Moodle release 4.4.11

Automatically generated installer lang files
weekly release 4.4.10+
2025-10-04 09:02:44 +07:00 · 2025-10-04 00:07:52 +00:00 · 2025-10-03 20:02:36 +10:00 · 2025-10-03 14:22:58 +07:00 · 2025-10-02 18:09:54 +07:00 · 2025-10-02 10:49:58 +08:00
1089 changed files with 13130 additions and 4209 deletions
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ env:

 jobs:
  Grunt:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04

    steps:
      - name: Checking out code
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        include:
          # MySQL builds always run with the lowest PHP supported version.
-          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            php: 8.1
            extensions:
            db: mysqli
          # PostgreSQL builds always run with the highest PHP supported version.
-          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            php: 8.3
            db: pgsql

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 */

 define('CLI_SCRIPT', true);
+define('IGNORE_COMPONENT_CACHE', true);

 require(__DIR__.'/../../config.php');
 require_once($CFG->libdir.'/clilib.php');
@@ -55,13 +55,14 @@ If courseid is set, course module/s will be added into the course.

 Options:
 -f, --file=STRING       Path to the backup file.
-c, --categoryid=INT    ID of the course category to restore to.
-C, --courseid=INT      ID of the course to restore to. This option is ignored if categoryid is set.
+-c, --categoryid=INT    ID of the course category to restore to. This option is ignored when restoring an activity and courseid is set.
+-C, --courseid=INT      ID of the course to restore to. This option is ignored when restoring a course and the categoryid is set.
 -s, --showdebugging     Show developer level debugging information
 -h, --help              Print out this help.

 Example:
-\$sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/php admin/cli/restore_backup.php --file=/path/to/backup/file.mbz --categoryid=1\n
+\$sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/php admin/cli/restore_backup.php --file=/path/to/backup/coursebackup.mbz --categoryid=1\n
+\$sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/php admin/cli/restore_backup.php --file=/path/to/backup/activitybackup.mbz --courseid=1\n
 EOL;

    echo $help;
@@ -84,11 +85,15 @@ if ($options['categoryid']) {
    if (!$category = $DB->get_record('course_categories', ['id' => $options['categoryid']], 'id')) {
        throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcategoryid');
    }
-} else if ($options['courseid']) {
+}
+
+if ($options['courseid']) {
    if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $options['courseid']], 'id')) {
        throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcourseid');
    }
-} else {
+}
+
+if (empty($category) && empty($course)) {
    throw new \moodle_exception('invalidoption');
 }

@@ -100,28 +105,46 @@ $fp = get_file_packer('application/vnd.moodle.backup');
 $fp->extract_to_pathname($options['file'], $path);

 cli_heading(get_string('preprocessingbackupfile'));
-try {
-    list($fullname, $shortname) = restore_dbops::calculate_course_names(0, get_string('restoringcourse', 'backup'),
-        get_string('restoringcourseshortname', 'backup'));

-    if (!empty($course)) {
-        $courseid = $course->id;
-        $rc = new restore_controller($backupdir, $courseid, backup::INTERACTIVE_NO,
-            backup::MODE_GENERAL, $admin->id, backup::TARGET_EXISTING_ADDING);
-    } else {
+try {
+    // Create a temporary restore controller to determine the restore type.
+    $tmprc = new restore_controller($backupdir, SITEID, backup::INTERACTIVE_NO,
+        backup::MODE_GENERAL, $admin->id, backup::TARGET_EXISTING_ADDING);
+    // Restore the backup into a new course if:
+    // - It is a course backup and the category is set.
+    // - It is an activity backup and the course is not set.
+    $restoreasnewcourse = ($tmprc->get_type() === backup::TYPE_1COURSE && !empty($category)) ||
+        ($tmprc->get_type() !== backup::TYPE_1COURSE && empty($course));
+    // Make sure to clean up the temporary restore controller.
+    $tmprc->destroy();
+
+    if ($restoreasnewcourse) {
+        list($fullname, $shortname) = restore_dbops::calculate_course_names(0, get_string('restoringcourse', 'backup'),
+            get_string('restoringcourseshortname', 'backup'));
        $courseid = restore_dbops::create_new_course($fullname, $shortname, $category->id);
        $rc = new restore_controller($backupdir, $courseid, backup::INTERACTIVE_NO,
            backup::MODE_GENERAL, $admin->id, backup::TARGET_NEW_COURSE);
+    } else {
+        $courseid = $course->id;
+        $rc = new restore_controller($backupdir, $courseid, backup::INTERACTIVE_NO,
+            backup::MODE_GENERAL, $admin->id, backup::TARGET_EXISTING_ADDING);
    }
    $rc->execute_precheck();
    $rc->execute_plan();
    $rc->destroy();

-    // Rename course name if the backup is from course module and restore to category.
-    if (empty($course)) {
+    // Rename the course's full and short names with the backup file's original names if the backup file is an activity backup
+    // that is restored to a new course.
+    if ($restoreasnewcourse && $rc->get_type() !== backup::TYPE_1COURSE) {
        $course = get_course($courseid);
-        list($fullname, $shortname) = restore_dbops::calculate_course_names(0, get_string('restoretonewcourse', 'backup'),
-            get_string('newcourse'));
+        $backupinfo = $rc->get_info();
+        $tmpfullname = $backupinfo->original_course_fullname ?? get_string('restoretonewcourse', 'backup');
+        $tmpshortname = $backupinfo->original_course_shortname ?? get_string('newcourse');
+        list($fullname, $shortname) = restore_dbops::calculate_course_names(
+            courseid: 0,
+            fullname: $tmpfullname,
+            shortname: $tmpshortname,
+        );
        $course->fullname = $fullname;
        $course->shortname = $shortname;
        $course->visible = 1;
@@ -4327,6 +4327,7 @@
      <VENDOR name="oracle" version="19" />
    </DATABASE>
    <PHP version="8.1.0" level="required">
+      <RESTRICT function="restrict_php_version_84" message="unsupportedphpversion84" />
    </PHP>
    <PCREUNICODE level="optional">
      <FEEDBACK>
@@ -4522,6 +4523,7 @@
      <VENDOR name="oracle" version="19" />
    </DATABASE>
    <PHP version="8.1.0" level="required">
+      <RESTRICT function="restrict_php_version_84" message="unsupportedphpversion84" />
    </PHP>
    <PCREUNICODE level="optional">
      <FEEDBACK>
@@ -4714,6 +4716,7 @@
      <VENDOR name="mysql" version="8.4" />
      <VENDOR name="postgres" version="14" />
      <VENDOR name="mssql" version="14.0" />
+      <VENDOR name="auroramysql" version="8.0" />
    </DATABASE>
    <PHP version="8.2.0" level="required">
    </PHP>
@@ -4893,6 +4896,208 @@
      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_async_backup" level="recommended">
      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_aurora_version" level="optional">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+    </CUSTOM_CHECKS>
+  </MOODLE>
+  <MOODLE version="5.1" requires="4.2.3">
+    <UNICODE level="required">
+      <FEEDBACK>
+        <ON_ERROR message="unicoderequired" />
+      </FEEDBACK>
+    </UNICODE>
+    <DATABASE level="required">
+      <VENDOR name="mariadb" version="10.11.0" />
+      <VENDOR name="mysql" version="8.4" />
+      <VENDOR name="postgres" version="15" />
+      <VENDOR name="mssql" version="14.0" />
+      <VENDOR name="auroramysql" version="8.0" />
+    </DATABASE>
+    <PHP version="8.2.0" level="required">
+    </PHP>
+    <PCREUNICODE level="optional">
+      <FEEDBACK>
+        <ON_CHECK message="pcreunicodewarning" />
+      </FEEDBACK>
+    </PCREUNICODE>
+    <PHP_EXTENSIONS>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="iconv" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="iconvrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="mbstring" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="mbstringrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="curl" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="curlrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="openssl" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="opensslrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="tokenizer" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="tokenizerrecommended" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="soap" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="soaprecommended" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="ctype" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="ctyperequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="zip" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="ziprequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="zlib" level="required">
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="gd" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="gdrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="simplexml" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="simplexmlrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="spl" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="splrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="pcre" level="required">
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="dom" level="required">
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="xml" level="required">
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="xmlreader" level="required">
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="intl" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="intlrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="json" level="required">
+      </PHP_EXTENSION>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="hash" level="required"/>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="fileinfo" level="required"/>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="sodium" level="required"/>
+      <PHP_EXTENSION name="exif" level="optional"/>
+    </PHP_EXTENSIONS>
+    <PHP_SETTINGS>
+      <PHP_SETTING name="memory_limit" value="96M" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="settingmemorylimit" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_SETTING>
+      <PHP_SETTING name="file_uploads" value="1" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="settingfileuploads" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_SETTING>
+      <PHP_SETTING name="opcache.enable" value="1" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="opcacherecommended" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_SETTING>
+      <PHP_SETTING name="zend.exception_ignore_args" value="1" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="settingzendexceptionignoreargs" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </PHP_SETTING>
+    </PHP_SETTINGS>
+    <CUSTOM_CHECKS>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_database_storage_engine" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="unsupporteddbstorageengine" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="question/engine/upgrade/upgradelib.php" function="quiz_attempts_upgraded" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="quizattemptsupgradedmessage" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_slasharguments" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="slashargumentswarning" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_database_tables_row_format" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="unsupporteddbtablerowformat" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_unoconv_version" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="unoconvwarning" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_libcurl_version" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="libcurlwarning" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_mysql_file_format" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="unsupporteddbfileformat" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_mysql_file_per_table" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="unsupporteddbfilepertable" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_mysql_large_prefix" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="unsupporteddblargeprefix" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_is_https" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="ishttpswarning" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_mysql_incomplete_unicode_support" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="incompleteunicodesupport" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_sixtyfour_bits" level="required">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_ERROR message="sixtyfourbitsrequired" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_max_input_vars" level="optional">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_admin_dir_usage" level="optional">
+        <FEEDBACK>
+          <ON_CHECK message="iscustomadminwarnings" />
+        </FEEDBACK>
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_xmlrpc_usage" level="optional">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_mod_assignment" level="required">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_db_prefix_length" level="required">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_async_backup" level="recommended">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
+      <CUSTOM_CHECK file="lib/upgradelib.php" function="check_aurora_version" level="optional">
+      </CUSTOM_CHECK>
    </CUSTOM_CHECKS>
  </MOODLE>
 </COMPATIBILITY_MATRIX>
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */

