t size) override;
+  Buffer malloc_async(size_t size, int device, cudaStream_t stream);
  void free(Buffer buffer) override;
  size_t size(Buffer buffer) const override;

@@ -65,13 +71,19 @@ class CudaAllocator : public allocator::Allocator {

  std::mutex mutex_;
  size_t memory_limit_;
+  size_t free_limit_;
+  size_t total_memory_;
  size_t max_pool_size_;
  BufferCache<CudaBuffer> buffer_cache_;
  size_t active_memory_{0};
  size_t peak_memory_{0};
+  std::vector<cudaStream_t> free_streams_;
+  std::vector<cudaMemPool_t> mem_pools_;
  SmallSizePool scalar_pool_;
 };

 CudaAllocator& allocator();

+Buffer malloc_async(size_t size, CommandEncoder& encoder);
+
 } // namespace mlx::core::cu
@@ -41,9 +41,8 @@ void Arange::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  if (out.size() == 0) {
    return;
  }
-  out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
-
  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(stream());
+  out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));
  encoder.set_output_array(out);

  dispatch_int_float_types(out.dtype(), "Arange", [&](auto type_tag) {
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ void Arange::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
          num_blocks,
          block_dims,
          0,
-          out.data<OutType>(),
+          gpu_ptr<OutType>(out),
          out.data_size(),
          static_cast<CTYPE>(start_),
          static_cast<CTYPE>(start_ + step_) - static_cast<CTYPE>(start_));
@@ -140,8 +140,10 @@ void ArgReduce::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  nvtx3::scoped_range r("ArgReduce::eval_gpu");
  assert(inputs.size() == 1);
  auto& in = inputs[0];
-  out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+
  auto& s = stream();
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));

  // Prepare the shapes, strides and axis arguments.
  Shape shape = remove_index(in.shape(), axis_);
@@ -154,7 +156,6 @@ void ArgReduce::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
  int32_t ndim = shape.size();

  // ArgReduce.
-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
  encoder.set_input_array(in);
  encoder.set_output_array(out);
  dispatch_real_types(in.dtype(), "ArgReduce", [&](auto type_tag) {
@@ -172,8 +173,8 @@ void ArgReduce::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out) {
          num_blocks,
          block_dim(),
          0,
-          in.data<T>(),
-          out.data<uint32_t>(),
+          gpu_ptr<T>(in),
+          gpu_ptr<uint32_t>(out),
          out.size(),
          const_param(shape),
          const_param(in_strides),
@@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
                        {num_blocks_x, num_blocks_y},
                        block_dims,
                        0,
-                        a.data<InType>(),
-                        b.data<InType>(),
-                        out.data<OutType>(),
+                        gpu_ptr<InType>(a),
+                        gpu_ptr<InType>(b),
+                        gpu_ptr<OutType>(out),
                        rest,
                        const_param<dims_constant()>(shape),
                        const_param<dims_constant()>(a_strides),
@@ -310,9 +310,9 @@ void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
                      {num_blocks_x, num_blocks_y},
                      block_dims,
                      0,
-                      a.data<InType>(),
-                      b.data<InType>(),
-                      out.data<OutType>(),
+                      gpu_ptr<InType>(a),
+                      gpu_ptr<InType>(b),
+                      gpu_ptr<OutType>(out),
                      rest,
                      const_param(shape),
                      const_param(a_strides),
@@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ void binary_op_gpu_inplace(
                num_blocks,
                block_dims,
                0,
-                a.data<InType>(),
-                b.data<InType>(),
-                out.data<OutType>(),
+                gpu_ptr<InType>(a),
+                gpu_ptr<InType>(b),
+                gpu_ptr<OutType>(out),
                out.data_size());
          });
        }
@@ -365,7 +365,10 @@ void binary_op_gpu(
  auto& a = inputs[0];
  auto& b = inputs[1];
  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out, bopt);
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+
+  set_binary_op_output_data(
+      a, b, out, bopt, [&](auto n) { return cu::malloc_async(n, encoder); });
  binary_op_gpu_inplace<Op>(inputs, out, op, s);
 }

@@ -245,14 +245,16 @@ void binary_two_op_gpu_inplace(
  auto& out_a = outputs[0];
  auto& out_b = outputs[1];
  auto bopt = get_binary_op_type(a, b);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out_a, bopt);
-  set_binary_op_output_data(a, b, out_b, bopt);
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  set_binary_op_output_data(
+      a, b, out_a, bopt, [&](auto n) { return cu::malloc_async(n, encoder); });
+  set_binary_op_output_data(
+      a, b, out_b, bopt, [&](auto n) { return cu::malloc_async(n, encoder); });

  if (out_a.size() == 0) {
    return;
  }

-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
  encoder.set_input_array(a);
  encoder.set_input_array(b);
  encoder.set_output_array(out_a);
@@ -313,10 +315,10 @@ void binary_two_op_gpu_inplace(
                        {num_blocks_x, num_blocks_y},
                        block_dims,
                        0,
-                        a.data<InType>(),
-                        b.data<InType>(),
-                        out_a.data<OutType>(),
-                        out_b.data<OutType>(),
+                        gpu_ptr<InType>(a),
+                        gpu_ptr<InType>(b),
+                        gpu_ptr<OutType>(out_a),
+                        gpu_ptr<OutType>(out_b),
                        rest,
                        const_param<dims_constant()>(shape),
                        const_param<dims_constant()>(a_strides),
@@ -332,10 +334,10 @@ void binary_two_op_gpu_inplace(
                      {num_blocks_x, num_blocks_y},
                      block_dims,
                      0,
-                      a.data<InType>(),
-                      b.data<InType>(),
-                      out_a.data<OutType>(),
-                      out_b.data<OutType>(),
+                      gpu_ptr<InType>(a),
+                      gpu_ptr<InType>(b),
+                      gpu_ptr<OutType>(out_a),
+                      gpu_ptr<OutType>(out_b),
                      rest,
                      const_param(shape),
                      const_param(a_strides),
@@ -366,10 +368,10 @@ void binary_two_op_gpu_inplace(
                num_blocks,
                block_dims,
                0,
-                a.data<InType>(),
-                b.data<InType>(),
-                out_a.data<OutType>(),
-                out_b.data<OutType>(),
+                gpu_ptr<InType>(a),
+                gpu_ptr<InType>(b),
+                gpu_ptr<OutType>(out_a),
+                gpu_ptr<OutType>(out_b),
                out_a.data_size());
          });
        }
@@ -293,8 +293,13 @@ void Compiled::eval_gpu(
    }
  }

+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+
  // Put outputs.
-  compiled_allocate_outputs(inputs, outputs, is_constant_, contiguous);
+  compiled_allocate_outputs(
+      inputs, outputs, is_constant_, contiguous, [&](auto n) {
+        return cu::malloc_async(n, encoder);
+      });
  for (auto& x : outputs) {
    args.append(x);
  }
@@ -324,7 +329,6 @@ void Compiled::eval_gpu(
    kernel_name += fmt::format(
        "_strided<{}, {}, {}>", shape.size(), index_type, work_per_thread);
  }
-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
  for (const auto& in : inputs) {
    encoder.set_input_array(in);
  }
@@ -15,19 +15,16 @@ namespace mlx::core {

 namespace {

-// Alias for better readability.
-#define CONV_FORWARD CUDNN_BACKEND_OPERATION_CONVOLUTION_FORWARD_DESCRIPTOR
-#define CONV_BACKWARD_INPUT \
-  CUDNN_BACKEND_OPERATION_CONVOLUTION_BACKWARD_DATA_DESCRIPTOR
-#define CONV_BACKWARD_WEIGHT \
-  CUDNN_BACKEND_OPERATION_CONVOLUTION_BACKWARD_FILTER_DESCRIPTOR
-
-// Custom placeholder representing fallback kernel.
-#define CONV_FALLBACK static_cast<cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t>(-1)
+enum ConvBackendType {
+  CONV_FALLBACK,
+  CONV_FORWARD,
+  CONV_BACKWARD_INPUT,
+  CONV_BACKWARD_WEIGHT,
+};

 struct ConvCacheKey {
  int device_id;
-  cudnnDataType_t cudnn_dtype;
+  fe::DataType_t cudnn_dtype;
  std::array<int, MAX_NDIM> input_shape;
  std::array<int, MAX_NDIM> weight_shape;
  std::array<int, MAX_NDIM> stride;
@@ -44,15 +41,13 @@ struct ConvCacheKey {
 auto& conv_cache() {
  static LRUBytesKeyCache<
      ConvCacheKey,
-      std::pair<
-          cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t,
-          std::optional<cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan>>>
+      std::pair<ConvBackendType, std::optional<DnnGraph>>>
      cache("MLX_CUDA_CONV_CACHE_SIZE", /* default_capacity */ 128);
  return cache;
 }

-auto get_conv_op_settings(
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
+auto get_conv_settings(
+    ConvBackendType backend_type,
    array& x,
    array& w,
    array& y,
@@ -68,8 +63,8 @@ auto get_conv_op_settings(
    for (int i = 0; i < padding_lo.size(); ++i) {
      int wt_size = 1 + kernel_dilation[i] * (w.shape(1 + i) - 1);
      padding_lo[i] = wt_size - padding_lo[i] - 1;
-      int in_size = 1 + kernel_strides[i] * (x.shape(1 + i) - 1);
-      int out_size = 1 + input_dilation[i] * (y.shape(1 + i) - 1);
+      int in_size = 1 + kernel_strides[i] * (y.shape(1 + i) - 1);
+      int out_size = 1 + input_dilation[i] * (x.shape(1 + i) - 1);
      padding_hi[i] = out_size - in_size + padding_hi[i];
    }
    return std::make_tuple(
@@ -95,49 +90,57 @@ auto get_conv_op_settings(
  }
 }

-std::optional<cudnn_frontend::OperationGraph> build_conv_op_graph(
+std::optional<DnnGraph> build_conv_graph(
    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
+    ConvBackendType backend_type,
    Dtype dtype,
    array& x,
    array& w,
    array& y,
-    const SmallVector<int64_t>& stride,
-    const SmallVector<int64_t>& padding_lo,
-    const SmallVector<int64_t>& padding_hi,
-    const SmallVector<int64_t>& dilation) {
-  try {
-    auto compute_dtype = (dtype == float16 || dtype == bfloat16)
-        ? CUDNN_DATA_FLOAT
-        : dtype_to_cudnn_type(dtype);
-    auto conv_desc = cudnn_frontend::ConvDescBuilder()
-                         .setDataType(compute_dtype)
-                         .setMathMode(CUDNN_CROSS_CORRELATION)
-                         .setNDims(stride.size())
-                         .setStrides(stride.size(), stride.data())
-                         .setPrePadding(padding_lo.size(), padding_lo.data())
-                         .setPostPadding(padding_hi.size(), padding_hi.data())
-                         .setDilation(dilation.size(), dilation.data())
-                         .build();
+    const std::vector<int64_t>& stride,
+    const std::vector<int64_t>& padding_lo,
+    const std::vector<int64_t>& padding_hi,
+    const std::vector<int64_t>& dilation) {
+  auto compute_dtype =
+      (dtype == float16 || dtype == bfloat16) ? float32 : dtype;
+  DnnGraph graph(encoder.device().cudnn_handle(), dtype, compute_dtype);
+  auto x_ = graph.tensor_nchw("X", 'x', x);
+  auto w_ = graph.tensor_nchw("W", 'w', w);

-    auto op = cudnn_frontend::OperationBuilder(backend_type)
-                  .setxDesc(build_cudnn_tensor_nchw('x', x))
-                  .setwDesc(build_cudnn_tensor_nchw('w', w))
-                  .setyDesc(build_cudnn_tensor_nchw('y', y))
-                  .setcDesc(conv_desc)
-                  .build();
+  auto set_options = [&](auto& options) {
+    options.set_compute_data_type(dtype_to_cudnn_type(compute_dtype))
+        .set_convolution_mode(fe::ConvolutionMode_t::CROSS_CORRELATION)
+        .set_stride(stride)
+        .set_pre_padding(padding_lo)
+        .set_post_padding(padding_hi)
+        .set_dilation(dilation);
+  };

-    std::array<cudnn_frontend::Operation const*, 1> ops = {&op};
-    return cudnn_frontend::OperationGraphBuilder()
-        .setHandle(encoder.device().cudnn_handle())
-        .setOperationGraph(ops.size(), ops.data())
-        .build();
-  } catch (cudnn_frontend::cudnnException& error) {
-    if (error.getCudnnStatus() != CUDNN_STATUS_BAD_PARAM) {
-      throw;
-    }
+  std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes> y_;
+  if (backend_type == CONV_FORWARD) {
+    auto options = fe::graph::Conv_fprop_attributes();
+    set_options(options);
+    y_ = graph.conv_fprop(x_, w_, options);
+  } else if (backend_type == CONV_BACKWARD_INPUT) {
+    auto options = fe::graph::Conv_dgrad_attributes();
+    set_options(options);
+    y_ = graph.conv_dgrad(x_, w_, options);
+  } else if (backend_type == CONV_BACKWARD_WEIGHT) {
+    auto options = fe::graph::Conv_wgrad_attributes();
+    set_options(options);
+    y_ = graph.conv_wgrad(w_, x_, options);
+  }
+  graph.tensor_nchw(y_, 'y', y)->set_output(true);
+
+  if (graph.prepare().is_bad()) {
    return std::nullopt;
  }
+  graph.deselect_numeric_notes({fe::NumericalNote_t::DOWN_CONVERT_INPUTS});
+  if (dtype == float32 && !env::enable_tf32()) {
+    graph.deselect_numeric_notes({fe::NumericalNote_t::TENSOR_CORE});
+  }
+  CHECK_CUDNN_FE_ERROR(graph.build());
+  return graph;
 }

 // Transpose from (C_out, H, W, C_in / groups) to (C_in, H, W, C_out / groups).
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ array group_transpose(
 // eval_gpu, with cost of possible redundant copies.
 std::tuple<array, array, array> prepare_args(
    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
+    ConvBackendType backend_type,
    array in,
    array wt,
    array out,
@@ -221,27 +224,11 @@ std::tuple<array, array, array> prepare_args(
  return {std::move(in), std::move(wt), std::move(out)};
 }