+define('IGNORE_COMPONENT_CACHE', true);
+
 require_once('../config.php');
 require_once($CFG->libdir.'/adminlib.php');

@@ -2180,10 +2180,11 @@ class core_admin_renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {

        $output = '';
        $output .= $this->header();
-        $output .= $this->container_start('upgradekeyreq');
        $output .= $this->heading(get_string('upgradekeyreq', 'core_admin'));
+        $output .= $this->container_start('upgradekeyreq w-25');
        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('form', array('method' => 'POST', 'action' => $url));
        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', [
+            'id' => 'upgradekey',
            'name' => 'upgradekey',
            'type' => 'password',
            'class' => 'form-control w-auto',
@@ -51,6 +51,14 @@ if ($hassiteconfig) {

        $temp->add(new admin_setting_countrycodes('allcountrycodes', new lang_string('allcountrycodes', 'core_admin'),
            new lang_string('configallcountrycodes', 'core_admin')));
+
+        $temp->add(new admin_setting_configtext(
+            'geopluginapikey',
+            new lang_string('geopluginapikey', 'core_admin'),
+            new lang_string('geopluginapikey_desc', 'core_admin'),
+            '',
+            PARAM_TEXT,
+        ));
    }

    $ADMIN->add('location', $temp);
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ class behat_admin extends behat_base {

            $this->execute('behat_forms::i_set_the_field_with_xpath_to', [$fieldxpath, $value]);
            $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", [get_string('savechanges'), 'button']);
+            // Wait for the page to be redirected.
+            $this->execute("behat_general::i_wait_to_be_redirected");
        }
    }

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ Feature: Verify the breadcrumbs in webservice tokens site administration pages
    And "Manage tokens" "link" should exist in the ".breadcrumb" "css_element"
    And "Web services" "link" should exist in the ".breadcrumb" "css_element"
    And I set the field "User" to "John Doe"
+    And I set the field "Service" to "Moodle mobile web service"
    And I press "Save changes"
    When I click on "Delete" "link"
    Then "Delete token" "text" should exist in the ".breadcrumb" "css_element"
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+@tool @tool_analytics
+Feature: Manager can obtain prediction models insights
+  In order to view prediction models insights
+  As a manager
+  I should be able to obtain the prediction models insights
+
+  Background:
+    Given the following "users" exist:
+      | username | firstname | lastname | email          |
+      | s1       | Student   | One      | s1@example.com |
+      | m1       | Manager   | One      | m1@example.com |
+      | m2       | Manager   | Two      | m2@example.com |
+      | t1       | Teacher   | One      | t1@example.com |
+    And the following "role assigns" exist:
+      | user | role    | contextlevel | reference |
+      | m1   | manager | System       |           |
+      | m2   | manager | System       |           |
+    # To ensure that course start date is in the future, set course start date to "tomorrow".
+    And the following "courses" exist:
+      | fullname | shortname | startdate    |
+      | Course 1 | C1        | ##tomorrow## |
+      | Course 2 | C2        | ##tomorrow## |
+      | Course 3 | C3        | ##tomorrow## |
+    And the following "course enrolments" exist:
+      | user | course | role           |
+      | s1   | C1     | student        |
+      | s1   | C2     | student        |
+      | s1   | C3     | student        |
+      | t1   | C3     | editingteacher |
+    # Disable "Analytics processes execution via command line only".
+    And the following config values are set as admin:
+      | onlycli         | 0 | analytics |
+
+  @javascript
+  Scenario: Manager can obtain prediction models insights
+    Given I log in as "m1"
+    And I navigate to "Analytics > Analytics models" in site administration
+    And I click on "Actions" "link" in the "Courses at risk of not starting" "table_row"
+    And I click on "Execute scheduled analysis" "link" in the "Courses at risk of not starting" "table_row"
+    And I press "Continue"
+    When I select "All predictions" from the "contextid" singleselect
+    # Confirm that only courses without teachers, Course 1 and Course 2, are listed.
+    Then "Course 1" "text" should exist
+    And "Course 2" "text" should exist
+    And "Course 3" "text" should not exist
+    And I click on "Select Course 1 for bulk action" "checkbox"
+    And I press "Not applicable"
+    And I press "Confirm"
+    # After m1 marks Course 1 as Not applicable, only Course 2 should be listed in the predictions for manager 1.
+    And "Course 1" "text" should not exist
+    And "Course 2" "text" should exist
+    And I log in as "m2"
+    And I click on ".popover-region-notifications" "css_element"
+    # Notification of new insight exists.
+    And "Upcoming courses have no teachers or students" "text" should exist
+    And I click on "View full notification" "link" in the ".popover-region-notifications" "css_element"
+    And I click on "View insight" "link"
+    # Course 1, previously marked as Not applicable by manager 1, is still listed for manager 2.
+    And "Course 1" "text" should exist
+    And I click on "View details" "link" in the "Course 1" "table_row"
+    # Prediction details and indicators are displayed for the selected course.
+    And the following should exist in the "insights-list" table:
+      | Description |
+      | Course 1    |
+    And the following should exist in the "prediction-calculations" table:
+      |            -1-       | -2- |
+      | Teacher availability | No  |
+      | Student enrolments   | Yes |
+    # Date of prediction analysis execution.
+    And "##today##%A, %d %B %Y##" "text" should exist in the "Time predicted" "table_row"
+    And I click on "Select Course 1 for bulk action" "checkbox"
+    And I press "Accept"
+    And I press "Confirm"
+    # Verify that you end up on the page listing predictions for 'No teaching'.
+    And "Courses at risk of not starting" "text" should exist
+    And "The following courses due to start in the upcoming days are at risk of not starting because they don't have teachers or students enrolled." "text" should exist
+    And the following should not exist in the "insights-list" table:
+      | Description |
+      | Course 1    |
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ if (function_exists('opcache_reset')) {
 define('CLI_SCRIPT', true);
 define('CACHE_DISABLE_ALL', true);