-// Get the x/w/y args from the in/wt/out args depending on backend type.
-inline std::tuple<array&, array&, array&> dispatch_args(
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
-    array& in,
-    array& wt,
-    array& out) {
-  switch (backend_type) {
-    case CONV_BACKWARD_INPUT:
-      return {out, wt, in};
-    case CONV_BACKWARD_WEIGHT:
-      return {in, out, wt};
-    default:
-      return {in, wt, out};
-  }
-}
-
 // Register inputs and outputs before actually running conv op. Can only be
 // called once per eval_gpu.
 void register_args(
    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
+    ConvBackendType backend_type,
    array& in,
    array& wt,
    array& intermediate_out,
@@ -270,19 +257,19 @@ void Convolution::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out_) {
  if (out_.size() == 0) {
    return;
  }
+  auto& s = stream();
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);

  assert(inputs.size() == 2);
  array in = inputs[0];
  array wt = inputs[1];
  array out = out_;
-  out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+  out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));
  Dtype dtype = out.dtype();

-  auto& s = stream();
-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
-
  // Search cache.
-  ConvCacheKey cache_key{
+  BytesKey<ConvCacheKey> cache_key;
+  cache_key.pod = {
      encoder.device().cuda_device(),
      dtype_to_cudnn_type(dtype),
      vector_key(in.shape()),
@@ -297,16 +284,19 @@ void Convolution::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out_) {
      get_alignment(wt),
      get_alignment(out)};
  if (auto it = conv_cache().find(cache_key); it != conv_cache().end()) {
-    auto& [backend_type, plan] = it->second;
-    if (plan) {
-      // Run cached plan.
+    auto& [backend_type, graph] = it->second;
+    if (graph) {
+      // Run cached graph.
      std::tie(in, wt, out) =
          prepare_args(encoder, backend_type, in, wt, out, groups_, s);
      register_args(encoder, backend_type, in, wt, out, out_);
-      auto [x, w, y] = dispatch_args(backend_type, in, wt, out);
-      if (!encode_cudnn_plan(encoder, *plan, {'x', 'w', 'y'}, x, w, y)) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("[conv] Cached plan failed to execute.");
-      }
+      CHECK_CUDNN_FE_ERROR(graph->encode_capturing(
+          encoder,
+          {
+              {'x', gpu_ptr<void>(in)},
+              {'w', gpu_ptr<void>(wt)},
+              {'y', gpu_ptr<void>(out)},
+          }));
    } else {
      // Run fallback kernel.
      gemm_conv(
@@ -327,7 +317,7 @@ void Convolution::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out_) {

  // There is no reliable way to deduce the proper cuDNN backend for the
  // convolution, so we make a best guess and then try.
-  SmallVector<cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t, 2> try_backends;
+  SmallVector<ConvBackendType, 2> try_backends;
  if (flip_) {
    // When weight is flipped, we assume it is backward input convolution.
    try_backends.push_back(CONV_BACKWARD_INPUT);
@@ -345,13 +335,12 @@ void Convolution::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out_) {
  }

  // Try to build op graph.
-  cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type;
-  std::optional<cudnn_frontend::OperationGraph> op_graph;
+  ConvBackendType backend_type;
+  std::optional<DnnGraph> graph;
  for (auto try_backend : try_backends) {
-    auto [in_copy, wt_copy, out_copy] =
+    auto [x, w, y] =
        prepare_args(encoder, try_backend, in, wt, out, groups_, s);
-    auto [x, w, y] = dispatch_args(try_backend, in_copy, wt_copy, out_copy);
-    auto [stride, padding_lo, padding_hi, dilation] = get_conv_op_settings(
+    auto [stride, padding_lo, padding_hi, dilation] = get_conv_settings(
        try_backend,
        x,
        w,
@@ -361,7 +350,7 @@ void Convolution::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out_) {
        padding_hi_,
        kernel_dilation_,
        input_dilation_);
-    op_graph = build_conv_op_graph(
+    graph = build_conv_graph(
        encoder,
        try_backend,
        dtype,
@@ -372,30 +361,27 @@ void Convolution::eval_gpu(const std::vector<array>& inputs, array& out_) {
        padding_lo,
        padding_hi,
        dilation);
-    if (op_graph) {
+    if (graph) {
      backend_type = try_backend;
-      in = std::move(in_copy);
-      wt = std::move(wt_copy);
-      out = std::move(out_copy);
+      in = std::move(x);
+      wt = std::move(w);
+      out = std::move(y);
      break;
    }
  }

-  if (op_graph) {
-    // Find a plan for the graph and execute it.
-    auto plan = find_cudnn_plan_from_op_graph(
-        encoder.device().cudnn_handle(), backend_type, dtype, *op_graph);
-    if (plan) {
-      // Setup inputs and outputs.
-      register_args(encoder, backend_type, in, wt, out, out_);
-
-      auto [x, w, y] = dispatch_args(backend_type, in, wt, out);
-      if (encode_cudnn_plan(encoder, *plan, {'x', 'w', 'y'}, x, w, y)) {
-        conv_cache().emplace(
-            cache_key, std::make_pair(backend_type, std::move(*plan)));
-        return;
-      }
-    }
+  if (graph) {
+    register_args(encoder, backend_type, in, wt, out, out_);
+    CHECK_CUDNN_FE_ERROR(graph->encode_capturing(
+        encoder,
+        {
+            {'x', gpu_ptr<void>(in)},
+            {'w', gpu_ptr<void>(wt)},
+            {'y', gpu_ptr<void>(out)},
+        }));
+    conv_cache().emplace(
+        cache_key, std::make_pair(backend_type, std::move(*graph)));
+    return;
  }

  // Use fallback kernel for settings not supported by cuDNN.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ array unfold_inputs_nd(
    int mat_N,
    ConvParams<NDIM>& params) {
  array unfolded({mat_M, mat_K}, in.dtype(), nullptr, {});
-  unfolded.set_data(allocator::malloc(unfolded.nbytes()));
+  unfolded.set_data(cu::malloc_async(unfolded.nbytes(), encoder));
  encoder.add_temporary(unfolded);

  int filter_size = params.C;
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ array unfold_inputs_nd(
        num_blocks,
        block_dims,
        0,
-        in.data<DataType>(),
-        unfolded.data<DataType>(),
+        gpu_ptr<DataType>(in),
+        gpu_ptr<DataType>(unfolded),
        filter_size,
        out_pixels,
        params);
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ array grouped_unfold_transpose_inputs_nd(
    int mat_N,
    ConvParams<NDIM>& params) {
  array unfolded({mat_M, mat_K * params.groups}, in.dtype(), nullptr, {});
-  unfolded.set_data(allocator::malloc(unfolded.nbytes()));
+  unfolded.set_data(cu::malloc_async(unfolded.nbytes(), encoder));
  encoder.add_temporary(unfolded);

  int filter_size = params.C;
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ array grouped_unfold_transpose_inputs_nd(
        num_blocks,
        block_dims,
        0,
-        in.data<DataType>(),
-        unfolded.data<DataType>(),
+        gpu_ptr<DataType>(in),
+        gpu_ptr<DataType>(unfolded),
        filter_size,
        out_pixels,
        params);
@@ -5,6 +5,21 @@

 namespace mlx::core {

+void copy_gpu(const array& in, array& out, CopyType ctype, const Stream& s) {
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  bool donated = set_copy_output_data(
+      in, out, ctype, [&](auto n) { return cu::malloc_async(n, encoder); });
+  if (donated && in.dtype() == out.dtype()) {
+    // If the output has the same type as the input then there is nothing to
+    // copy, just use the buffer.
+    return;
+  }
+  if (ctype == CopyType::GeneralGeneral) {
+    ctype = CopyType::General;
+  }
+  copy_gpu_inplace(in, out, ctype, s);
+}
+
 void copy_gpu_inplace(
    const array& in,
    array& out,
@@ -87,11 +102,31 @@ void fill_gpu(const array& in, array& out, const Stream& s) {
  if (out.size() == 0) {
    return;
  }
-  out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));
  encoder.set_input_array(in);
  encoder.set_output_array(out);
  copy_contiguous(encoder, CopyType::Scalar, in, out, 0, 0);
 }

+void reshape_gpu(const array& in, array& out, Stream s) {
+  auto [copy_necessary, out_strides] = prepare_reshape(in, out);
+  if (copy_necessary) {
+    auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+    out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));
+    copy_gpu_inplace(
+        in,
+        out,
+        in.shape(),
+        in.strides(),
+        make_contiguous_strides(in.shape()),
+        0,
+        0,
+        CopyType::General,
+        s);
+  } else {
+    shared_buffer_reshape(in, out_strides, out);
+  }
+}
+
 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ void copy_contiguous(
            num_blocks,
            block_dims,
            0,
-            in.data<InType>() + in_offset,
-            out.data<OutType>() + out_offset,
+            gpu_ptr<InType>(in) + in_offset,
+            gpu_ptr<OutType>(out) + out_offset,
            out.data_size());
      });
    });
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ void copy_general(
            using InType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(in_type_tag)>;
            using OutType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(out_type_tag)>;
            using IdxT = std::conditional_t<large(), int64_t, int32_t>;
-            const InType* in_ptr = in.data<InType>() + offset_in;
-            OutType* out_ptr = out.data<OutType>() + offset_out;
+            const InType* in_ptr = gpu_ptr<InType>(in) + offset_in;
+            OutType* out_ptr = gpu_ptr<OutType>(out) + offset_out;
            int ndim = shape.size();
            size_t data_size = 1;
            for (auto& s : shape)
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ void copy_general_dynamic(
            using InType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(in_type_tag)>;
            using OutType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(out_type_tag)>;
            using IdxT = std::conditional_t<large(), int64_t, int32_t>;
-            const InType* in_ptr = in.data<InType>() + offset_in;
-            OutType* out_ptr = out.data<OutType>() + offset_out;
+            const InType* in_ptr = gpu_ptr<InType>(in) + offset_in;
+            OutType* out_ptr = gpu_ptr<OutType>(out) + offset_out;
            int ndim = shape.size();
            if (ndim <= 3) {
              dispatch_1_2_3(ndim, [&](auto dims_constant) {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ void copy_general_dynamic(
                    const_param<dims_constant()>(shape),
                    const_param<dims_constant()>(strides_in),
                    const_param<dims_constant()>(strides_out),
-                    dynamic_offset_in.data<int64_t>(),
-                    dynamic_offset_out.data<int64_t>());
+                    gpu_ptr<int64_t>(dynamic_offset_in),
+                    gpu_ptr<int64_t>(dynamic_offset_out));
              });
            } else { // ndim >= 4
              auto [num_blocks, block_dims] = get_launch_args(out, large());
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ void copy_general_dynamic(
                  const_param(strides_in),
                  const_param(strides_out),
                  ndim,
-                  dynamic_offset_in.data<int64_t>(),
-                  dynamic_offset_out.data<int64_t>());
+                  gpu_ptr<int64_t>(dynamic_offset_in),
+                  gpu_ptr<int64_t>(dynamic_offset_out));
            }
          });
    });
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <cooperative_groups.h>

 namespace mlx::core {
+static constexpr int TILE_SIZE = 16;

 namespace cu {

@@ -73,6 +74,53 @@ __global__ void copy_g(
  store_vector(out + shape_x * index_rest, index_x, out_vec, shape_x);
 }

+template <typename In, typename Out, int N_READS>
+__global__ void
+copy_col_row(const In* in, Out* out, int64_t rows, int64_t cols) {
+  __shared__ Out
+      tile[N_READS * TILE_SIZE][N_READS * TILE_SIZE + 4 / sizeof(Out)];
+
+  auto block = cg::this_thread_block();
+  auto grid = cg::this_grid();
+
+  auto tile_row = grid.block_index().x * TILE_SIZE * N_READS;
+  auto tile_col = grid.block_index().y * TILE_SIZE * N_READS;
+
+  auto tidx = block.thread_index().x;
+  auto tidy = N_READS * block.thread_index().y;
+
+  auto in_ptr = in + (tile_col + tidy) * rows + tile_row;
+
+#pragma unroll
+  for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; ++i) {
+    if ((tile_col + tidy + i) < cols) {
+      auto in_vec = load_vector<N_READS>(in_ptr, tidx, rows - tile_row, In(0));
+#pragma unroll
+      for (int j = 0; j < N_READS; ++j) {
+        tile[N_READS * tidx + j][tidy + i] = CastOp<In, Out>{}(in_vec[j]);
+      }
+      in_ptr += rows;
+    }
+  }
+
+  block.sync();
+
+  auto out_ptr = out + (tile_row + tidy) * cols + tile_col;
+
+#pragma unroll
+  for (int i = 0; i < N_READS; ++i) {
+    if ((tile_row + tidy + i) < rows) {
+      AlignedVector<Out, N_READS> out_vec;
+#pragma unroll
+      for (int j = 0; j < N_READS; ++j) {
+        out_vec[j] = tile[tidy + i][N_READS * tidx + j];
+      }
+      store_vector(out_ptr, tidx, out_vec, cols - tile_col);
+      out_ptr += cols;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 } // namespace cu