+// It makes no sense to use BEHAT_CLI for this script (the Behat launch scripts expect to start
+// from the normal environment), so in case user has set tne environment variable, disable it.
+putenv('BEHAT_CLI=0');
+
 // Basic functions.
 require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../../../lib/clilib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../../../lib/behat/lib.php');
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ define('ABORT_AFTER_CONFIG', true);
 define('CACHE_DISABLE_ALL', true);
 define('NO_OUTPUT_BUFFERING', true);

+// It makes no sense to use BEHAT_CLI for this script (the Behat launch scripts expect to start
+// from the normal environment), so in case user has set tne environment variable, disable it.
+putenv('BEHAT_CLI=0');
+
 require_once(__DIR__ .'/../../../../config.php');
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/clilib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/behat/lib.php');
@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ define('NO_OUTPUT_BUFFERING', true);
 define('IGNORE_COMPONENT_CACHE', true);
 define('ABORT_AFTER_CONFIG', true);

+// It makes no sense to use BEHAT_CLI for this script (the Behat launch scripts expect to start
+// from the normal environment), so in case user has set tne environment variable, disable it.
+putenv('BEHAT_CLI=0');
+
 require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../../../lib/clilib.php');

 // CLI options.
@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ if (isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'])) {
    die(); // No access from web!.
 }

+// It makes no sense to use BEHAT_CLI for this script (the Behat launch scripts expect to start
+// from the normal environment), so in case user has set tne environment variable, disable it.
+putenv('BEHAT_CLI=0');
+
 // Basic functions.
 require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../../../lib/clilib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../../../lib/behat/lib.php');
@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ use tool_brickfield\local\htmlchecker\common\brickfield_accessibility_test;
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */
 class img_alt_is_too_long extends brickfield_accessibility_test {
-
-    /** @var int The default severity code for this test. */
-    public $defaultseverity = \tool_brickfield\local\htmlchecker\brickfield_accessibility::BA_TEST_SEVERE;
-
    /**
     * The main check function. This is called by the parent class to actually check content.
     */
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ class img_alt_is_too_long extends brickfield_accessibility_test {
        global $alttextlengthlimit;

        foreach ($this->get_all_elements('img') as $img) {
-            $alttextlengthlimit = 125;
+            $alttextlengthlimit = 750;
            if ($img->hasAttribute('alt') && core_text::strlen($img->getAttribute('alt')) > $alttextlengthlimit) {
                $this->add_report($img);
            }
@@ -402,6 +402,8 @@ class manager {
            }
        }

+        $rs->close();
+
        if (count($batchinserts) > 0) {
            $DB->insert_records(self::DB_PROCESS, $batchinserts);
        }
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ $action = optional_param('action', '', PARAM_ALPHA);
 // Handle any single operation actions.
 if ($action == 'requestanalysis') {
    if ($courseid != 0) {
+        require_sesskey();
        scheduler::request_course_analysis($courseid);
        if ($courseid == SITEID) {
            redirect(accessibility::get_plugin_url());
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ $string['checkdesc:headerh3'] = 'Headers following after H3 headers (the editor
 $string['checkdesc:headershavetext'] = 'A header needs to contain text to be perceivable.';
 $string['checkdesc:iisnotused'] = 'Italic (i) elements should not be used; "em" should be used instead.';
 $string['checkdesc:imgaltisdifferent'] = 'Image alt (alternative) text should not be the image filename.';
-$string['checkdesc:imgaltistoolong'] = 'Image alt (alternative) text should not be more than the maximum allowed (125) characters.';
+$string['checkdesc:imgaltistoolong'] = 'Ensure that the image alt (alternative) text is concise enough to describe the image.';
 $string['checkdesc:imgaltnotemptyinanchor'] = 'Image alt (alternative) text should not be empty, especially when the image has a link going elsewhere.';
 $string['checkdesc:imgaltnotplaceholder'] = 'Image alt (alternative) text should not be a simple placeholder text, such as "image".';
 $string['checkdesc:imghasalt'] = 'Image alt (alternative) text should not be missing for image elements, unless purely decorative with no meaning.';
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@

 namespace tool_brickfield\local\htmlchecker\common\checks;

+use tool_brickfield\local\htmlchecker\brickfield_accessibility;
+
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();

 require_once('all_checks.php');
@@ -64,21 +66,21 @@ EOD;
     */
    public static function img_alt_text_provider(): array {
        return [
-            'Alt text <= 125 characters' => [
+            'Alt text <= 750 characters' => [
                true,
-                str_repeat("Hello world!", 10),
+                str_repeat("Hello world!", 60),
            ],
-            'Alt text > 125 characters' => [
+            'Alt text > 750 characters' => [
                false,
-                str_repeat("Hello world!", 25),
+                str_repeat("Hello world!", 65),
            ],
-            'Multi-byte alt text <= 125 characters' => [
+            'Multi-byte alt text <= 750 characters' => [
                true,
-                str_repeat('こんにちは、世界！', 13),
+                str_repeat('こんにちは、世界！', 83),
            ],
-            'Multi-byte alt text > 125 characters' => [
+            'Multi-byte alt text > 750 characters' => [
                false,
-                str_repeat('こんにちは、世界！', 30),
+                str_repeat('こんにちは、世界！', 90),
            ],
        ];
    }
@@ -96,7 +98,18 @@ EOD;
        if ($expectedpass) {
            $this->assertEmpty($results);
        } else {
-            $this->assertTrue($results[0]->element->tagName === 'img');
+            $this->assertEquals('img', $results[0]->element->tagName);
        }
    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the severity of the {@see img_alt_is_too_long} check.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function test_severity(): void {
+        $html = $this->get_test_html('Some alt text');
+        $checker = new brickfield_accessibility($html, 'brickfield', 'string');
+        $this->assertEquals(brickfield_accessibility::BA_TEST_SUGGESTION, $checker->get_test_severity(img_alt_is_too_long::class));
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+// This file is part of Moodle - https://moodle.org/
+//
+// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Moodle.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+namespace tool_capability;
+
+// phpcs:disable moodle.PHPUnit.TestCaseProvider.dataProviderSyntaxMethodNotFound
+
+/**
+ * Detect common problems in capability definitions of plugins.
+ *
+ * @group     plugin_checks
+ * @package   tool_capability
+ * @copyright 2025 Petr Skoda
+ * @license   https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
+ */
+final class plugin_checks_test extends \core\tests\plugin_checks_testcase {
+    /**
+     * Verify contents of plugin db/access.php file.
+     *
+     * @dataProvider all_plugins_provider
+     * @coversNothing
+     *
+     * @param string $component
+     * @param string $plugintype
+     * @param string $pluginname
+     * @param string $dir
+     */
+    public function test_db_access_file(string $component, string $plugintype, string $pluginname, string $dir): void {
+        global $CFG;
+
+        $stringmanager = get_string_manager();
+        $corerolefile = "$CFG->dirroot/lang/en/role.php";
+        $langfile = "$dir/lang/en/$component.php";
+
+        $file = "$dir/db/access.php";
+        $capabilities = $this->fetch_array_from_file($file, 'capabilities');
+        if (!$capabilities) {
+            $this->expectNotToPerformAssertions();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($capabilities as $capname => $capability) {
+            if ($plugintype === 'qbank' && str_starts_with($capname, 'moodle/question:')) {
+                // Question bank capabilities are irregular.
+                $strname = explode('/', $capname, 2)[1];
+                $this->assertTrue($stringmanager->string_exists($strname, 'core_role'),
+                    "Missing capability name string '$strname' in $corerolefile");
+                continue;
+            }
+            $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression("|^$plugintype/$pluginname:[a-z0-9_]+$|", $capname);
+            $strname = substr($capname, strlen($plugintype) + 1);
+            $this->assertTrue($stringmanager->string_exists($strname, $component),
+                "Missing capability name string '$strname' in $langfile");
+            $this->assertSame($capname, clean_param($capname, PARAM_CAPABILITY));
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class cohort_role_assignments_table extends table_sql {
     * @return array containing sql to use and an array of params.
     */
    protected function get_sql_and_params($count = false) {
-        $fields = 'uca.id, uca.cohortid, uca.userid, uca.roleid, ';
+        $fields = 'uca.id, uca.cohortid, uca.userid, uca.roleid, r.shortname AS rolename, ';
        $fields .= 'c.name as cohortname, c.idnumber as cohortidnumber, c.contextid as cohortcontextid, ';
        $fields .= 'c.visible as cohortvisible, c.description as cohortdescription, c.theme as cohorttheme';