 void copy_general_input(
@@ -86,20 +134,46 @@ void copy_general_input(
    const Strides& strides_in) {
  dispatch_all_types(in.dtype(), [&](auto in_type_tag) {
    dispatch_all_types(out.dtype(), [&](auto out_type_tag) {
+      using InType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(in_type_tag)>;
+      using OutType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(out_type_tag)>;
+      const InType* in_ptr = gpu_ptr<InType>(in) + offset_in;
+      OutType* out_ptr = gpu_ptr<OutType>(out) + offset_out;
+      int ndim = shape.size();
+
+      // Column contiguous to row contiguous specialization
+      if (ndim == 2 && strides_in[0] == 1 && strides_in[1] == shape[0]) {
+        constexpr int work_per_thread =
+            std::min(static_cast<int>(16 / sizeof(OutType)), 8);
+        dim3 block_dims = {TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE};
+        uint32_t num_blocks_x =
+            cuda::ceil_div(shape[0], TILE_SIZE * work_per_thread);
+        uint32_t num_blocks_y =
+            cuda::ceil_div(shape[1], TILE_SIZE * work_per_thread);
+        auto kernel = cu::copy_col_row<InType, OutType, work_per_thread>;
+        encoder.add_kernel_node(
+            kernel,
+            {num_blocks_x, num_blocks_y},
+            block_dims,
+            0,
+            in_ptr,
+            out_ptr,
+            int64_t(shape[0]),
+            int64_t(shape[1]));
+        return;
+      }
+
      dispatch_bool(
          in.data_size() > INT32_MAX || out.data_size() > INT32_MAX,
          [&](auto large) {
-            using InType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(in_type_tag)>;
-            using OutType = cuda_type_t<MLX_GET_TYPE(out_type_tag)>;
            using IdxT = std::conditional_t<large(), int64_t, int32_t>;
-            const InType* in_ptr = in.data<InType>() + offset_in;
-            OutType* out_ptr = out.data<OutType>() + offset_out;
-            int ndim = shape.size();
-            int work_per_thread = 1;
+
+            int work_per_thread = 8;
            auto dim0 = ndim > 0 ? shape.back() : 1;
            auto rest = out.size() / dim0;
-            if (dim0 >= 4) {
+            if (dim0 >= 4 && dim0 < 8) {
              work_per_thread = 4;
+            } else if (dim0 < 4) {
+              work_per_thread = 1;
            }
            dim0 = (dim0 + work_per_thread - 1) / work_per_thread;
            auto block_dims = get_block_dims(dim0, rest, 1);
@@ -110,7 +184,10 @@ void copy_general_input(
              dispatch_1_2_3(ndim, [&](auto dims_constant) {
                auto kernel =
                    cu::copy_g_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, dims_constant(), 1>;
-                if (work_per_thread == 4) {
+                if (work_per_thread == 8) {
+                  kernel =
+                      cu::copy_g_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, dims_constant(), 8>;
+                } else if (work_per_thread == 4) {
                  kernel =
                      cu::copy_g_nd<InType, OutType, IdxT, dims_constant(), 4>;
                }
@@ -127,7 +204,9 @@ void copy_general_input(
              });
            } else { // ndim >= 4
              auto kernel = cu::copy_g<InType, OutType, IdxT, 1>;
-              if (work_per_thread == 4) {
+              if (work_per_thread == 8) {
+                kernel = cu::copy_g<InType, OutType, IdxT, 8>;
+              } else if (work_per_thread == 4) {
                kernel = cu::copy_g<InType, OutType, IdxT, 4>;
              }
              encoder.add_kernel_node(
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
+
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/cublas_utils.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/cuda.h"
+#include "mlx/utils.h"
+
+namespace mlx::core {
+namespace cublas_utils {
+
+namespace {
+
+struct CublasPreference {
+  CublasPreference(cu::Device& device) {
+    // The recommended cublas workspace size is 4 MiB for pre-Hopper and 32 MiB
+    // for Hopper+:
+    // https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cublas/#cublassetworkspace
+    uint64_t MiB = 1024 * 1024;
+    uint64_t workspace_size =
+        device.compute_capability_major() >= 9 ? 32 * MiB : 4 * MiB;
+
+    CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulPreferenceCreate(&pref_));
+    CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulPreferenceSetAttribute(
+        pref_,
+        CUBLASLT_MATMUL_PREF_MAX_WORKSPACE_BYTES,
+        &workspace_size,
+        sizeof(uint64_t)));
+  }
+
+  ~CublasPreference() {
+    CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulPreferenceDestroy(pref_));
+  }
+
+  cublasLtMatmulPreference_t pref_{nullptr};
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+cublasLtMatmulPreference_t get_preference(cu::Device& device) {
+  static CublasPreference pref(device);
+  return pref.pref_;
+}
+
+cublasLtMatrixLayout_t create_matrix_layout(
+    cudaDataType_t type,
+    uint64_t rows,
+    uint64_t cols,
+    bool transposed,
+    int64_t ld,
+    int32_t batch_count,
+    int64_t batch_stride) {
+  cublasLtMatrixLayout_t desc;
+  if (transposed) {
+    std::swap(rows, cols);
+  }
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&desc, type, rows, cols, ld));
+  if (batch_count > 1) {
+    CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(
+        desc,
+        CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_BATCH_COUNT,
+        &batch_count,
+        sizeof(int32_t)));
+    CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(
+        desc,
+        CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_STRIDED_BATCH_OFFSET,
+        &batch_stride,
+        sizeof(int64_t)));
+  }
+  return desc;
+}
+
+} // namespace cublas_utils
+
+CublasMatmulBase::~CublasMatmulBase() {
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(a_desc_));
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(b_desc_));
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(c_desc_));
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(out_desc_));
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulDescDestroy(matmul_desc_));
+}
+
+void CublasMatmulBase::init_base(
+    cu::Device& device,
+    cudaDataType_t scale_type,
+    cublasComputeType_t compute_type,
+    cudaDataType_t data_type,
+    cudaDataType_t output_type,
+    bool a_transposed,
+    uint64_t a_rows,
+    uint64_t a_cols,
+    int64_t lda,
+    bool b_transposed,
+    uint64_t b_rows,
+    uint64_t b_cols,
+    int64_t ldb,
+    int32_t batch_count,
+    int64_t a_batch_stride,
+    int64_t b_batch_stride) {
+  M_ = a_rows;
+  N_ = b_cols;
+  scale_type_ = scale_type;
+  handle_ = device.lt_handle();
+  pref_ = cublas_utils::get_preference(device);
+  heuristic_.state = CUBLAS_STATUS_NOT_INITIALIZED;
+
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(
+      cublasLtMatmulDescCreate(&matmul_desc_, compute_type, scale_type));
+
+  int32_t pointer_mode = CUBLASLT_POINTER_MODE_HOST;
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+      matmul_desc_,
+      CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_POINTER_MODE,
+      &pointer_mode,
+      sizeof(int32_t)));
+
+  // In cublasLt matrices use column-major layout, while it is possible to use
+  // the CUBLASLT_ORDER_ROW option to switch to row-major layout, the bias
+  // epilogue does not work with the option. So instead we swap A and B to make
+  // cublasLt return the row-major result, which works because:
+  // - the data of a matrix in row-major layout is identical to its transpose in
+  //   column-major layout
+  // - C^T = (A @ B)^T = B^T @ A^T
+  cublasOperation_t a_op = b_transposed ? CUBLAS_OP_T : CUBLAS_OP_N;
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+      matmul_desc_,
+      CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,
+      &a_op,
+      sizeof(cublasOperation_t)));
+  cublasOperation_t b_op = a_transposed ? CUBLAS_OP_T : CUBLAS_OP_N;
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+      matmul_desc_,
+      CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,
+      &b_op,
+      sizeof(cublasOperation_t)));
+
+  a_desc_ = cublas_utils::create_matrix_layout(
+      data_type,
+      b_cols,
+      b_rows,
+      b_transposed,
+      ldb,
+      batch_count,
+      b_batch_stride);
+  b_desc_ = cublas_utils::create_matrix_layout(
+      data_type,
+      a_cols,
+      a_rows,
+      a_transposed,
+      lda,
+      batch_count,
+      a_batch_stride);
+  out_desc_ = cublas_utils::create_matrix_layout(
+      output_type, b_cols, a_rows, false, b_cols, batch_count, b_cols * a_rows);
+}
+
+void CublasMatmulBase::execute_matmul(
+    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+    void* out,
+    const void* a,
+    const void* b,
+    const void* c,
+    const void* alpha_ptr,
+    const void* beta_ptr) {
+  if (heuristic_.state != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulAlgoGetHeuristic(
+        handle_,
+        matmul_desc_,
+        a_desc_,
+        b_desc_,
+        c ? c_desc_ : out_desc_,
+        out_desc_,
+        pref_,
+        1,
+        &heuristic_,
+        &ret));
+    if (ret == 0) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Can not find algorithm for matmul.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  void* workspace_ptr = allocate_workspace(encoder, heuristic_.workspaceSize);
+
+  // Execute matmul
+  auto capture = encoder.capture_context();
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmul(
+      handle_,
+      matmul_desc_,
+      alpha_ptr,
+      b, // a and b are swapped for row-major layout
+      a_desc_,
+      a,
+      b_desc_,
+      beta_ptr,
+      c ? c : out,
+      c ? c_desc_ : out_desc_,
+      out,
+      out_desc_,
+      &heuristic_.algo,
+      workspace_ptr,
+      heuristic_.workspaceSize,
+      encoder.stream()));
+}
+
+void CublasMatmulBase::set_bias(
+    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+    const array& bias) {
+  encoder.set_input_array(bias);
+  cublasLtEpilogue_t epilogue = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+      matmul_desc_,
+      CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE,
+      &epilogue,
+      sizeof(epilogue)));
+  auto* bias_ptr = gpu_ptr<void>(bias);
+  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
+      matmul_desc_,
+      CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER,
+      &bias_ptr,
+      sizeof(bias_ptr)));
+}
+
+} // namespace mlx::core
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cublasLt.h>
+#include "mlx/array.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
+#include "mlx/dtype_utils.h"
+
+namespace mlx::core {
+namespace cublas_utils {
+
+// Get the shared cublas preference for a device
+cublasLtMatmulPreference_t get_preference(cu::Device& device);
+
+cublasLtMatrixLayout_t create_matrix_layout(
+    cudaDataType_t type,
+    uint64_t rows,
+    uint64_t cols,
+    bool transposed,
+    int64_t ld,
+    int32_t batch_count,
+    int64_t batch_stride);
+
+inline cudaDataType_t dtype_to_cublas_type(Dtype dtype, std::string_view tag) {
+  switch (dtype) {
+    case float16:
+      return CUDA_R_16F;
+    case bfloat16:
+      return CUDA_R_16BF;
+    case float32:
+      return CUDA_R_32F;
+    case float64:
+      return CUDA_R_64F;
+    case complex64:
+      return CUDA_C_32F;
+    default:
+      throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
+          "Unsupported dtype in {}: {}.", tag, dtype_to_string(dtype)));
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace cublas_utils
+
+class CublasMatmulBase {
+ public:
+  virtual ~CublasMatmulBase();
+
+  void set_bias(cu::CommandEncoder& encoder, const array& bias);
+
+ protected:
+  CublasMatmulBase() = default;
+
+  // Common member variables shared by all matmul types
+  uint64_t M_;
+  uint64_t N_;
+  cudaDataType_t scale_type_;
+  cublasLtMatmulPreference_t pref_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtHandle_t handle_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtMatmulDesc_t matmul_desc_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtMatrixLayout_t a_desc_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtMatrixLayout_t b_desc_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtMatrixLayout_t c_desc_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtMatrixLayout_t out_desc_{nullptr};
+  cublasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t heuristic_;
+
+  void init_base(
+      cu::Device& device,
+      cudaDataType_t scale_type,
+      cublasComputeType_t compute_type,
+      cudaDataType_t data_type,
+      cudaDataType_t output_type,
+      bool a_transposed,
+      uint64_t a_rows,
+      uint64_t a_cols,
+      int64_t lda,
+      bool b_transposed,
+      uint64_t b_rows,
+      uint64_t b_cols,
+      int64_t ldb,
+      int32_t batch_count,
+      int64_t a_batch_stride,
+      int64_t b_batch_stride);
+
+  void execute_matmul(
+      cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+      void* out,
+      const void* a,
+      const void* b,
+      const void* c,
+      const void* alpha_ptr,
+      const void* beta_ptr);
+};
+
+} // namespace mlx::core
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cublasLt.h>
+#include <cuda.h>
+#include <cuda_runtime.h>
+#include <cudnn.h>
+
+namespace mlx::core {
+
+// Throw exception if the cuda API does not succeed.
+void check_cublas_error(const char* name, cublasStatus_t err);
+void check_cuda_error(const char* name, cudaError_t err);
+void check_cuda_error(const char* name, CUresult err);
+void check_cudnn_error(const char* name, cudnnStatus_t err);
+
+// The macro version that prints the command that failed.
+#define CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cmd) check_cublas_error(#cmd, (cmd))
+#define CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cmd) check_cuda_error(#cmd, (cmd))
+#define CHECK_CUDNN_ERROR(cmd) check_cudnn_error(#cmd, (cmd))
+
+// Base class for RAII managed CUDA resources.
+template <typename Handle, cudaError_t (*Destroy)(Handle)>
+class CudaHandle {
+ public:
+  CudaHandle(Handle handle = nullptr) : handle_(handle) {}
+
+  CudaHandle(CudaHandle&& other) : handle_(other.handle_) {
+    assert(this != &other);
+    other.handle_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  ~CudaHandle() {
+    // Skip if there was an error to avoid throwing in the destructors
+    if (cudaPeekAtLastError() != cudaSuccess) {
+      return;
+    }
+    reset();
+  }
+
+  CudaHandle(const CudaHandle&) = delete;
+  CudaHandle& operator=(const CudaHandle&) = delete;
+
+  CudaHandle& operator=(CudaHandle&& other) {
+    assert(this != &other);
+    reset();
+    std::swap(handle_, other.handle_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  void reset() {
+    if (handle_ != nullptr) {
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(Destroy(handle_));
+      handle_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  operator Handle() const {
+    return handle_;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Handle handle_;
+};
+
+namespace cu {
+class Device;
+}; // namespace cu
+
+// Wrappers of CUDA resources.
+class CudaGraph : public CudaHandle<cudaGraph_t, cudaGraphDestroy> {
+ public:
+  using CudaHandle::CudaHandle;
+  explicit CudaGraph(cu::Device& device);
+  void end_capture(cudaStream_t stream);
+};
+
+class CudaGraphExec : public CudaHandle<cudaGraphExec_t, cudaGraphExecDestroy> {
+ public:
+  void instantiate(cudaGraph_t graph);
+};
+
+class CudaStream : public CudaHandle<cudaStream_t, cudaStreamDestroy> {
+ public:
+  explicit CudaStream(cu::Device& device);
+};
+
+} // namespace mlx::core
@@ -7,32 +7,26 @@ namespace mlx::core {

 namespace {

-// Create a cudnn tensor descriptor.
-template <typename Vec>
-inline cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor(
-    int64_t id,
-    const array& x,
-    const Vec& shape,
-    const Vec& strides) {
-  return cudnn_frontend::TensorBuilder()
-      .setDim(shape.size(), shape.data())
-      .setStrides(strides.size(), strides.data())
-      .setId(id)
-      .setAlignment(get_alignment(x))
-      .setDataType(dtype_to_cudnn_type(x.dtype()))
-      .build();
-}
+#define RETURN_IF_ERROR(cmd)          \
+  if (auto ret = cmd; ret.is_bad()) { \
+    return ret;                       \
+  }