@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ class cohort_role_assignments_table extends table_sql {
        $sql = "SELECT $select
                   FROM {tool_cohortroles} uca
                   JOIN {user} u ON u.id = uca.userid
+                   JOIN {role} r ON r.id = uca.roleid
                   JOIN {cohort} c ON c.id = uca.cohortid";

        // Check if any additional filtering is required.
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ class expired_contexts_manager {
            $expiredcontext = new expired_context(0, $orphan);
            $expiredcontext->delete();
        }
+        $orphaned->close();

        // Delete any child of a user context.
        $parentpath = $DB->sql_concat('ctxuser.path', "'/%'");
@@ -143,6 +144,7 @@ class expired_contexts_manager {
            $expiredcontext = new expired_context(0, $child);
            $expiredcontext->delete();
        }
+        $userchildren->close();
    }

    /**
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ $string['dporolemapping'] = 'Privacy officer role mapping';
 $string['dporolemapping_desc'] = 'The privacy officer can manage data requests. The capability tool/dataprivacy:managedatarequests must be allowed for a role to be listed as a privacy officer role mapping option.';
 $string['editcategories'] = 'Edit categories';
 $string['editcategory'] = 'Edit category';
-$string['editcategories'] = 'Edit categories';
 $string['editdefaults'] = 'Edit defaults: {$a}';
 $string['editmoduledefaults'] = 'Edit module defaults';
 $string['editpurpose'] = 'Edit purpose';
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ Feature: See the competencies for an activity on the course competencies page.
  In order to see only the competencies for an activity in the course competencies page.

  Background:
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Test-Framework | ID-FW1 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | Test-Comp1 | ID-FW1 |
-      | Test-Comp2 | ID-FW1 |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Test-Framework | ID-FW1   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname  | competencyframework |
+      | Test-Comp1 | ID-FW1              |
+      | Test-Comp2 | ID-FW1              |
    Given the following "courses" exist:
      | shortname | fullname   | enablecompletion |
      | C1        | Course 1   | 1                |
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ Feature: See the competencies for an activity on the course competencies page.
    When I follow "Competencies"
    Then I should see "Test-Comp1"
    And I should see "Test-Comp2"
-    And I set the field "Filter competencies by resource or activity" to "PageName1"
+    And I set the competency filter "Filter competencies by resource or activity" to "PageName1"
    And I press the enter key
    And I should see "Test-Comp1"
    And I should not see "Test-Comp2"
-    And I set the field "Filter competencies by resource or activity" to "PageName2"
+    And I set the competency filter "Filter competencies by resource or activity" to "PageName2"
    And I press the enter key
    And I should not see "Test-Comp1"
    And I should not see "Test-Comp2"
@@ -29,18 +29,18 @@ Feature: Manage competency frameworks
    And I should see "Science Year-1"

  Scenario: Read a framework
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Science Year-2 | sc-y-2 |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Science Year-2 | sc-y-2   |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Competency frameworks" in site administration
    And I should see "Science Year-2"
    When I click on "Science Year-2" "link"
    Then I should see "Science Year-2"

  Scenario: Edit a framework
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Science Year-3 | sc-y-3 |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Science Year-3 | sc-y-3   |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Competency frameworks" in site administration
    And I should see "Science Year-3"
    And I click on "Edit" of edit menu in the "Science Year-3" row
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ Feature: Manage competency frameworks
    And I should see "sc-y-3"

  Scenario: Delete a framework
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Science Year-4 | sc-y-4 |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Science Year-4 | sc-y-4   |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Competency frameworks" in site administration
    And I should see "Science Year-4"
    And I should see "sc-y-4"
@@ -70,24 +70,24 @@ Feature: Manage competency frameworks
    And I should not see "sc-y-4"

  Scenario: Edit a framework with competencies in user competency
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Science Year-5 | sc-y-5 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | Comp1 | sc-y-5 |
-      | Comp2 | sc-y-5 |
-    And the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Science Year-5 | sc-y-5   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname | competencyframework | idnumber |
+      | Comp1     | sc-y-5              | Comp1    |
+      | Comp2     | sc-y-5              | Comp2    |
+    And the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name           | user  | description      |
      | Plan Science-5 | admin | Plan description |
-    And the following lp "plancompetencies" exist:
-      | plan | competency |
-      | Plan Science-5 | Comp1 |
-      | Plan Science-5 | Comp2 |
-    And the following lp "usercompetencies" exist:
-      | user | competency |
-      | admin | Comp1 |
-      | admin | Comp2 |
+    And the following "core_competency > plan_competency" exist:
+      | plan           | competency |
+      | Plan Science-5 | Comp1      |
+      | Plan Science-5 | Comp2      |
+    And the following "core_competency > user_competency" exist:
+      | user  | competency |
+      | admin | Comp1      |
+      | admin | Comp2      |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Competency frameworks" in site administration
    And I should see "Science Year-5"
    And I click on "Edit" of edit menu in the "Science Year-5" row
@@ -100,24 +100,24 @@ Feature: Manage competency frameworks
    And I should see "sc-y-5"

  Scenario: Edit a framework with competencies in user competency plan
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Science Year-6 | sc-y-6 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | Comp1 | sc-y-6 |
-      | Comp2 | sc-y-6 |
-    And the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Science Year-6 | sc-y-6   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname | competencyframework | idnumber |
+      | Comp1     | sc-y-6              | Comp1    |
+      | Comp2     | sc-y-6              | Comp2    |
+    And the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name           | user  | description      |
      | Plan Science-6 | admin | Plan description |
-    And the following lp "plancompetencies" exist:
-      | plan | competency |
-      | Plan Science-6 | Comp1 |
-      | Plan Science-6 | Comp2 |
-    And the following lp "usercompetencyplans" exist:
-      | user | competency | plan |
-      | admin | Comp1 | Plan Science-6 |
-      | admin | Comp2 | Plan Science-6 |
+    And the following "core_competency > plan_competency" exist:
+      | plan           | competency |
+      | Plan Science-6 | Comp1      |
+      | Plan Science-6 | Comp2      |
+    And the following "core_competency > user_competency_plans" exist:
+      | user  | competency | plan           |
+      | admin | Comp1      | Plan Science-6 |
+      | admin | Comp2      | Plan Science-6 |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Competency frameworks" in site administration
    And I should see "Science Year-6"
    And I click on "Edit" of edit menu in the "Science Year-6" row
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ Feature: Manage competency frameworks
    And I should see "sc-y-6"

  Scenario: Duplicate a competency framework
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
      | shortname | idnumber |
      | CF1       | CF1      |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | C1        | CF1       |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname | competencyframework |
+      | C1        | CF1                 |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Competency frameworks" in site administration
    # Duplicate the selected competency framework
    When I click on "Duplicate" of edit menu in the "CF1" row
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+@tool @tool_lp @tool_lp_plan
+Feature: Admin can create learning plans from template
+  In order to link and unlink a learning plan from a student
+  As an admin
+  I need to be able to create a learning plan from template
+
+  Background:
+    Given the following "users" exist:
+      | username | firstname | lastname | email              |
+      | student1 | Student   | One      | student1@email.com |
+    And the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname | idnumber |
+      | CF1       | CF1      |
+      | CF2       | CF2      |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname        | competencyframework | idnumber |
+      | CF1 Competency 1 | CF1                 | CF1C1    |
+      | CF2 Competency 1 | CF2                 | CF2C1    |
+    And the following "core_competency > templates" exist:
+      | shortname | description       |
+      | LPT1      | LPT 1 description |
+    And the following "core_competency > template_competencies" exist:
+      | template | competency |
+      | LPT1     | CF1C1      |
+
+  @javascript
+  Scenario: Admin can assign competencies from different frameworks to a learning plan
+    Given I log in as "admin"
+    And I navigate to "Competencies > Learning plan templates" in site administration
+    And I follow "LPT1"
+    When I press "Add competencies to learning plan template"
+    # Add another competency from a different framework in the learning plan template.
+    And I set the field with xpath "//select[@data-action='chooseframework']" to "CF2 CF2"
+    And I select "CF2 Competency 1" of the competency tree
+    And I click on "Add" "button" in the "Competency picker" "dialogue"
+    # Confirm that both competencies from different frameworks are successfully added to learning plan template.
+    Then "LPT1" "text" should exist
+    And "Learning plan template competencies" "text" should exist
+    And "CF1 Competency 1" "text" should exist
+    And "CF2 Competency 1" "text" should exist
+
+  @javascript
+  Scenario: Admin can link and unlink learning plans created from template
+    Given I log in as "admin"
+    And I navigate to "Competencies > Learning plan templates" in site administration
+    # Initially, the number of learning plans is 0.
+    And the following should exist in the "generaltable" table:
+      | Name | Learning plans |
+      | LPT1 | 0              |
+    And I click on ".template-userplans" "css_element" in the "LPT1" "table_row"
+    # Create a learning plan for selected student using template.
+    When I set the field "Select users" to "student1"
+    And I press "Create learning plans"
+    # Confirm that selected student is now in the list of learning plans.
+    Then "A learning plan was created" "text" should exist
+    And the following should exist in the "generaltable" table:
+      | Name | Email address      |
+      | LPT1 | student1@email.com |
+    And I click on "LPT1" "link" in the "LPT1" "table_row"
+    # Template title and Unlink from learning plan template link exists.
+    And "Learning plan template" "text" should exist
+    And "Unlink from learning plan template" "link" should exist
+    # Unlink the template.
+    And I click on "Unlink from learning plan template" "link"
+    And I press "Unlink from learning plan template"
+    # Learning plan still exists but Template name and Unlink from learning plan template link no longer exist.
+    And "LPT1" "text" should exist
+    And "Learning plan template" "text" should not exist
+    And "Unlink from learning plan template" "link" should not exist
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    And I should see "Science plan"

  Scenario: Create a learning plan based on template
-    Given the following lp "templates" exist:
-      | shortname | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > templates" exist:
+      | shortname        | description                  |
      | Science template | science template description |
    And I am on homepage
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Learning plan templates" in site administration
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    And I should see "Admin User" in the "Science template" "table_row"

  Scenario: Create a learning plan from template cohort
-    Given the following lp "templates" exist:
-      | shortname | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > templates" exist:
+      | shortname               | description                  |
      | Science template cohort | science template description |
    And the following "users" exist:
      | username | firstname | lastname | email |
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    And I should see "Student 2"

  Scenario: Read a learning plan
-    Given the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name                | user  | description              |
      | Science plan Year-1 | admin | science plan description |
    And I follow "Learning plans"
    And I should see "Science plan Year-1"
@@ -72,16 +72,16 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    And I should see "Learning plan competencies"

  Scenario: Manage a learning plan competencies
-    Given the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name                     | user  | description              |
      | Science plan Year-manage | admin | science plan description |
-    And the following lp "frameworks" exist:
+    And the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
      | shortname | idnumber |
      | Framework 1 | sc-y-2 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | comp1 | sc-y-2 |
-      | comp2 | sc-y-2 |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname | competencyframework |
+      | comp1     | sc-y-2              |
+      | comp2     | sc-y-2              |
    And I follow "Learning plans"
    And I should see "Science plan Year-manage"
    And I follow "Science plan Year-manage"
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    And "comp1" "table_row" should not exist

  Scenario: Edit a learning plan
-    Given the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name                | user  | description              |
      | Science plan Year-2 | admin | science plan description |
      | Science plan Year-3 | admin | science plan description |
    And I follow "Learning plans"
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    And I should see "Science plan Year-3 Edited"

  Scenario: Delete a learning plan
-    Given the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name                | user  | description              |
      | Science plan Year-4 | admin | science plan description |
    And I follow "Learning plans"
    And I should see "Science plan Year-4"
@@ -130,16 +130,16 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan
    Then I should not see "Science plan Year-4"

  Scenario: See a learning plan from a course
-    Given the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name                     | user  | description              |
      | Science plan Year-manage | admin | science plan description |
-    And the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Framework 1 | sc-y-2 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | comp1 | sc-y-2 |
-      | comp2 | sc-y-2 |
+    And the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname   | idnumber |
+      | Framework 1 | sc-y-2   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname | competencyframework |
+      | comp1     | sc-y-2              |
+      | comp2     | sc-y-2              |
    And I follow "Learning plans"
    And I should see "Science plan Year-manage"
    And I follow "Science plan Year-manage"
@@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
      | user1 | usermanageowndraftplan | System |  |
      | user2 | usermanageownplan | System |  |
      | manager1 | manageplan | System |  |
-    And the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Test-Framework | ID-FW1 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | Test-Comp1 | ID-FW1 |
-      | Test-Comp2 | ID-FW1 |
-    And the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
-      | Test-Plan1 | user1 | Description of plan for user 1 |
-      | Test-Plan2 | user2 | Description of plan for user 2 |
-    And the following lp "plancompetencies" exist:
-      | plan | competency |
+    And the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Test-Framework | ID-FW1   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname  | competencyframework | idnumber   |
+      | Test-Comp1 | ID-FW1              | Test-Comp1 |
+      | Test-Comp2 | ID-FW1              | Test-Comp2 |
+    And the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                    | reviewer | status |
+      | Test-Plan1 | user1 | Description of plan for user 1 | user1    | draft  |
+      | Test-Plan2 | user2 | Description of plan for user 2 | user2    | draft  |
+    And the following "core_competency > plan_competency" exist:
+      | plan       | competency |
      | Test-Plan1 | Test-Comp1 |
      | Test-Plan1 | Test-Comp2 |
      | Test-Plan2 | Test-Comp1 |
@@ -89,18 +89,18 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager can see learning plan with status waiting for review
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status             |
      | Test-Plan3 | user2 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | waiting for review |
-      | Test-Plan4 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | draft |
+      | Test-Plan4 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | draft              |
    When I log in as "manager1"
    Then I should see "Test-Plan3"
    And I should not see "Test-Plan4"
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager can start review of learning plan with status waiting for review
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status             |
      | Test-Plan3 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | waiting for review |
    And I log in as "manager1"
    And I follow "Test-Plan3"
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager can reject a learning plan with status in review
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status | reviewer |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status    | reviewer |
      | Test-Plan3 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | in review | manager1 |
    And I log in as "manager1"
    And I follow "Test-Plan3"
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager can accept a learning plan with status in review
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status | reviewer |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status    | reviewer |
      | Test-Plan3 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | in review | manager1 |
    And I log in as "manager1"
    And I follow "Test-Plan3"
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager send back to draft an active learning plan
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status | reviewer |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status | reviewer |
      | Test-Plan3 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | active | manager1 |
      | Test-Plan4 | user1 | Description of plan 4 for user 1 | active | manager1 |
    And I am on the "user1" "user > profile" page logged in as "manager1"
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager change an active learning plan to completed
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status | reviewer |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status | reviewer |
      | Test-Plan3 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | active | manager1 |
      | Test-Plan4 | user1 | Description of plan 4 for user 1 | active | manager1 |
    And I am on the "user1" "user > profile" page logged in as "manager1"
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ Feature: Manage plan workflow
    And I log out

  Scenario: Manager reopen a complete learning plan
-    Given  the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description | status | reviewer |
+    Given the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name       | user  | description                      | status   | reviewer |
      | Test-Plan3 | user1 | Description of plan 3 for user 1 | complete | manager1 |
      | Test-Plan4 | user1 | Description of plan 4 for user 1 | complete | manager1 |
    And I am on the "user1" "user > profile" page logged in as "manager1"
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan templates
    And I should see "Science template"

  Scenario: Read a learning plan template
-    Given the following lp "templates" exist:
-      | shortname | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > templates" exist:
+      | shortname               | description                  |
      | Science template Year-2 | science template description |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Learning plan templates" in site administration
    And I should see "Science template Year-2"
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan templates
    And I should see "Learning plan template competencies"