 // In MLX a singleton dim (shape[dim] == 1) can have any stride, but in cuDNN
 // whether a tensor is contiguous is determined with:
 // shape[dim] == shape[dim + 1] * strides[dim + 1]
 // So a contiguous array with singleton dims in MLX may be mistakenly treated
 // as strided in cuDNN, and we work around it by normalizing the strides.
-Strides normalized_strides(const array& x) {
-  if (!x.flags().row_contiguous || x.ndim() < 2) {
-    return x.strides();
+std::vector<int64_t> normalized_strides(const array& x) {
+  std::vector<int64_t> strides(x.strides().begin(), x.strides().end());
+  if (std::all_of(
+          strides.begin(), strides.end(), [](int64_t s) { return s == 0; })) {
+    strides.back() = 1;
+    return strides;
+  }
+  if (!x.flags().row_contiguous || x.ndim() < 2) {
+    return strides;
  }
-  Strides strides = x.strides();
  for (int i = x.ndim() - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
    if (x.shape(i) == 1) {
      strides[i] = x.shape(i + 1) * strides[i + 1];
@@ -42,7 +36,9 @@ Strides normalized_strides(const array& x) {
 }

 // Return the shape and strides after transposing from NHWC to NCHW.
-auto nhwc_to_nchw(SmallVector<int64_t> shape, SmallVector<int64_t> strides) {
+inline auto nhwc_to_nchw(const array& x) {
+  auto shape = convert_vector<int64_t>(x.shape());
+  auto strides = normalized_strides(x);
  assert(shape.size() >= 3);
  shape.insert(shape.begin() + 1, shape.back());
  shape.erase(shape.end() - 1);
@@ -51,225 +47,87 @@ auto nhwc_to_nchw(SmallVector<int64_t> shape, SmallVector<int64_t> strides) {
  return std::make_tuple(std::move(shape), std::move(strides));
 }

-inline auto nhwc_to_nchw(const array& x) {
-  return nhwc_to_nchw(
-      convert_vector<int64_t>(x.shape()), normalized_strides(x));
-}
-
-// Return available engines for a |op_graph|.
-cudnn_frontend::EngineConfigList get_cudnn_engine_configs(
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
-    Dtype dtype,
-    cudnn_frontend::OperationGraph& op_graph,
-    bool use_fallback = true) {
-  SmallVector<cudnn_frontend::GeneratorSource, 2> sources;
-  sources.push_back([](auto& op_graph) {
-    auto heuristics = cudnn_frontend::EngineHeuristicsBuilder()
-                          .setOperationGraph(op_graph)
-                          .setHeurMode(CUDNN_HEUR_MODE_A)
-                          .build();
-    return heuristics.getEngineConfig(heuristics.getEngineConfigCount());
-  });
-  if (use_fallback) {
-    sources.push_back([&backend_type](auto& op_graph) {
-      auto fallback = cudnn_frontend::EngineFallbackListBuilder()
-                          .setOperationGraph(op_graph)
-                          .setOperation(backend_type)
-                          .build();
-      return fallback.getFallbackList();
-    });
-  }
-
-  auto configs =
-      cudnn_frontend::EngineConfigGenerator(sources.size(), sources.data())
-          .generate_engine_config(op_graph);
-
-  cudnn_frontend::EngineConfigList filtered_configs;
-  cudnn_frontend::filter(configs, filtered_configs, [dtype](auto c) {
-    if (cudnn_frontend::hasNumericalNote<
-            CUDNN_NUMERICAL_NOTE_DOWN_CONVERT_INPUTS>(c)) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    if (cudnn_frontend::hasNumericalNote<CUDNN_NUMERICAL_NOTE_TENSOR_CORE>(c) &&
-        dtype == float32 && !env::enable_tf32()) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-  });
-  return filtered_configs;
-}
-
-// Take |engine_configs| and |op_graph| and find a working execution plans
-// from them.
-std::optional<cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan>
-find_cudnn_plan_from_engine_configs(
-    cudnnHandle_t handle,
-    const cudnn_frontend::EngineConfigList& engine_configs,
-    const cudnn_frontend::OperationGraph& op_graph) {
-  auto op_graph_tag = op_graph.getTag();
-  for (const auto& config : engine_configs) {
-    try {
-      return cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlanBuilder()
-          .setHandle(handle)
-          .setEngineConfig(config, op_graph_tag)
-          .build();
-    } catch (cudnn_frontend::cudnnException& error) {
-      if (error.getCudnnStatus() != CUDNN_STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
-        throw;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return std::nullopt;
-}
-
-// Prepare workspace and args to execute plan.
-template <typename F>
-bool prepare_cudnn_plan(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    int num_args,
-    const int64_t* uids,
-    void** data_ptrs,
-    F&& execute) {
-  int workspace_size = plan.getWorkspaceSize();
-  array workspace(
-      workspace_size > 0 ? allocator::malloc(workspace_size)
-                         : allocator::Buffer(nullptr),
-      {workspace_size},
-      uint8);
-
-  auto args = cudnn_frontend::VariantPackBuilder()
-                  .setWorkspacePointer(workspace.data<void>())
-                  .setDataPointers(num_args, data_ptrs)
-                  .setUids(num_args, uids)
-                  .build();
-
-  auto handle = encoder.device().cudnn_handle();
-  cudnnSetStream(handle, encoder.stream());
-
-  if (!execute(handle, plan.get_raw_desc(), args.get_raw_desc())) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  encoder.add_temporary(workspace);
-  return true;
-}
-
 } // namespace

-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor(int64_t id, const array& x) {
-  auto shape = convert_vector<int64_t>(x.shape());
-  return build_cudnn_tensor(id, x, shape, normalized_strides(x));
+fe::error_t DnnGraph::prepare() {
+  RETURN_IF_ERROR(validate());
+  try {
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(build_operation_graph(handle_));
+  } catch (cudnn_frontend::cudnnException& error) {
+    // cuDNN bug: they did not catch all exceptions in the API.
+    return {fe::error_code_t::CUDNN_BACKEND_API_FAILED, error.what()};
+  }
+  RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_execution_plans({fe::HeurMode_t::A}));
+  return {};
 }

-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor_nchw(int64_t id, const array& x) {
+fe::error_t DnnGraph::build() {
+  RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_support(handle_));
+  RETURN_IF_ERROR(build_plans(handle_));
+  return {};
+}
+
+fe::error_t DnnGraph::encode_graph(
+    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+    std::unordered_map<int64_t, void*> variant_pack) {
+  cudnnSetStream(handle_, encoder.stream());
+  CudaGraph cuda_graph(encoder.device());
+  RETURN_IF_ERROR(populate_cuda_graph(
+      handle_, variant_pack, prepare_workspace(encoder), cuda_graph));
+  encoder.add_graph_node(cuda_graph);
+  return {};
+}
+
+fe::error_t DnnGraph::encode_capturing(
+    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+    std::unordered_map<int64_t, void*> variant_pack) {
+  auto* workspace_ptr = prepare_workspace(encoder);
+  auto capture = encoder.capture_context();
+  cudnnSetStream(handle_, encoder.stream());
+  auto ret = execute(handle_, variant_pack, workspace_ptr);
+  if (ret.is_bad()) {
+    capture.discard = true;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+void* DnnGraph::prepare_workspace(cu::CommandEncoder& encoder) {
+  int64_t workspace_size = 0;
+  CHECK_CUDNN_FE_ERROR(get_workspace_size(workspace_size));
+  return allocate_workspace(encoder, workspace_size);
+}
+
+void DnnGraph::set_tensor_attrs(
+    std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& tensor,
+    int64_t uid,
+    const array& x,
+    const std::vector<int64_t>& shape,
+    const std::vector<int64_t>& strides) {
+  tensor->set_uid(uid)
+      .set_alignment(get_alignment(x))
+      .set_data_type(dtype_to_cudnn_type(x.dtype()))
+      .set_dim(shape)
+      .set_stride(strides);
+}
+
+void DnnGraph::set_tensor_attrs(
+    std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& tensor,
+    int64_t uid,
+    const array& x) {
+  set_tensor_attrs(
+      tensor,
+      uid,
+      x,
+      convert_vector<int64_t>(x.shape()),
+      normalized_strides(x));
+}
+
+void DnnGraph::set_tensor_attrs_nchw(
+    std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& tensor,
+    int64_t uid,
+    const array& x) {
  auto [shape, strides] = nhwc_to_nchw(x);
-  return build_cudnn_tensor(id, x, shape, strides);
+  set_tensor_attrs(tensor, uid, x, shape, strides);
 }

-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor_4d_nchw(int64_t id, const array& x) {
-  if (x.ndim() == 0) {
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 4> scalar_dims = {1, 1, 1, 1};
-    return build_cudnn_tensor(id, x, scalar_dims, scalar_dims);
-  }
-  if (x.ndim() == 1) {
-    int64_t s = x.shape(0);
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 4> shape = {1, x.shape(0), 1, 1};
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 4> strides = {s, 1, s, s};
-    return build_cudnn_tensor(id, x, shape, strides);
-  }
-  if (x.ndim() == 2) {
-    int64_t s =
-        x.flags().row_contiguous ? x.shape(1) * x.strides(1) : x.strides(0);
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 4> shape = {x.shape(0), x.shape(1), 1, 1};
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 4> strides = {s, x.strides(1), s, s};
-    return build_cudnn_tensor(id, x, shape, strides);
-  }
-  if (x.ndim() == 3 || x.ndim() == 4) {
-    return build_cudnn_tensor_nchw(id, x);
-  }
-  throw std::runtime_error(
-      fmt::format("Unsupported array with {} dims.", x.ndim()));
-}
-
-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_scalar_4d(int64_t id, Dtype dtype) {
-  SmallVector<int64_t, 4> scalar_dims = {1, 1, 1, 1};
-  return cudnn_frontend::TensorBuilder()
-      .setDim(scalar_dims.size(), scalar_dims.data())
-      .setStrides(scalar_dims.size(), scalar_dims.data())
-      .setId(id)
-      .setAlignment(16)
-      .setDataType(dtype_to_cudnn_type(dtype))
-      .setByValue(true)
-      .build();
-}
-
-std::optional<cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan> find_cudnn_plan_from_op_graph(
-    cudnnHandle_t handle,
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
-    Dtype dtype,
-    cudnn_frontend::OperationGraph& op_graph) {
-  auto engine_configs = get_cudnn_engine_configs(backend_type, dtype, op_graph);
-  if (engine_configs.empty()) {
-    return std::nullopt;
-  }
-  return find_cudnn_plan_from_engine_configs(handle, engine_configs, op_graph);
-}
-
-bool encode_cudnn_plan_with_capturing(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    int num_args,
-    const int64_t* uids,
-    void** data_ptrs) {
-  return prepare_cudnn_plan(
-      encoder,
-      plan,
-      num_args,
-      uids,
-      data_ptrs,
-      [&](auto handle, auto plan, auto args) {
-        auto capture = encoder.capture_context();
-        if (cudnnBackendExecute(handle, plan, args) != CUDNN_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-          // Discard the captured graph when failed.
-          capture.discard = true;
-          return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-      });
-}
-
-#if CUDNN_VERSION >= 90500
-bool encode_cudnn_plan_with_graph_api(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    CudaGraph& graph,
-    int num_args,
-    const int64_t* uids,
-    void** data_ptrs) {
-  return prepare_cudnn_plan(
-      encoder,
-      plan,
-      num_args,
-      uids,
-      data_ptrs,
-      [&](auto handle, auto plan, auto args) {
-        if (!graph) {
-          graph = CudaGraph(encoder.device());
-          if (cudnnBackendPopulateCudaGraph(handle, plan, args, graph) !=
-              CUDNN_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        } else {
-          if (cudnnBackendUpdateCudaGraph(handle, plan, args, graph) !=
-              CUDNN_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-        encoder.add_graph_node(graph);
-        return true;
-      });
-}
-#endif
-
 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -2,28 +2,34 @@

 #pragma once

-#include "mlx/array.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/config.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/utils.h"
 #include "mlx/dtype_utils.h"

 #include <cudnn_frontend.h>
-#include <cudnn_frontend_find_plan.h>
 #include <fmt/format.h>

-#include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
-
 namespace mlx::core {

 namespace cu {
 class CommandEncoder;
 }

+namespace fe = cudnn_frontend;
+
+#define CHECK_CUDNN_FE_ERROR(cmd)                                    \
+  do {                                                               \
+    auto error = cmd;                                                \
+    if (!error.is_good()) {                                          \
+      throw std::runtime_error(                                      \
+          fmt::format("{} failed: {}.", #cmd, error.get_message())); \
+    }                                                                \
+  } while (0)
+
 // Return pointer alignment of |x|'s data.
 inline uint8_t get_alignment(const array& x) {
  uint8_t alignment = 1;
-  uintptr_t address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data<void>());
+  uintptr_t address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(gpu_ptr<void>(x));
  for (; alignment < 32; alignment *= 2) {
    if (address % (alignment * 2)) {
      return alignment;
@@ -34,8 +40,31 @@ inline uint8_t get_alignment(const array& x) {

 // Convert the type of elements in |vec| to |T|.
 template <typename T, typename Vec>
-inline SmallVector<T> convert_vector(const Vec& vec) {
-  return SmallVector<T>(vec.begin(), vec.end());
+inline std::vector<T> convert_vector(const Vec& vec) {
+  return std::vector<T>(vec.begin(), vec.end());
+}
+
+// Map dtype to cudnn data type.
+inline fe::DataType_t dtype_to_cudnn_type(Dtype dtype) {
+  switch (dtype) {
+    case int8:
+      return fe::DataType_t::INT8;
+    case int32:
+      return fe::DataType_t::INT32;
+    case uint8:
+      return fe::DataType_t::UINT8;
+    case float16:
+      return fe::DataType_t::HALF;
+    case bfloat16:
+      return fe::DataType_t::BFLOAT16;
+    case float32:
+      return fe::DataType_t::FLOAT;
+    case float64:
+      return fe::DataType_t::DOUBLE;
+    default:
+      throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
+          "Unsupported dtype in cuDNN: {}.", dtype_to_string(dtype)));
+  }
 }

 // Return an array that can be used as map key for |vec| with size <= MAX_NDIM.
@@ -43,122 +72,100 @@ inline SmallVector<T> convert_vector(const Vec& vec) {
 // There are 2 differences from the const_param util from kernel_utils.cuh:
 // 1. The rest of array is filled with 0.
 // 2. This util can be used in .cpp files.
-template <typename T, template <typename U> class Vec>
-inline std::array<T, MAX_NDIM> vector_key(const Vec<T>& vec) {
-  if (vec.size() > MAX_NDIM) {
+template <int NDIM = MAX_NDIM, typename T, template <typename U> class Vec>
+inline std::array<T, NDIM> vector_key(const Vec<T>& vec) {
+  if (vec.size() > NDIM) {
    throw std::runtime_error(
-        fmt::format("ndim can not be larger than {}.", MAX_NDIM));
+        fmt::format("ndim can not be larger than {}.", NDIM));
  }
-  std::array<T, MAX_NDIM> result = {};
+  std::array<T, NDIM> result = {};
  std::copy_n(vec.begin(), vec.size(), result.begin());
  return result;
 }

-// Helpers used by get_data_ptrs to get pointers.
-inline void* get_data_ptr(const array& arr) {
-  return const_cast<void*>(arr.data<void>());
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_scalar_v<T>>>
-inline void* get_data_ptr(T& scalar) {
-  return &scalar;
-}
-
-// Return an array filled with data pointers of args.
-template <typename... Args>
-inline std::array<void*, sizeof...(Args)> get_data_ptrs(Args&... args) {
-  return {get_data_ptr(args)...};
-}
-
-// Map dtype to cudnn data type.
-inline cudnnDataType_t dtype_to_cudnn_type(Dtype dtype) {
-  switch (dtype) {
-    case int8:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_INT8;
-    case int32:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_INT32;
-    case uint8:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_UINT8;
-    case float16:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_HALF;
-    case bfloat16:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_BFLOAT16;
-    case float32:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_FLOAT;
-    case float64:
-      return CUDNN_DATA_DOUBLE;
-    default:
-      throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
-          "Unsupported dtype in Convolution: {}.", dtype_to_string(dtype)));
+// Extends cuDNN graph with helpers.
+class DnnGraph : public fe::graph::Graph {
+ public:
+  DnnGraph(cudnnHandle_t handle, Dtype io_dtype, Dtype compute_dtype = float32)
+      : handle_(handle) {
+    set_io_data_type(dtype_to_cudnn_type(io_dtype));
+    set_intermediate_data_type(dtype_to_cudnn_type(compute_dtype));
+    set_compute_data_type(dtype_to_cudnn_type(compute_dtype));
  }
-}

-// Create a tensor descriptor from |x|.
-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor(int64_t id, const array& x);
+  // Create a cuDNN tensor description from MLX array |x|.
+  auto& tensor(
+      std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& attrs,
+      int64_t uid,
+      const array& x) {
+    set_tensor_attrs(attrs, uid, x);
+    return attrs;
+  }
+  auto tensor(const char* name, int64_t uid, const array& x) {
+    auto attrs = Graph::tensor(fe::graph::Tensor_attributes().set_name(name));
+    tensor(attrs, uid, x);
+    return attrs;
+  }

-// Create a tensor descriptor from |x|, and transpose from NHWC to NCHW.
-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor_nchw(int64_t id, const array& x);
+  // Create a cuDNN tensor description from MLX array |x|, and transpose it from
+  // NHWC layout to NCHW.
+  auto& tensor_nchw(
+      std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& attrs,
+      int64_t uid,
+      const array& x) {
+    set_tensor_attrs_nchw(attrs, uid, x);
+    return attrs;
+  }
+  auto tensor_nchw(const char* name, int64_t uid, const array& x) {
+    auto attrs = Graph::tensor(fe::graph::Tensor_attributes().set_name(name));
+    tensor_nchw(attrs, uid, x);
+    return attrs;
+  }

-// Create a tensor descriptor from |x|, make sure it is 4D, and transpose it
-// from NHWC to NCHW.
-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_tensor_4d_nchw(int64_t id, const array& x);
+  // Create a cuDNN tensor for scalar.
+  auto scalar(const char* name, int64_t uid, Dtype dtype) {
+    return Graph::tensor(fe::graph::Tensor_attributes()
+                             .set_name(name)
+                             .set_uid(uid)
+                             .set_dim({1, 1, 1, 1})
+                             .set_stride({1, 1, 1, 1})
+                             .set_is_pass_by_value(true)
+                             .set_data_type(dtype_to_cudnn_type(dtype)));
+  }

-// Create a 4D scalar tensor descriptor, which is passed by value.
-cudnn_frontend::Tensor build_cudnn_scalar_4d(int64_t id, Dtype dtype);
+  // Call this before setting notes.
+  fe::error_t prepare();
+  // Call this after setting notes.
+  fe::error_t build();

-// Find a working plan for |op_graph|.
-std::optional<cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan> find_cudnn_plan_from_op_graph(
-    cudnnHandle_t handle,
-    cudnnBackendDescriptorType_t backend_type,
-    Dtype dtype,
-    cudnn_frontend::OperationGraph& op_graph);
+  // Add cuDNN graph to CUDA graph, using native CUDA graph API.
+  fe::error_t encode_graph(
+      cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+      std::unordered_map<int64_t, void*> variant_pack);
+  // Add cuDNN graph to CUDA graph, using stream capture.
+  fe::error_t encode_capturing(
+      cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
+      std::unordered_map<int64_t, void*> variant_pack);

-// Encode the plan to command buffer by capturing.
-bool encode_cudnn_plan_with_capturing(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    int num_args,
-    const int64_t* uids,
-    void** data_ptrs);
+ private:
+  void* prepare_workspace(cu::CommandEncoder& encoder);

-#if CUDNN_VERSION >= 90500
-// Encode the plan to command buffer by using native graph api of cudnn. If the
-// |graph| is empty it will be populated, otherwise it will be updated.
-bool encode_cudnn_plan_with_graph_api(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    CudaGraph& graph,
-    int num_args,
-    const int64_t* uids,
-    void** data_ptrs);
-#endif
+  void set_tensor_attrs(
+      std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& tensor,
+      int64_t uid,
+      const array& x,
+      const std::vector<int64_t>& shape,
+      const std::vector<int64_t>& strides);
+  void set_tensor_attrs(
+      std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& tensor,
+      int64_t uid,
+      const array& x);
+  void set_tensor_attrs_nchw(
+      std::shared_ptr<fe::graph::Tensor_attributes>& tensor,
+      int64_t uid,
+      const array& x);

-// Helpers to make calls like encode_cudnn_plan(..., {'x', 'y', 'z'}, x, y, z).
-template <typename... Args>
-bool encode_cudnn_plan(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    std::initializer_list<int64_t> uids,
-    Args&... args) {
-  assert(uids.size() == sizeof...(args));
-  auto data_ptrs = get_data_ptrs(args...);
-  return encode_cudnn_plan_with_capturing(
-      encoder, plan, uids.size(), uids.begin(), data_ptrs.data());
-}
-
-#if CUDNN_VERSION >= 90500
-template <typename... Args>
-bool encode_cudnn_plan(
-    cu::CommandEncoder& encoder,
-    cudnn_frontend::ExecutionPlan& plan,
-    CudaGraph& graph,
-    std::initializer_list<int64_t> uids,
-    Args&... args) {
-  assert(uids.size() == sizeof...(args));
-  auto data_ptrs = get_data_ptrs(args...);
-  return encode_cudnn_plan_with_graph_api(
-      encoder, plan, graph, uids.size(), uids.begin(), data_ptrs.data());
-}
-#endif
+  cudnnHandle_t handle_;
+};

 } // namespace mlx::core
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ std::string build_kernel(
    const std::vector<std::string>& output_names,
    const std::vector<Dtype>& output_dtypes,
    const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, TemplateArg>>& template_args,
-    const std::vector<CustomKernelShapeInfo>& shape_infos) {
+    const std::vector<std::tuple<bool, bool, bool>>& shape_infos) {
  std::string kernel_source;
  kernel_source.reserve(header.size() + source.size() + 8192);
  kernel_source += default_header;
@@ -81,17 +81,17 @@ std::string build_kernel(
    kernel_source += ",\n";
    // Add input shape, strides and ndim if present in the source
    if (arr.ndim() > 0) {
-      if (shape_infos[i].shape) {
+      if (std::get<0>(shape_infos[i])) {
        kernel_source += "    const __grid_constant__ Shape ";
        kernel_source += name;
        kernel_source += "_shape,\n";
      }
-      if (shape_infos[i].strides) {
+      if (std::get<1>(shape_infos[i])) {
        kernel_source += "    const __grid_constant__ Strides ";
        kernel_source += name;
        kernel_source += "_strides,\n";
      }
-      if (shape_infos[i].ndim) {
+      if (std::get<2>(shape_infos[i])) {
        kernel_source += "    const __grid_constant__ int ";
        kernel_source += name;
        kernel_source += "_ndim,\n";
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ CustomKernelFunction cuda_kernel(
        "[custom_kernel] Must specify at least one output.");
  }

-  std::vector<CustomKernelShapeInfo> shape_infos;
+  std::vector<std::tuple<bool, bool, bool>> shape_infos;
  for (auto& n : input_names) {
-    CustomKernelShapeInfo shape_info;
-    shape_info.shape = source.find(n + "_shape") != std::string::npos;
-    shape_info.strides = source.find(n + "_strides") != std::string::npos;
-    shape_info.ndim = source.find(n + "_ndim") != std::string::npos;
+    std::tuple<bool, bool, bool> shape_info;
+    std::get<0>(shape_info) = source.find(n + "_shape") != std::string::npos;
+    std::get<1>(shape_info) = source.find(n + "_strides") != std::string::npos;
+    std::get<2>(shape_info) = source.find(n + "_ndim") != std::string::npos;
    shape_infos.push_back(shape_info);
  }

@@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ std::vector<array> precompiled_cuda_kernel(
    std::optional<float> init_value,
    bool ensure_row_contiguous,
    StreamOrDevice s) {
-  std::vector<CustomKernelShapeInfo> shape_infos(
-      inputs.size(), CustomKernelShapeInfo{false, false, false});
+  std::vector<std::tuple<bool, bool, bool>> shape_infos(
+      inputs.size(), {false, false, false});
  return array::make_arrays(
      output_shapes,
      output_dtypes,
@@ -279,6 +279,7 @@ void CustomKernel::eval_gpu(
    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
  nvtx3::scoped_range r("CustomKernel::eval_gpu");
  auto& s = stream();
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);

  std::vector<array> copies;

@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ void CustomKernel::eval_gpu(
      copies.emplace_back(init_value_.value(), out.dtype());
      fill_gpu(copies.back(), out, s);
    } else {
-      out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+      out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));
    }
  }

@@ -326,13 +327,13 @@ void CustomKernel::eval_gpu(
    const array& in = checked_inputs[i];
    auto& shape_info = shape_infos_[i];
    args.append(in);
-    if (shape_info.shape) {
+    if (std::get<0>(shape_info)) {
      args.append_ndim(in.shape());
    }
-    if (shape_info.strides) {
+    if (std::get<1>(shape_info)) {
      args.append_ndim(in.strides());
    }
-    if (shape_info.ndim) {
+    if (std::get<2>(shape_info)) {
      args.append<int32_t>(in.ndim());
    }
  }
@@ -356,7 +357,6 @@ void CustomKernel::eval_gpu(
  dim3 grid((gx + tx - 1) / tx, (gy + ty - 1) / ty, (gz + tz - 1) / tz);

  // Call the kernel
-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
  for (const auto& in : checked_inputs) {
    encoder.set_input_array(in);
  }
@@ -14,20 +14,20 @@ namespace mlx::core::cu {

 namespace {

-#define CHECK_CUDNN_ERROR(cmd) check_cudnn_error(#cmd, (cmd))
-
-void check_cudnn_error(const char* name, cudnnStatus_t err) {
-  if (err != CUDNN_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-    throw std::runtime_error(
-        fmt::format("{} failed: {}.", name, cudnnGetErrorString(err)));
-  }
+bool use_cuda_graphs() {
+  static bool use_graphs = env::get_var("MLX_USE_CUDA_GRAPHS", true);
+  return use_graphs;
 }

-bool use_cuda_graphs() {
-  static bool use_graphs = []() {
-    return env::get_var("MLX_USE_CUDA_GRAPHS", true);
+const char* save_cuda_graphs_dot_file() {
+  static const char* filename = []() -> const char* {
+    const char* env = std::getenv("MLX_SAVE_CUDA_GRAPHS_DOT_FILE");
+    if (env && std::strlen(env) == 0) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return env;
  }();
-  return use_graphs;
+  return filename;
 }

 } // namespace
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ Device::Device(int device) : device_(device) {
        "Device {} does not support synchronization in managed memory.",
        device_));
  }
+
  // The cublasLt handle is used by matmul.
  make_current();
  CHECK_CUBLAS_ERROR(cublasLtCreate(&lt_));
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ CommandEncoder::CaptureContext::CaptureContext(CommandEncoder& enc) : enc(enc) {
    return;
  }
  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(
-      cudaStreamBeginCapture(enc.stream(), cudaStreamCaptureModeGlobal));
+      cudaStreamBeginCapture(enc.stream(), cudaStreamCaptureModeThreadLocal));
 }

 CommandEncoder::CaptureContext::~CaptureContext() {
@@ -114,18 +115,17 @@ CommandEncoder::ConcurrentContext::~ConcurrentContext() {
  }

  // Use an empty graph node for synchronization
-  CommandEncoder::GraphNode empty{NULL, 'E', std::to_string(enc.node_count_++)};
-  enc.empty_node_count_++;
+  CommandEncoder::GraphNode empty{NULL, "E", std::to_string(enc.node_count_++)};
  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphAddEmptyNode(&empty.node, enc.graph_, NULL, 0));

  // Insert the concurrent -> empty node dependencies
  for (auto& from : enc.concurrent_nodes_) {
    enc.from_nodes_.push_back(from.node);
    enc.to_nodes_.push_back(empty.node);
-    enc.graph_key_ += from.id;
-    enc.graph_key_ += from.node_type;
-    enc.graph_key_ += empty.id;
-    enc.graph_key_ += empty.node_type;
+    enc.graph_deps_key_ += from.id;
+    enc.graph_deps_key_ += "-";
+    enc.graph_deps_key_ += empty.id;
+    enc.graph_deps_key_ += "-";
  }