  Scenario: Edit a learning plan template
-    Given the following lp "templates" exist:
-      | shortname | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > templates" exist:
+      | shortname               | description                  |
      | Science template Year-3 | science template description |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Learning plan templates" in site administration
    And I should see "Science template Year-3"
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ Feature: Manage plearning plan templates
    And I should see "Science template Year-3 Edited"

  Scenario: Delete a learning plan template
-    Given the following lp "templates" exist:
-      | shortname | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > templates" exist:
+      | shortname               | description                  |
      | Science template Year-4 | science template description |
    And I navigate to "Competencies > Learning plan templates" in site administration
    And I should see "Science template Year-4"
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@ Feature: Manage competencies linked to evidence of prior learning
  I need to link and unlink competencies from evidence of prior learning

  Background:
-    Given the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Test-Framework | ID-FW1 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | Test-Comp1 | ID-FW1 |
-      | Test-Comp2 | ID-FW1 |
-    And the following lp "plans" exist:
-      | name | user | description |
+    Given the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname      | idnumber |
+      | Test-Framework | ID-FW1   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname  | competencyframework | idnumber   |
+      | Test-Comp1 | ID-FW1              | Test-Comp1 |
+      | Test-Comp2 | ID-FW1              | Test-Comp2 |
+    And the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
+      | name      | user  | description      |
      | Test-Plan | admin | Plan description |
-    And the following lp "plancompetencies" exist:
-      | plan | competency |
+    And the following "core_competency > plan_competency" exist:
+      | plan      | competency |
      | Test-Plan | Test-Comp1 |
      | Test-Plan | Test-Comp2 |
-    And the following lp "userevidence" exist:
-      | name | description | user |
+    And the following "core_competency > user_evidence" exist:
+      | name          | description          | user  |
      | Test-Evidence | Description evidence | admin |
    When I log in as "admin"
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ Feature: Manage competencies linked to evidence of prior learning
    Then "Test-Comp2" "table_row" should exist

  Scenario: Unlink competency from evidence of prior learning
-    Given the following lp "userevidencecompetencies" exist:
-      | userevidence | competency |
+    Given the following "core_competency > user_evidence_competency" exist:
+      | userevidence  | competency |
      | Test-Evidence | Test-Comp1 |
      | Test-Evidence | Test-Comp2 |
-    Given the following lp "usercompetencies" exist:
-      | user | competency |
+    And the following "core_competency > user_competency" exist:
+      | user  | competency |
      | admin | Test-Comp1 |
      | admin | Test-Comp2 |
    And I follow "Evidence of prior learning"
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ Feature: Manage evidence of prior learning
    And I should see "Evidence-1"

  Scenario: Read an evidence of prior learning
-    Given the following lp "userevidence" exist:
-      | name | description | user |
+    Given the following "core_competency > user_evidence" exist:
+      | name       | description            | user  |
      | Evidence-2 | Evidence-2 description | user1 |
    And I follow "Evidence of prior learning"
    And I should see "List of evidence"
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ Feature: Manage evidence of prior learning
    Then I should see "Evidence-2"

  Scenario: Edit an evidence of prior learning
-    Given the following lp "userevidence" exist:
-      | name | description | user |
+    Given the following "core_competency > user_evidence" exist:
+      | name       | description            | user  |
      | Evidence-3 | Evidence-3 description | user1 |
    And I follow "Evidence of prior learning"
    And I should see "List of evidence"
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ Feature: Manage evidence of prior learning
    And I should see "Evidence-3 Edited"

  Scenario: Delete an evidence of prior learning
-    Given the following lp "userevidence" exist:
-      | name | description | user |
+    Given the following "core_competency > user_evidence" exist:
+      | name       | description            | user  |
      | Evidence-4 | Evidence-4 description | user1 |
    And I follow "Evidence of prior learning"
    And I should see "List of evidence"
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ Feature: Manage evidence of prior learning

  Scenario: List evidences of prior learning
    Given the following "users" exist:
-      | username | firstname | lastname | email |
-      |user2 | User | 2 | user2@example.com |
-    And the following lp "userevidence" exist:
-      | name | description | user |
+      | username | firstname | lastname | email             |
+      | user2    | User      | 2        | user2@example.com |
+    And the following "core_competency > user_evidence" exist:
+      | name       | description            | user  |
      | Evidence-5 | Evidence-5 description | user1 |
      | Evidence-6 | Evidence-6 description | user2 |
    And I follow "Evidence of prior learning"
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ Feature: View competencies
      | competency | relatedcompetency |
      | desserts   | cakes             |
    And the following "core_competency > plans" exist:
-      | name     | description           | competencies            | user     |
-      | Cookery  | Cookery is important  | salads, desserts, cakes | student1 |
-      | Literacy | Literacy is important | reading, writing        | student1 |
+      | name     | description           | competencies            | user     | status |
+      | Cookery  | Cookery is important  | salads, desserts, cakes | student1 | active |
+      | Literacy | Literacy is important | reading, writing        | student1 | active |
    And the following "core_competency > course_competencies" exist:
      | course | competency |
      | C1     | salads     |
@@ -41,6 +41,18 @@ class manager {
    /** @var int */
    const REDIR_LOOP_THRESHOLD = 5;

+    /** @var array These components and related fileareas will not redirect. */
+    const ALLOWED_COMPONENTS = [
+        'core_admin' => [
+            'logocompact',
+            'logo',
+            'favicon',
+        ],
+        'tool_mfa' => [
+            'guidance',
+        ],
+    ];
+
    /**
     * Displays a debug table with current factor information.
     *
@@ -424,6 +436,37 @@ class manager {
            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
        }

+        // Ensure we have a moodle_url object if a string is provided.
+        if (is_string($url)) {
+            $url = new \moodle_url($url);
+        }
+
+        // Check for pluginfile.php urls.
+        $pluginfileurl = new \moodle_url('/pluginfile.php');
+        if ($url->compare($pluginfileurl)) {
+            // Get the slash arguments.
+            $args = explode('/', ltrim($url->get_slashargument(), '/'));
+
+            // Remove the contextid because we do not need it for this check.
+            array_shift($args);
+
+            // Get the component and filearea.
+            $component = clean_param(array_shift($args), PARAM_COMPONENT);
+            $filearea = clean_param(array_shift($args), PARAM_AREA);
+
+            // Check allowed components.
+            if (!array_key_exists($component, static::ALLOWED_COMPONENTS)) {
+                return self::REDIRECT;
+            }
+
+            // Check allowed fileareas.
+            if (!in_array($filearea, static::ALLOWED_COMPONENTS[$component])) {
+                return self::REDIRECT;
+            }
+
+            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
+        }
+
        // Remove all params before comparison.
        $url->remove_all_params();

@@ -442,12 +485,6 @@ class manager {
            }
        }

-        // Dont redirect logo images from pluginfile.php (for example: logo in header).
-        $logourl = new \moodle_url('/pluginfile.php/1/core_admin/logocompact/');
-        if ($url->compare($logourl)) {
-            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
-        }
-
        // Admin not setup.
        if (!empty($CFG->adminsetuppending)) {
            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
@@ -469,12 +506,6 @@ class manager {
            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
        }

-        // Enrolment.
-        $enrol = new \moodle_url('/enrol/index.php');
-        if ($enrol->compare($url, URL_MATCH_BASE)) {
-            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
-        }
-
        // Guest access.
        if (isguestuser()) {
            return self::NO_REDIRECT;
@@ -500,11 +531,8 @@ class manager {
        }

        // WS/AJAX check.
+        // Prevents any potential bypassing of multi-factor authentication.
        if (WS_SERVER || AJAX_SCRIPT) {
-            if (isset($SESSION->mfa_pending) && !empty($SESSION->mfa_pending)) {
-                // Allow AJAX and WS, but never from auth.php.
-                return self::NO_REDIRECT;
-            }
            return self::REDIRECT_EXCEPTION;
        }

@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ class factor_email_renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
        $authurl = new \moodle_url('/admin/tool/mfa/factor/email/email.php',
            ['instance' => $instance->id, 'pass' => 1, 'secret' => $instance->secret]);
        $authurlstring = \html_writer::link($authurl, get_string('email:link', 'factor_email'));
-        $blockurl = new \moodle_url('/admin/tool/mfa/factor/email/email.php', ['instance' => $instanceid]);
+        $blockurl = new \moodle_url('/admin/tool/mfa/factor/email/email.php',
+            ['instance' => $instance->id, 'secret' => $instance->secret]);
        $blockurlstring = \html_writer::link($blockurl, get_string('email:stoploginlink', 'factor_email'));
        $geoinfo = iplookup_find_location($instance->createdfromip);