  // Insert the input -> concurrent node dependencies without updating output
@@ -140,9 +140,6 @@ CommandEncoder::ConcurrentContext::~ConcurrentContext() {
 }

 void CommandEncoder::insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode node) {
-  if (node.node_type == 'G') {
-    graph_node_count_++;
-  }
  node.id = std::to_string(node_count_++);
  if (in_concurrent_) {
    concurrent_nodes_.push_back(std::move(node));
@@ -154,6 +151,10 @@ void CommandEncoder::insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode node) {
 }

 void CommandEncoder::insert_graph_dependencies(std::vector<GraphNode> nodes) {
+  for (auto& node : nodes) {
+    graph_nodes_key_ += node.node_type;
+    graph_nodes_key_ += "-";
+  }
  std::vector<GraphNode> deps;
  {
    // Dependencies must be added in the same order to produce a consistent
@@ -181,20 +182,49 @@ void CommandEncoder::insert_graph_dependencies(std::vector<GraphNode> nodes) {
    for (auto& to : nodes) {
      from_nodes_.push_back(from.node);
      to_nodes_.push_back(to.node);
-      graph_key_ += from.id;
-      graph_key_ += from.node_type;
-      graph_key_ += to.id;
-      graph_key_ += to.node_type;
+      graph_deps_key_ += from.id;
+      graph_deps_key_ += "-";
+      graph_deps_key_ += to.id;
+      graph_deps_key_ += "-";
    }
  }
 }

+// Can be tuned with MLX_MAX_OPS_PER_BUFFER, MLX_MAX_MB_PER_BUFFER
+std::pair<int, int> get_graph_limits(Device& d) {
+  auto cc =
+      d.compute_capability_major() * 100 + d.compute_capability_minor() * 10;
+  int ops = 20;
+  int mb = 100;
+  switch (cc) {
+    case 800: // A100
+      ops = 20;
+      mb = 400;
+      break;
+    case 900: // H100
+      ops = 30;
+      mb = 400;
+      break;
+    case 1000: // B200
+      ops = 50;
+      mb = 500;
+      break;
+    case 1210: // DGX Spark
+      ops = 20;
+      mb = 25;
+      break;
+  }
+  return {env::max_ops_per_buffer(ops), env::max_mb_per_buffer(mb)};
+}
+
 CommandEncoder::CommandEncoder(Device& d)
    : device_(d),
      stream_(d),
      graph_(d),
      worker_(d),
-      graph_cache_("MLX_CUDA_GRAPH_CACHE_SIZE", /* default_capacity */ 400) {}
+      graph_cache_("MLX_CUDA_GRAPH_CACHE_SIZE", /* default_capacity */ 400) {
+  std::tie(max_ops_per_graph_, max_mb_per_graph_) = get_graph_limits(d);
+}

 void CommandEncoder::add_completed_handler(std::function<void()> task) {
  worker_.add_task(std::move(task));
@@ -204,6 +234,7 @@ void CommandEncoder::set_input_array(const array& arr) {
  if (!use_cuda_graphs()) {
    return;
  }
+  bytes_in_graph_ += arr.data_size();
  auto id = reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(arr.buffer().ptr());
  active_deps_.push_back(id);
 }
@@ -278,13 +309,76 @@ void CommandEncoder::add_kernel_node(
 void CommandEncoder::add_kernel_node(const cudaKernelNodeParams& params) {
  cudaGraphNode_t node;
  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphAddKernelNode(&node, graph_, NULL, 0, &params));
-  insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode{node, 'K'});
+  insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode{node, "K"});
 }

 void CommandEncoder::add_kernel_node(const CUDA_KERNEL_NODE_PARAMS& params) {
  CUgraphNode node;
  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cuGraphAddKernelNode(&node, graph_, NULL, 0, &params));
-  insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode{node, 'K'});
+  insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode{node, "K"});
+}
+
+std::pair<std::string, bool> subgraph_to_key(cudaGraph_t graph) {
+  // Constructs a key representing the nodes of a sub-graph.
+  // Also checks if the sub-graph is updatable as CUDA graphs do not get
+  // updated correctly if a kernel node getting updated has a different cluster
+  // shape than the node it's being updated with.
+  std::string key = "(";
+  size_t num_nodes = 0;
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphGetNodes(graph, nullptr, &num_nodes));
+  if (num_nodes == 0) {
+    return {key + ")", true};
+  }
+  bool is_updatable = true;
+  std::vector<cudaGraphNode_t> nodes(num_nodes);
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphGetNodes(graph, nodes.data(), &num_nodes));
+  for (const auto& node : nodes) {
+    if (!is_updatable) {
+      break;
+    }
+    cudaGraphNodeType type;
+    CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphNodeGetType(node, &type));
+    switch (type) {
+      case cudaGraphNodeTypeGraph: {
+        // Try to be updatable for a structure like graph -> graph -> kernel
+        cudaGraph_t child;
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphChildGraphNodeGetGraph(node, &child));
+        auto [subkey, sub_is_updatable] = subgraph_to_key(child);
+        is_updatable &= sub_is_updatable;
+        key += subkey;
+        break;
+      }
+      case cudaGraphNodeTypeHost:
+        key += "H";
+        break;
+      case cudaGraphNodeTypeMemset:
+        key += "M";
+        break;
+      case cudaGraphNodeTypeKernel: {
+        cudaLaunchAttributeValue cluster_dim;
+        CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphKernelNodeGetAttribute(
+            node, cudaLaunchAttributeClusterDimension, &cluster_dim));
+        // Only allow dim.x to be greater than 1
+        if (cluster_dim.clusterDim.y > 1 || cluster_dim.clusterDim.z > 1) {
+          is_updatable = false;
+        } else {
+          key += "K";
+          key += std::to_string(cluster_dim.clusterDim.x);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      case cudaGraphNodeTypeWaitEvent:
+        key += "W";
+        break;
+      case cudaGraphNodeTypeEventRecord:
+        key += "R";
+        break;
+      default:
+        is_updatable = false;
+    }
+  }
+  key += ")";
+  return {key, is_updatable};
 }

 void CommandEncoder::add_graph_node(cudaGraph_t child) {
@@ -297,12 +391,15 @@ void CommandEncoder::add_graph_node(cudaGraph_t child) {
    return;
  }
  cudaGraphNode_t node;
+  auto [sub_graph_key, is_updatable] = subgraph_to_key(child);
+  is_graph_updatable_ &= is_updatable;
  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphAddChildGraphNode(&node, graph_, NULL, 0, child));
-  insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode{node, 'G'});
+  insert_graph_dependencies(GraphNode{node, sub_graph_key});
 }

-int CommandEncoder::get_num_ops() {
-  return node_count_;
+bool CommandEncoder::needs_commit() {
+  return (node_count_ > max_ops_per_graph_) ||
+      ((bytes_in_graph_ >> 20) > max_mb_per_graph_);
 }

 void CommandEncoder::commit() {
@@ -322,53 +419,63 @@ void CommandEncoder::commit() {
          from_nodes_.size()));
    }

-    graph_key_ += ".";
-    graph_key_ += std::to_string(node_count_);
-    graph_key_ += ".";
-    graph_key_ += std::to_string(graph_node_count_);
-    graph_key_ += ".";
-    graph_key_ += std::to_string(empty_node_count_);
-
-    CudaGraphExec& graph_exec = graph_cache_[graph_key_];
-
-    if (graph_exec != nullptr) {
-      cudaGraphExecUpdateResult update_result;
-#if CUDART_VERSION >= 12000
-      cudaGraphExecUpdateResultInfo info;
-      cudaGraphExecUpdate(graph_exec, graph_, &info);
-      update_result = info.result;
-#else
-      cudaGraphNode_t error_node;
-      cudaGraphExecUpdate(graph_exec, graph_, &error_node, &update_result);
-#endif // CUDART_VERSION >= 12000
-      if (update_result != cudaGraphExecUpdateSuccess) {
-        cudaGetLastError(); // reset error
-        graph_exec.reset();
-      }
-    }
-    if (graph_exec == nullptr) {
-      graph_exec.instantiate(graph_);
-    }
    device_.make_current();
-    CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphLaunch(graph_exec, stream_));
+
+    if (!is_graph_updatable_) {
+      CudaGraphExec graph_exec;
+      graph_exec.instantiate(graph_);
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphLaunch(graph_exec, stream_));
+    } else {
+      auto graph_key = graph_nodes_key_ + ":" + graph_deps_key_;
+      auto& graph_exec = graph_cache_[graph_key];
+
+      if (graph_exec != nullptr) {
+        cudaGraphExecUpdateResult update_result;
+#if CUDART_VERSION >= 12000
+        cudaGraphExecUpdateResultInfo info;
+        cudaGraphExecUpdate(graph_exec, graph_, &info);
+        update_result = info.result;
+#else
+        cudaGraphNode_t error_node;
+        cudaGraphExecUpdate(graph_exec, graph_, &error_node, &update_result);
+#endif // CUDART_VERSION >= 12000
+        if (update_result != cudaGraphExecUpdateSuccess) {
+          cudaGetLastError(); // reset error
+          graph_exec.reset();
+        }
+      }
+      if (graph_exec == nullptr) {
+        graph_exec.instantiate(graph_);
+      }
+
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphLaunch(graph_exec, stream_));
+    }
+
+    // Save cuda graph to dot file
+    if (const char* filename = save_cuda_graphs_dot_file(); filename) {
+      static int count = 0;
+      auto path = fmt::format("{}_{}.dot", filename, ++count);
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaGraphDebugDotPrint(graph_, path.c_str(), 0));
+    }

    // Reset state
-    graph_node_count_ = 0;
-    empty_node_count_ = 0;
    from_nodes_.clear();
    to_nodes_.clear();
-    graph_key_.clear();
+    graph_deps_key_.clear();
+    graph_nodes_key_.clear();
    node_map_.clear();
    graph_ = CudaGraph(device_);
+    is_graph_updatable_ = true;
  }

  // Put completion handlers in a batch.
  worker_.commit(stream_);
  node_count_ = 0;
+  bytes_in_graph_ = 0;
 }

 void CommandEncoder::synchronize() {
-  cudaStreamSynchronize(stream_);
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaStreamSynchronize(stream_));
  auto p = std::make_shared<std::promise<void>>();
  std::future<void> f = p->get_future();
  add_completed_handler([p = std::move(p)]() { p->set_value(); });
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #pragma once

 #include "mlx/array.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/allocator.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/lru_cache.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/worker.h"
 #include "mlx/stream.h"
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ class CommandEncoder {
  }

  void add_completed_handler(std::function<void()> task);
-  int get_num_ops();
+  bool needs_commit();
  void commit();

  Device& device() {
@@ -105,8 +106,9 @@ class CommandEncoder {
    cudaGraphNode_t node;
    // K = kernel
    // E = empty
-    // G = subgraph
-    char node_type;
+    // () = subgraph (with metadata)
+    // Symbols ':', '-' are reserved as separators
+    std::string node_type;
    std::string id;
  };

@@ -118,18 +120,21 @@ class CommandEncoder {
  CudaGraph graph_;
  Worker worker_;
  char node_count_{0};
-  char graph_node_count_{0};
-  char empty_node_count_{0};
  bool in_concurrent_{false};
  std::vector<cudaGraphNode_t> from_nodes_;
  std::vector<cudaGraphNode_t> to_nodes_;
-  std::string graph_key_;
+  std::string graph_nodes_key_;
+  std::string graph_deps_key_;
  std::vector<GraphNode> concurrent_nodes_;
  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<array::Data>> temporaries_;
  LRUCache<std::string, CudaGraphExec> graph_cache_;
  std::vector<std::uintptr_t> active_deps_;
  std::vector<std::uintptr_t> active_outputs_;
  std::unordered_map<std::uintptr_t, GraphNode> node_map_;
+  size_t bytes_in_graph_{0};
+  bool is_graph_updatable_{true};
+  int max_ops_per_graph_;
+  int max_mb_per_graph_;
 };

 class Device {
@@ -165,6 +170,7 @@ class Device {
  int device_;
  int compute_capability_major_;
  int compute_capability_minor_;
+  std::string device_name_;
  cublasLtHandle_t lt_;
  cudnnHandle_t cudnn_;
  std::unordered_map<int, CommandEncoder> encoders_;
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 #pragma once

+#include <cuda_fp8.h>
+
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/fp16_math.cuh"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/device/utils.cuh"

@@ -334,4 +336,17 @@ struct Tanh {
  }
 };

+struct ToFP8 {
+  template <typename T>
+  __device__ uint8_t operator()(T x) {
+    return __nv_fp8_e4m3(x).__x;
+  }
+};
+
+struct FromFP8 {
+  __device__ float operator()(uint8_t x) {
+    return float(*(__nv_fp8_e4m3*)(&x));
+  }
+};
+
 } // namespace mlx::core::cu
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ void AllReduce::eval_gpu(
  assert(inputs.size() == 1);
  assert(outputs.size() == 1);

-  auto set_input_output =
-      [s = stream()](const array& in, array& out) -> std::pair<array, array> {
+  auto& s = stream();
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+  auto set_input_output = [&](const array& in,
+                              array& out) -> std::pair<array, array> {
    if (!in.flags().row_contiguous) {
      copy_gpu(in, out, CopyType::General, s);
      return {out, out};
@@ -24,19 +26,17 @@ void AllReduce::eval_gpu(
      out.copy_shared_buffer(in);
      return {in, out};
    } else {
-      out.set_data(allocator::malloc(out.nbytes()));
+      out.set_data(cu::malloc_async(out.nbytes(), encoder));
      return {in, out};
    }
  };

  auto [input, output] = set_input_output(inputs[0], outputs[0]);

-  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(stream());
  encoder.set_input_array(input);
  encoder.set_output_array(output);

  auto capture = encoder.capture_context();
-  auto& s = stream();

  switch (reduce_type_) {
    case Sum:
@@ -53,4 +53,69 @@ void AllReduce::eval_gpu(
          "Only all reduce sum, max, and min are supported.");
  }
 }
+
+void AllGather::eval_gpu(
+    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
+    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
+  assert(inputs.size() == 1);
+  assert(outputs.size() == 1);
+
+  auto& s = stream();
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+
+  auto ensure_contiguous = [&s, &encoder](const array& x) {
+    if (x.flags().row_contiguous) {
+      return x;
+    } else {
+      array x_copy = contiguous_copy_gpu(x, s);
+      encoder.add_temporary(x_copy);
+      return x_copy;
+    }
+  };
+
+  auto input = ensure_contiguous(inputs[0]);
+  outputs[0].set_data(cu::malloc_async(outputs[0].nbytes(), encoder));
+
+  encoder.set_input_array(input);
+  encoder.set_output_array(outputs[0]);
+
+  auto capture = encoder.capture_context();
+  distributed::detail::all_gather(group(), input, outputs[0], s);
+}
+
+void ReduceScatter::eval_gpu(
+    const std::vector<array>& inputs,
+    std::vector<array>& outputs) {
+  assert(inputs.size() == 1);
+  assert(outputs.size() == 1);
+
+  auto& s = stream();
+  auto& encoder = cu::get_command_encoder(s);
+
+  auto ensure_contiguous = [&s, &encoder](const array& x) {
+    if (x.flags().row_contiguous) {
+      return x;
+    } else {
+      array x_copy = contiguous_copy_gpu(x, s);
+      encoder.add_temporary(x_copy);
+      return x_copy;
+    }
+  };
+
+  auto input = ensure_contiguous(inputs[0]);
+  outputs[0].set_data(cu::malloc_async(outputs[0].nbytes(), encoder));
+
+  encoder.set_input_array(input);
+  encoder.set_output_array(outputs[0]);
+
+  auto capture = encoder.capture_context();
+
+  switch (reduce_type_) {
+    case Sum:
+      distributed::detail::sum_scatter(group(), input, outputs[0], s);
+      break;
+    default:
+      throw std::runtime_error("Only sum scatter is supported. ");
+  }
+}
 } // namespace mlx::core::distributed
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@

 namespace mlx::core::gpu {

-// Can be tuned with MLX_MAX_OPS_PER_BUFFER
-constexpr int default_max_nodes_per_graph = 20;
-
 bool is_available() {
  return true;
 }
@@ -53,8 +50,7 @@ void eval(array& arr) {
    encoder.add_temporary(s);
  }

-  if (encoder.get_num_ops() >=
-      env::max_ops_per_buffer(default_max_nodes_per_graph)) {
+  if (encoder.needs_commit()) {
    scheduler::notify_new_task(stream);
    encoder.add_completed_handler(
        [stream]() { scheduler::notify_task_completion(stream); });
@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ void Event::wait() {
  } else {
    event->atomic->wait(value());
  }
+  CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaPeekAtLastError());
 }

 void Event::wait(Stream s) {
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc.

 #include "mlx/fence.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/allocator.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cuda/device.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/cuda/event.h"

 namespace mlx::core {
@@ -20,8 +22,24 @@ void Fence::wait(Stream s, const array&) {
  fence->event.wait(fence->count);
 }