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ $PAGE->set_cacheable(false);
 $instance = $DB->get_record('tool_mfa', ['id' => $instanceid]);
 $factor = \tool_mfa\plugininfo\factor::get_factor('email');

-// If pass is set, require login to force $SESSION and user, and pass for that session.
+// If pass is set, do checks and pass for this session.
+// Require login to force $SESSION and user, and pass for that session.
 if (!empty($instance) && $pass != 0 && $secret != 0) {
    require_login();
    if ($factor->get_state() === \tool_mfa\plugininfo\factor::STATE_LOCKED) {
@@ -69,8 +70,12 @@ $form = new \factor_email\form\email($url);

 if ($form->is_cancelled()) {
    redirect(new moodle_url('/'));
-} else if ($fromform = $form->get_data()) {
-    if (empty($instance)) {
+}
+
+// If submitted without the pass param, is a cancel request - do checks and revoke email factor.
+if ($fromform = $form->get_data()) {
+    // Only allow revoke attempts from requests with a valid instance and secret.
+    if (empty($instance) || empty($secret) || $instance->secret != $secret) {
        $message = get_string('error:badcode', 'factor_email');
    } else {
        $user = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $instance->userid]);
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ $string['email:loginlink'] = 'Or, if you\'re on the same device, use this {$a}.'
 $string['email:message'] = 'Here\'s your verification code for {$a->sitename} ({$a->siteurl}).';
 $string['email:originatingip'] = 'This login request was made from \'{$a}\'';
 $string['email:revokelink'] = 'If this wasn\'t you, you can {$a}.';
-$string['email:revokesuccess'] = 'This code has been successfully revoked. All sessions for {$a} have been ended.
+$string['email:revokesuccess'] = 'This code has been successfully revoked. All sessions for this user have been ended.
    Email will not be usable as a factor until account security has been verified.';
 $string['email:subject'] = 'Here\'s your verification code';
 $string['email:stoploginlink'] = 'stop this login attempt';
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../../config.php');
 $PAGE->set_context(\context_system::instance());
 $PAGE->set_url(new moodle_url('/admin/tool/mfa/guide.php'));
 $PAGE->set_title(get_string('guidance', 'tool_mfa'));
-$PAGE->set_pagelayout('standard');
+$PAGE->set_pagelayout('secure');

 // If guidance page isn't enabled, just redir back to home.
 if (!get_config('tool_mfa', 'guidance')) {
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ function tool_mfa_after_config(): void {
 /**
 * Serves any files for the guidance page.
 *
- * @param stdClass $course
- * @param stdClass $cm
+ * @param stdClass|null $course
+ * @param stdClass|null $cm
 * @param context $context
 * @param string $filearea
 * @param array $args
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ function tool_mfa_after_config(): void {
 * @param array $options
 * @return bool
 */
-function tool_mfa_pluginfile(stdClass $course, stdClass $cm, context $context, string $filearea,
+function tool_mfa_pluginfile(stdClass|null $course, stdClass|null $cm, context $context, string $filearea,
    array $args, bool $forcedownload, array $options = []): bool {
    // Hardcode to only send guidance files from the top level.
    $fs = get_file_storage();
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@
    {
    }
 }}
-<a href='{{config.wwwroot}}/admin/tool/mfa/guide.php'>
+<a href='{{config.wwwroot}}/admin/tool/mfa/guide.php' target='_blank'>
    {{#str}} guidance, tool_mfa {{/str}}
 </a>
@@ -241,11 +241,6 @@ final class manager_test extends \advanced_testcase {
        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($badurl, false));
        $this->setUser($user);

-        // Enrolment.
-        $enrolurl = new \moodle_url('/enrol/index.php');
-        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($badurl, false));
-        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($enrolurl, false));
-
        // Guest User.
        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($badurl, false));
        $this->setGuestUser();
@@ -266,6 +261,27 @@ final class manager_test extends \advanced_testcase {
        \core\session\manager::loginas($user2->id, $syscontext, false);
        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($badurl, false));
        $this->setUser($user);
+
+        // Access logocompact via pluginfile.
+        $logourl = new \moodle_url('/pluginfile.php/1/core_admin/logocompact/');
+        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($logourl, false));
+
+        // Access logo via pluginfile.
+        $logourl = new \moodle_url('/pluginfile.php/1/core_admin/logo/');
+        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($logourl, false));
+
+        // Access favicon via pluginfile.
+        $logourl = new \moodle_url('/pluginfile.php/1/core_admin/favicon/');
+        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($logourl, false));
+
+        // Access guidance files.
+        $guideurl = new \moodle_url('/pluginfile.php/1/tool_mfa/guidance/0/capybara.png');
+        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::NO_REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($guideurl, false));
+
+        // Access private area.
+        $user3 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user();
+        $privateurl = new \moodle_url("/pluginfile.php/{$user3->id}/user/private/privatefile.png");
+        $this->assertEquals(\tool_mfa\manager::REDIRECT, \tool_mfa\manager::should_require_mfa($privateurl, false));
    }

    /**
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ if (function_exists('opcache_reset')) {

 define('IGNORE_COMPONENT_CACHE', true);

+// It makes no sense to use BEHAT_CLI for this script (you cannot initialise PHPunit starting from
+// the Behat environment), so in case user has set tne environment variable, disable it.
+putenv('BEHAT_CLI=0');
+
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/clilib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/phpunit/bootstraplib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/testing/lib.php');
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ if (isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'])) {

 define('IGNORE_COMPONENT_CACHE', true);

+// It makes no sense to use BEHAT_CLI for this script (you cannot initialise PHPunit starting from
+// the Behat environment), so in case user has set tne environment variable, disable it.
+putenv('BEHAT_CLI=0');
+
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/clilib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/phpunit/bootstraplib.php');
 require_once(__DIR__.'/../../../../lib/testing/lib.php');
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ $string['activate'] = 'Set status to "Active"';
 $string['activating'] = 'Activating a policy';
 $string['activateconfirm'] = '<p>You are about to activate policy <em>\'{$a->name}\'</em> and make the version <em>\'{$a->revision}\'</em> the current one.</p><p>All users will be required to agree to this new policy version to be able to use the site.</p>';
 $string['activateconfirmyes'] = 'Activate';
-$string['agreepolicies'] = 'Please agree to the following policies';
+$string['agreepolicies'] = 'Please agree to the following policies:';
 $string['backtoprevious'] = 'Go back to previous page';
 $string['backtotop'] = 'Back to top';
 $string['cachedef_policy_optional'] = 'Cache of the optional/compulsory flag for policy versions';
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ $string['filterplaceholder'] = 'Search keyword or select filter';
 $string['filterpolicy'] = 'Policy: {$a}';
 $string['guestconsent:continue'] = 'Continue';
 $string['guestconsentmessage'] = 'If you continue browsing this website, you agree to our policies:';
-$string['iagree'] = 'I agree to the {$a}';
-$string['idontagree'] = 'No thanks, I decline {$a}';
+$string['iagree'] = 'I agree to the {$a}.';
+$string['idontagree'] = 'I don\'t agree to the {$a}.';
 $string['iagreetothepolicy'] = 'Give consent';
 $string['inactivate'] = 'Set status to "Inactive"';
 $string['inactivating'] = 'Inactivating a policy';
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ $string['newpolicy'] = 'New policy';
 $string['newversion'] = 'New version';
 $string['noactivepolicies'] = 'There are no policies with an active version.';
 $string['nofiltersapplied'] = 'No filters applied';
-$string['nopermissiontoagreedocs'] = 'No permission to agree to the policies';
+$string['nopermissiontoagreedocs'] = 'No permission to agree to the policies.';
 $string['nopermissiontoagreedocs_desc'] = 'Sorry, you do not have the required permissions to agree to the policies.<br />You will not be able to use this site until the following policies are agreed:';
-$string['nopermissiontoagreedocsbehalf'] = 'No permission to agree to the policies on behalf of this user';
+$string['nopermissiontoagreedocsbehalf'] = 'No permission to agree to the policies on behalf of this user.';
 $string['nopermissiontoagreedocsbehalf_desc'] = 'Sorry, you do not have the required permission to agree to the following policies on behalf of {$a}:';
 $string['nopermissiontoagreedocscontact'] = 'For more help:';
 $string['nopermissiontoviewpolicyversion'] = 'You do not have permissions to view this policy version.';
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
    Then I should see "This site policy"
    And I should not see "Course overview"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "Calendar"
    And I log out
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
    And "Accepted" "text" should exist in the "User One" "table_row"
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
      | tool/policy:acceptbehalf | allow   |
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
    And I click on "1 of 4 (25%)" "link" in the "This site policy" "table_row"
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
      | tool/policy:acceptbehalf | allow   |
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "Calendar"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
@@ -104,16 +104,16 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "Calendar"
    And I log out
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
    And "Accepted" "text" should exist in the "User One" "table_row"
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
    And I click on "Accept This site policy" "link" in the "User One" "table_row"
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
    And I click on "Accept This site policy" "link" in the "User One" "table_row"
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
  Scenario: Policies and agreements profile link visible for current user
    Given I log in as "user1"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    When I follow "Profile" in the user menu
    # User can see his own agreements link in the profile.
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
      | tool/policy:acceptbehalf | allow   |
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    # User can see agreements link in other user profiles because has the capability for accepting on behalf of them.
    When I am on "Course1" course homepage
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
      | tool/policy:acceptbehalf | allow   |
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I log out
    And I am on the "manager" "user > profile" page logged in as "admin"
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
    And I click on "Select" "checkbox" in the "User One" "table_row"
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ Feature: Viewing acceptances reports and accepting on behalf of other users
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should not see "Course overview"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "Calendar"
    And I log out
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
  As a user
  I need to be able to accept site policy during sign up