-void Fence::update(Stream s, const array&) {
+void Fence::update(Stream s, const array& a, bool cross_device) {
  auto* fence = static_cast<FenceImpl*>(fence_.get());
+  if (cross_device) {
+    // Move to managed memory if there is a device switch
+    auto& cbuf =
+        *static_cast<cu::CudaBuffer*>(const_cast<array&>(a).buffer().ptr());
+    if (cbuf.device != -1) {
+      void* new_data;
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMallocManaged(&new_data, cbuf.size));
+      cbuf.device = -1;
+      auto& encoder = cu::device(s.device).get_command_encoder(s);
+      encoder.commit();
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaMemcpyAsync(
+          new_data, cbuf.data, cbuf.size, cudaMemcpyDefault, encoder.stream()));
+      CHECK_CUDA_ERROR(cudaFreeAsync(cbuf.data, encoder.stream()));
+      cbuf.data = new_data;
+    }
+  }
  fence->count++;
  fence->event.signal(s, fence->count);
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Awni Hannun	ac26a4cc0d	Allow some non 2D inputs in qqmm (#2981 )	2026-01-13 15:48:30 -08:00
Awni Hannun	099dcc0f4c	Expose to/from fp8 in Python and don't auto-convert fp8 when loading from safetensors (#2985 )	2026-01-13 15:48:21 -08:00
Awni Hannun	8654b8281d	Don't try to use NAX at run-time if kernels aren't there (#2982 )	2026-01-13 15:47:45 -08:00
MillaFleurs	4160ec10f7	Fix RandomBits::is_equivalent to include width (#2978 ) Co-authored-by: KD2YCU <me@kd2ycu.com> Co-authored-by: Angelos Katharopoulos <katharas@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2026-01-13 12:42:37 -08:00
Evan Quiney	a8197795f5	replace MLX_IBV_COORDINATOR with MLX_JACCL_COORDINATOR (#2986 )	2026-01-13 11:26:25 -08:00
CCYeh	7b1c46982a	fix doc (#2988 )	2026-01-12 13:33:26 -08:00
Anri Lombard	edab937248	Add asarray to __array_namespace__ (#2966 )	2026-01-12 06:16:27 -08:00
CCYeh	46ee0e9068	Fix `grid_dim_x` calculations (#2980 )	2026-01-12 06:16:05 -08:00
Anastasiia Filippova	43341e8d53	Swizzle scales (#2979 )	2026-01-10 15:32:54 -08:00
Ronan Collobert	1596839256	fix array allocator with user buffer and deleter (#2971 )	2026-01-07 10:08:22 -08:00
Anastasiia Filippova	503731727d	QQ linear (#2931 )	2026-01-05 11:20:54 -08:00
Awni Hannun	1680b6fe38	fix numpy dtype bug (#2960 )	2026-01-05 11:20:40 -08:00
1ndig0	1df6c2a009	Fix doc issues in `mlx.nn.init.he_normal` and `mlx.nn.hard_tanh` (#2968 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2026-01-05 07:23:41 -08:00
hwiesmann	8de9ceb7d6	BUG FIX - Addition of missing parameter in random::uniform (#2963 ) Co-authored-by: Hartwig Wiesmann <hartwig.wiesmann@skywind.eu>	2025-12-31 16:02:50 -08:00
Satyam singh	d9b950eb2f	refactor: use time.perf_counter for consistent and accurate benchmarking (#2943 )	2025-12-28 06:16:13 -08:00
Cheng	26dfe4f651	Fetch nanobind with cmake (#2949 )	2025-12-24 10:23:45 +09:00
Cheng	1d21d0e696	[CUDA] Implement gather_mm_rhs (#2902 )	2025-12-24 09:42:56 +09:00
Awni Hannun	1eef1d155c	Metal/CPU nvfp4 and mxfp8 (#2946 )	2025-12-22 20:45:19 -08:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	9cfda1a86e	Fixes in mlx.distributed_config (#2947 )	2025-12-22 17:38:52 -08:00
Patrick Devine	af2fca5b74	Fix float64 size in data_types.rst (#2948 )	2025-12-22 16:24:07 -08:00
Mike Drob	5205de563e	ci: add macOS 26 target (#2937 )	2025-12-22 14:01:58 -06:00
Cheng	b01fc7eac7	Fix stubgen (#2942 )	2025-12-22 09:42:20 +09:00
Awni Hannun	c0fea26ed2	Fix for non row-contig scales (#2941 )	2025-12-21 06:12:41 -08:00
Satyam singh	e6de81c963	refactor: use perf_counter for accurate benchmarking (#2940 )	2025-12-21 06:07:00 -08:00
Cheng	7652f1c152	Make CUDA CI run faster (#2939 )	2025-12-21 07:38:48 +09:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	d9f4d8d508	Fix pid in local launch (#2936 )	2025-12-19 13:09:15 -08:00
Cheng	fc19a08caa	Set install rpath of python bindings with cmake (#2934 )	2025-12-19 16:43:00 +09:00
Cheng	49f774904b	Fix nightly build (#2933 )	2025-12-19 16:42:53 +09:00
Cheng	b2e2b19bf7	Set rpath with cmake for CUDA build (#2932 )	2025-12-19 12:53:38 +09:00
Cheng	ab4dce4e18	Allow dry run for PyPI release workflow (#2928 )	2025-12-19 09:07:50 +09:00
Cheng	c96bd7d239	Move allocate_workspace to cuda/utils.h (#2923 )	2025-12-19 09:07:22 +09:00
Awni Hannun	4b88f859b6	Fix CUDA pypi release (#2929 )	2025-12-18 13:43:43 -08:00
Awni Hannun	32cd28a10e	patch bump (#2927 )	2025-12-18 12:15:59 -08:00
Melissa Kilby	ff26b00cb1	new[CI]: add linux sanitizer tests (#2860 ) Signed-off-by: Melissa Kilby <mkilby@apple.com>	2025-12-18 12:15:26 -08:00
Awni Hannun	7ddeb70057	fix cuda release part 2 (#2926 )	2025-12-17 22:14:21 -08:00
CCYeh	1fc313db9d	Metal logging (#2904 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2025-12-17 20:48:07 -08:00
Awni Hannun	f06a45f967	Fix cuda release (#2925 )	2025-12-17 20:20:12 -08:00
Awni Hannun	116fda628e	Faster copy for col contig to row contig (#2917 )	2025-12-17 19:21:05 -08:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	ca731f48b8	Bump the patch version (#2922 )	2025-12-17 18:06:40 -08:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	c215b6f88c	Fix warnings for the NAX build (#2921 )	2025-12-17 15:58:59 -08:00
Jagrit Digani	3cc9f506bd	Add JIT support for NAX kernels (#2916 )	2025-12-17 13:40:40 -08:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	9194ec20a8	Thunderbolt RDMA communications backend (#2808 )	2025-12-17 11:27:54 -08:00
Anastasiia Filippova	4cf5b29fc5	qqmm (#2789 ) Co-authored-by: root <root@bolt-t9a77vmteu-94s9t6ymth.bolt-pods.turi-bolt.svc.cluster.local> Co-authored-by: root <root@bolt-5azkyvd8ga-kgfzk84y6m.bolt-pods.turi-bolt.svc.cluster.local> Co-authored-by: root <root@bolt-y4nktpaecv-ssnx24rdha.bolt-pods.turi-bolt.svc.cluster.local>	2025-12-16 09:28:28 -08:00
Satyam singh	6b330eb2d5	DOC : Add compile state example (#2910 )	2025-12-16 06:32:58 -08:00
Cheng	f9004103ca	Use CUDA runtime headers from local python package (#2906 )	2025-12-16 08:36:32 +09:00
dependabot[bot]	c2764d1073	Bump actions/download-artifact from 6 to 7 (#2912 ) Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-12-15 06:10:16 -08:00
dependabot[bot]	093a62d2ed	Bump actions/upload-artifact from 5 to 6 (#2911 ) Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-12-15 06:09:55 -08:00
Awni Hannun	1b591ec736	No VJP for mask or sinks in attention (#2909 )	2025-12-13 19:48:39 -08:00
Awni Hannun	47d2505ea9	Fix attention for large sizes (#2903 )	2025-12-13 06:54:30 -08:00
Cheng	bedefed784	Fix ccache getting disabled (#2905 )	2025-12-13 13:00:51 +09:00
Melissa Kilby	ccaaa7d6df	fix: possible heap-buffer-overflow in RandomBits::eval_cpu (#2877 )	2025-12-12 02:11:18 -08:00
Awni Hannun	f3e5ca5414	[CUDA] Add host nodes to subgraph types for graph update (#2901 )	2025-12-11 19:13:44 -08:00
Awni Hannun	81dfe5f137	Fix grad in place updates (#2899 )	2025-12-11 14:44:58 -08:00
Anastasiia Filippova	012fb220a1	fp quantize (#2892 )	2025-12-11 06:11:25 -08:00
Nathan Goldbaum	e1fee0074b	Update nanobind pin to most recent version (#2896 )	2025-12-11 06:07:36 -08:00
CCYeh	3c8ce9b00e	Fix input buffer donation in compile (#2897 )	2025-12-11 06:07:03 -08:00
David Koski	937ce79660	do not use simd neon intrinsics on x86 (#2893 )	2025-12-10 12:23:28 -08:00
Nathan Goldbaum	208f5441a7	bump minimum required Python version (#2891 )	2025-12-09 16:54:38 -08:00
Awni Hannun	b862d842e1	Allow events in sub graph to be updatable (#2886 )	2025-12-09 12:34:37 -08:00
Satyam singh	f7a400951a	Fix docs: replace mx.random.randn with mx.random.normal (#2890 )	2025-12-09 11:46:30 -08:00
Awni Hannun	27232db1ba	[CUDA] Enable more graphs to be updatable (#2883 )	2025-12-08 06:18:01 -08:00
Awni Hannun	a4b3bc969b	Try not to fail when there should be memory available (#2869 )	2025-12-07 06:11:00 -08:00
Awni Hannun	667c0f3bb9	[Metal] No copy array init (#2875 )	2025-12-05 13:36:45 -08:00
Cheng	6245824d42	Make allocator::malloc throw on allocation failure (#2874 )	2025-12-05 17:44:38 +09:00
Awni Hannun	39289ef025	[CUDA] Release build for cuda 13 (#2872 )	2025-12-04 21:42:26 -08:00
Awni Hannun	aefc9bd3f6	[CUDA] Faster general copy (#2873 )	2025-12-04 21:42:15 -08:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	997cfc7699	Add a 2-pass col reduce for CUDA (#2863 )	2025-12-04 15:53:59 -08:00
Awni Hannun	1fa8dc5797	Do a PyPi release for cuda on arm (#2866 )	2025-12-04 15:28:29 -08:00
Awni Hannun	a6d6717181	fix compile copying (#2871 )	2025-12-04 12:32:56 -08:00
Awni Hannun	941cfe23d7	Layer norm throws on dimension mismatch (#2870 )	2025-12-04 11:21:05 -08:00
romanoneg	9abb0b8123	Added support for pytree types that inherit from tuple and typing.namedtuple (#2845 )	2025-12-04 11:06:45 -08:00
Tian En "TianHeng	50d3914c67	Update gumbel function signature parameters (#2868 )	2025-12-03 15:37:35 -08:00
Awni Hannun	cacbdbf995	Fix init from double (#2861 )	2025-12-03 06:08:11 -08:00
Awni Hannun	193cdcd81a	Fix graph updating (#2857 )	2025-12-02 17:12:24 -08:00
Awni Hannun	d8ceae7b77	Reduce JVP (#2854 )	2025-12-02 16:17:47 -08:00
Awni Hannun	eff0e31f00	Fix export scatters (#2852 )	2025-12-02 11:24:40 -08:00
Awni Hannun	6c5785bc2f	use thread local cpature mode (#2850 )	2025-12-01 19:02:47 -08:00
CCYeh	8879ee00eb	Support more `Numpy` interfaces for `masked_scatter` (#2832 )	2025-12-01 17:51:02 -08:00
Cheng	6e762fe2e2	[CUDA] Migrate conv code to new cuDNN APIs (#2847 )	2025-12-02 07:55:43 +09:00
Cheng	2b95d0c270	[CUDA] Use cuDNN attention when T_q != T_kv (#2843 )	2025-11-27 09:58:43 +09:00
Chaoran Yu	b054838780	Added clarification to apply_fn parameter of apply_to_modules (#2831 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2025-11-26 15:40:56 -08:00
Awni Hannun	dd79d3c465	[CUDA] Faster rms norm for small dimension (#2838 )	2025-11-26 15:10:41 -08:00
Cheng	704fd1ae28	[CUDA] Support array mask in SDPA (#2822 )	2025-11-26 11:08:58 +09:00
Cheng	c9f4dc851f	Merge build-cuda and build-linux actions (#2783 )	2025-11-25 20:06:42 +09:00
Cheng	f8bd675655	[CUDA] Output of SDPA should have same layout with inputs (#2826 )	2025-11-25 15:22:58 +09:00
Cheng	23a9168d34	[CUDA] Add debug env to save cuda graphs to dot files (#2825 )	2025-11-25 15:22:36 +09:00
Awni Hannun	bca205e287	[CUDA] Exit on crash and more helpful errors (#2830 )	2025-11-24 19:46:03 -08:00
CCYeh	1d4eacb737	Fix `mx.core.linspace` type annotation (#2820 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni.hannun@gmail.com>	2025-11-24 14:15:08 -08:00
dependabot[bot]	8abd37ad05	Bump actions/checkout from 5 to 6 (#2828 ) Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-11-24 06:04:46 -08:00
Andrey Portnoy	3e05cea9f8	Force cudaGraphExec reinstantiation when clusters are used (#2813 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2025-11-22 12:43:49 -08:00
CCYeh	5b0f047226	Fix `mx.core.load` type annotation (#2819 )	2025-11-22 11:09:44 -08:00
Harsh Sutaria	618c87af8c	Add float64 Eig and complex64 SVD/Eig support (Fixes #2708 ) (#2737 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni.hannun@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2025-11-22 06:51:36 -08:00
Cheng	d5f61a93fa	Fix typo: refs/head/main => refs/heads/main (#2818 )	2025-11-22 09:43:35 +09:00
Awni Hannun	4a09264236	Tolerance for some ops tests on cuda (#2815 )	2025-11-21 16:06:16 -08:00
Awni Hannun	0dbc7e5bee	Centralize NAX condition (#2811 )	2025-11-21 13:28:15 -08:00
Awni Hannun	0d68efd461	patch bump for future version (#2804 )	2025-11-20 09:26:20 -08:00
Awni Hannun	f9e1a14135	[CUDA] Partly fix random for large sizes (#2798 )	2025-11-20 07:27:50 -08:00
Awni Hannun	d8e9ded928	Fix cuda allocator copy condition (#2800 )	2025-11-20 07:06:55 -08:00
Awni Hannun	60939d010c	Fix macos release target and linux arm release (#2802 )	2025-11-19 21:37:50 -08:00
Awni Hannun	fdcd2923fd	patch + fix docs build (#2799 )	2025-11-19 16:16:26 -08:00
Jagrit Digani	54f1cc6e3e	Add Neural Accelerator Support (#2772 )	2025-11-19 15:06:00 -08:00
CCYeh	b3825ac149	Add Masked Scatter (#2663 ) Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com> Co-authored-by: Angelos Katharopoulos <katharas@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Angelos Katharopoulos <a_katharopoulos@apple.com>	2025-11-19 14:53:32 -08:00
Awni Hannun	7f4b7e553c	version (#2797 )	2025-11-19 14:11:16 -08:00
Awni Hannun	ad16f41a7f	Fix version tag (#2790 )	2025-11-19 08:55:57 -08:00
Awni Hannun	f46877bc08	more accurate rope fallback (#2792 )	2025-11-19 06:07:21 -08:00
Cheng	6f35017d1b	[CUDA] cuDNN backward attention (#2762 )	2025-11-19 08:13:50 +09:00
Awni Hannun	b167f0df1c	build docs on linux (#2787 )	2025-11-18 08:01:03 -08:00
Cheng	a9f0d6b160	Avoid duplicate CI runs when starting a PR from upstream branch (#2788 )	2025-11-18 15:16:25 +09:00
Cheng	940f4c7818	Fix building with CUDA < 12.8 (#2782 )	2025-11-18 12:55:19 +09:00
Cheng	35f81728f1	Remove unneeded tests in nightly build (#2786 )	2025-11-18 08:09:58 +09:00
Cheng	4442ed86c1	Fix nightly build (#2785 )	2025-11-18 08:07:51 +09:00
Cheng	698559c231	Test every commit in main branch (#2781 )	2025-11-18 08:07:22 +09:00
Cheng	ecc4879b07	Do not run CPU tests in CUDA builds (#2784 )	2025-11-18 07:27:09 +09:00
Cheng	32b18d8b66	Use std::optional for mask_arr arg (#2763 )	2025-11-17 10:43:33 +09:00
Cheng	472c43a0c8	Build and test with multiple CUDA versions (#2780 )	2025-11-17 09:19:02 +09:00
Cheng	b7214ff01e	Remove pip cache in GitHub Actions (#2776 ) * Correctly set pip cache key * [Debug] Try disabling pip cache	2025-11-17 08:19:59 +09:00
Cheng	76414c8971	Run CI for pushes (#2777 )	2025-11-17 07:19:01 +09:00
Awni Hannun	49e4566df3	fix release 2 (#2767 ) * fix release 2 * login * fix	2025-11-16 11:39:53 -08:00
Awni Hannun	aad49f932f	[CUDA] Tune ops per buffer based on device (#2761 ) * tune ops per buffer based on device * tune memory limit as well * add tuning for spark	2025-11-16 06:29:49 -08:00
Cheng	86765cce34	Use ccache in GitHub Actions (#2773 ) * Remove unnecessary steps * Use ccache * Log when using ccache * Set max-size to 1GB * Pass --no-build-isolation * Remove more unused things	2025-11-16 07:58:14 +09:00
Cheng	1bedcbd556	Fix warnings with cmake 4.1 (#2774 )	2025-11-16 07:12:47 +09:00
Cheng	9ac7dbe877	Fix MPI distributed tests with CUDA backend (#2775 )	2025-11-16 07:12:18 +09:00
Awni Hannun	1bf605d56d	use arch specific targets when possible (#2771 )	2025-11-14 20:04:18 -08:00
Cheng	3c622ddd1d	Separate test-linux from build-linux/cuda in GitHub Actions (#2765 ) * Separate test-linux from build-linux/cuda in GitHub Actions * Prefer unittest when possible Co-authored-by: Mike Drob <mdrob@apache.org> --------- Co-authored-by: Mike Drob <mdrob@apache.org>	2025-11-15 11:14:09 +09:00
Awni Hannun	27ff069175	Fix exporting with constants (#2769 )	2025-11-14 12:52:08 -08:00
Cheng	3b2ffcefc3	[CUDA] cuDNN forward attention (#2743 ) * Separate sdpa kernels in another file * Initial support for cuDNN SDPA * Diable a few corner cases * Remove scaled_dot_product_attention.h * Use cuDNN attention for prefilling * cuDNN SDPA requires Ampere and later * Address reviews * Do contiguous copy of inputs	2025-11-14 09:23:56 +09:00
Awni Hannun	b65f882df3	fix release (#2759 )	2025-11-13 15:34:01 -08:00
Cheng	b704e9e77a	[CUDA] Check CUDA error in synchronize (#2757 )	2025-11-14 07:10:23 +09:00
Awni Hannun	66519fb348	fix slice (#2758 )	2025-11-13 11:30:02 -08:00
Awni Hannun	8973550ff3	export custom kernel (#2756 )	2025-11-13 11:29:50 -08:00
Mike Drob	3f866be665	minor debugging for publishing (#2739 ) * minor debugging for publishing * fix logic	2025-11-12 06:33:39 -08:00
Awni Hannun	23f81ed1c1	Linux on arm (#2751 ) * try linux on arm * ssh * fix	2025-11-11 11:41:14 -08:00
wrmsr	3fe2250c00	Fix irregular_strides benchmark shape type (#2754 )	2025-11-11 11:40:22 -08:00
Awni Hannun	047114b988	remove circle (#2753 )	2025-11-11 11:39:47 -08:00
wrmsr	9320eb89a8	Fix dequantize python sig (dtype default) (#2752 )	2025-11-11 09:55:24 -08:00
Awni Hannun	75819d70ea	patch bump (#2750 )	2025-11-11 08:49:14 -08:00
Awni Hannun	60d80a3728	fix release builds (#2746 )	2025-11-11 07:44:30 -08:00
Pedro Cuenca	eba6a9d163	Compatibility with pip-installed openmpi (#2741 )	2025-11-07 16:58:31 -08:00
CCYeh	be9e2aebd6	Shapeless support for `zeros/ones_like` (#2726 ) * shapeless support for zeros/ones_like * Improvements * fix access after moved	2025-11-06 19:12:20 -08:00
Awni Hannun	df58b4133a	[CUDA] Reduce use of managed memory (#2725 ) * Use async cuda malloc managed with cuda 13 * add pool threshold * refactor for regular cuda malloc * load eval gpu for cuda * remove use of cuda pool, use cuda free async * fix * fix * fix * fix * fix + comment	2025-11-05 16:05:23 -08:00
Anastasiia Filippova	27778156dc	Nccl reduce scatter, all gather (#2727 ) * Added reduce scatter and all gather for nccl * fix unused import, delete unused file * small fix * deleted useless condition * fixed comments * fix bug in eval_gpu, renamed to sum_scatter, fix docs * final fix docs * remove and * Update mlx/distributed/mpi/mpi.cpp Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni.hannun@gmail.com> * fix broken set input output * fixes set output * typo * fix typo * no cpu, no gpu for reduce scatter --------- Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni.hannun@gmail.com>	2025-11-05 08:21:11 -08:00
Mike Drob	761f901a41	fix property name (#2736 )	2025-11-05 06:31:56 -06:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	6ece97f69b	Make cpu binary_op easily accessible (#2733 )	2025-11-05 01:08:41 -08:00
Awni Hannun	d3bc6a9bff	don't test when doing release (#2734 )	2025-11-04 15:54:23 -08:00
Awni Hannun	26ceb507eb	only build for macos 14 and up (#2731 ) * only build for macos 14 and up * bump metal cpp	2025-11-04 09:44:15 -08:00
Mike Drob	910b3e3299	skip self-hosted runners on forks (#2730 )	2025-11-03 16:22:13 -06:00
Harsh Sutaria	50fa315d18	Fix addmm with empty matrices and beta != 1.0 (#2715 )	2025-11-03 14:16:15 -08:00
AN Long	1ff2b713b6	Check isnan in maximum / minimum with CPU backend (#2652 ) * Check isnan in maximum / minimum with CPU backend * Add tests * fix --------- Co-authored-by: Awni Hannun <awni@apple.com>	2025-11-03 08:51:14 -08:00
Mike Drob	50514a6146	Set up publishing to PyPI and Test-PyPI (#2721 )	2025-11-03 07:20:11 -08:00
Awni Hannun	93d76b0f30	Fix compile multi capture (#2678 ) * fix compile when compiling multiple lambdas with the same capture * add test	2025-11-03 06:33:43 -08:00
David Koski	78678de0cd	add null check -- the bundleIdentifier is optional (#2709 ) * add null check -- the bundleIdentifier is optional * use variable	2025-11-03 06:33:21 -08:00
Melissa Kilby	ed9c6b1117	update: add linux fedora container CI - CPP build test only (#2722 ) * update: add linux_fedora_build_cpp CI - CPP build test only - x86-64 Signed-off-by: Melissa Kilby <mkilby@apple.com> * update: add linux_fedora_build_cpp_aarch64 CI - CPP build test only - arm64 Co-authored-by: Mike Drob <mdrob@apple.com> Signed-off-by: Melissa Kilby <mkilby@apple.com> * update: convert linux_fedora_build_cpp to matrix.arch loop Co-authored-by: Mike Drob <mdrob@apple.com> Signed-off-by: Melissa Kilby <mkilby@apple.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Melissa Kilby <mkilby@apple.com> Co-authored-by: Mike Drob <mdrob@apple.com>	2025-11-03 06:33:00 -08:00
Awni Hannun	39b04ce638	use faster dequant for fp4 qmv (#2720 )	2025-10-31 11:49:59 -07:00
Mike Drob	d9e6349657	fix docs path (#2719 )	2025-10-30 19:12:49 -05:00
Angelos Katharopoulos	b901a9f311	Fix the order of hosts in the ring (#2718 )	2025-10-30 15:02:39 -07:00
Awni Hannun	68c5fa1c95	fix memory count bug (#2717 )	2025-10-30 14:27:15 -07:00
Christopher Webb	793a31eeb6	Fix missing domain_uuid_key in thunderbolt ring setup (#2682 )	2025-10-30 13:17:20 -07:00
Mike Drob	74c1ed25bb	Migrate CircleCI to GitHub Actions (#2716 ) Co-authored-by: Joseph Heck <j_heck@apple.com>	2025-10-30 12:26:55 -05:00
Awni Hannun	ec72b44417	Add quantize/dequantize for mxfp8 and nvfp4 (#2688 ) * Add quantize/dequantize slow path for mxfp8 and nvfp4 * fast cuda kernel for mx/nv quantization * fallback for cuda < 12.8 (#2697) * format (#2700) * fix (#2701) * metal kernels * docs * fix jit * add default bits and group sizes * improve quant docs * fix output type of mxfp4 matmuls	2025-10-28 16:23:12 -07:00
Melissa Kilby	460691a0e8	fix: linux-{fedora}x86_64-build (#2707 ) Signed-off-by: Melissa Kilby <mkilby@apple.com>	2025-10-27 16:36:08 -07:00
Awni Hannun	969924cc69	Fp8 conversion (#2686 ) * add fp8 e4m3 converters * add cuda * default saturate to min/max * fix for older OS * fix no gpu/cpu * fix saturate * fix compile	2025-10-27 16:35:50 -07:00