-  Scenario: Accept policy on sign up, no site policy
+  Scenario: Accept policy on sign up manage by plugin, no site policy
    Given the following config values are set as admin:
      | registerauth    | email |
      | passwordpolicy  | 0     |
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com     |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com     |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -85,23 +85,23 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should see "full text2"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should not see "full text2"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should not see "I understand and agree"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text3"
    And I should see "full text3"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should not see "full text2"
@@ -147,20 +147,20 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should not see "This guests policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "short text4"
    And I should not see "full text4"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should not see "I understand and agree"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -197,23 +197,23 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should see "full text2"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should not see "full text2"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should not see "I understand and agree"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -244,19 +244,19 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    # Confirm that a notification is displayed if none of the policies are accepted.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "0"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "0"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "0"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "0"
    And I press "Next"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "Before continuing you need to acknowledge all these policies."
    # Confirm that a notification is displayed if only some policies are accepted.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "0"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "0"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "Before continuing you need to acknowledge all these policies."

  Scenario: Accept policy on login, do not accept all policies
@@ -276,23 +276,23 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    # Confirm that a notification is displayed if none of the policies are accepted.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "0"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "0"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "0"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "0"
    And I press "Next"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "Before continuing you need to acknowledge all these policies."
    # Confirm that a notification is displayed if only some policies are accepted.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "0"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "0"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "Before continuing you need to acknowledge all these policies."
    # Confirm that user can not browse the site (edit their profile).
    When I follow "Profile" in the user menu
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"

  Scenario: Accept policy on login, accept all policies
    Given the following config values are set as admin:
@@ -311,14 +311,14 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    # User accepts all policies.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
-    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should not see "Before continuing you need to acknowledge all these policies."
    # Confirm that user can login and browse the site (edit their profile).
    When I open my profile in edit mode
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    When I log in as "user1"
    Then I should not see "This site policy"
    And I should not see "This privacy policy"
-    And I should not see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should not see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    # Confirm that user can login and browse the site (edit their profile).
    When I open my profile in edit mode
    Then the field "First name" matches value "User"
@@ -350,14 +350,14 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should see "This privacy policy"
    # User accepts all policies.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
-    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    # Confirm that user can login and browse the site (edit their profile).
    When I open my profile in edit mode
    Then the field "First name" matches value "User"
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should not see "This privacy policy"
    Then I should see "This third parties policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This third parties policy"
    And I set the field "This third parties policy" to "1"
    And I press "Next"
@@ -407,12 +407,12 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I log in as "user1"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    # User accepts policy.
-    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    When I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
-    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    # Confirm that user can login and browse the site (edit their profile).
    When I open my profile in edit mode
    Then the field "First name" matches value "User"
@@ -437,13 +437,13 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text2 new version"
    And I should see "full text2 new version"
    When I press "Next"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy new version"
    And I should see "short text2 new version"
    # User accepts policy.
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy new version" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy new version." to "1"
    When I press "Next"
-    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should not see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    # Confirm that user can login and browse the site (edit their profile).
    When I open my profile in edit mode
    Then the field "First name" matches value "User"
@@ -504,28 +504,28 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text3"
    And I should see "full text3"
    When I press "Next"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should see "This privacy policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text3"
    And I should not see "This guests policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "short text4"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    When I press "Next"
    Then I should not see "I understand and agree"
    And I should see "New account"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    When I press "Create my new account"
    Then I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I follow "Log in"
    When I click on "Create new account" "link"
    # Confirm that the user can view and accept policies when attempting to create another account.
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text3"
    And I should see "full text3"
    When I press "Next"
-    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    Then I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should not see "full text2"
@@ -547,8 +547,8 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should not see "This guests policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "short text4"
    And I should not see "full text4"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    When I press "Next"
    Then I should not see "I understand and agree"
    And I should see "New account"
@@ -572,8 +572,8 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "Please read our This privacy policy"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "Viewing this page on behalf of User 1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I log out
    And I log in as "user1"
@@ -599,15 +599,15 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    When I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This privacy policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I am on the "user1" "user > profile" page
    And I follow "Log in as"
    Then I should see "You are logged in as User 1"
    And I press "Continue"
    And I should see "Policies and agreements"
-    And I should see "No permission to agree to the policies on behalf of this user"
+    And I should see "No permission to agree to the policies on behalf of this user."
    And I should see "Sorry, you do not have the required permission to agree to the following policies on behalf of User 1"

  Scenario: Accept policy on sign up as a guest, one policy
@@ -631,23 +631,23 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should see "full text2"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "This site policy"
    And I should see "short text2"
    And I should not see "full text2"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the This site policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should not see "I understand and agree"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -680,12 +680,12 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    Then I should see "Digital maturity declaration" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "You declare be old enough"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration"
+    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration."
    # The second policy with the agreement style "on its own page" must be accepted now.
    And I should see "Terms of Service" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "We teach, you learn"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Terms of Service"
+    And I press "I agree to the Terms of Service."
    # Only now we see the remaining consent page policies.
    And I should see "Policy 1 out of 2"
    And I should see "Privacy policy" in the "region-main" "region"
@@ -697,26 +697,26 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "We eat cookies, srsly"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "Privacy policy"
    And I should see "Cookies policy"
    And I should not see "Digital maturity declaration" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "Terms of Service" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "Here goes content."
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Privacy policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Cookies policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Privacy policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Cookies policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I should see "New account"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    Then I should see "Digital maturity declaration" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "You declare be old enough"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration"
+    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration."
    # The second policy with the agreement style "on its own page" must be accepted now.
    And I should see "Terms of Service" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "We teach, you learn"
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "Terms of Service" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "We teach, you learn"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Terms of Service"
+    And I press "I agree to the Terms of Service."
    # Only now we see the remaining consent page policies.
    And I should see "Policy 1 out of 2"
    And I should see "Privacy policy" in the "region-main" "region"
@@ -774,14 +774,14 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    And I should see "We eat cookies, srsly"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
    And I should see "Privacy policy"
    And I should see "Cookies policy"
    And I should not see "Digital maturity declaration" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "Terms of Service" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should not see "Here goes content."
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Privacy policy" to "1"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Cookies policy" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Privacy policy." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Cookies policy." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
    # User can see his own agreements in the profile.
@@ -809,15 +809,15 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    Then I should see "Privacy policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "We scan your thoughts"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Privacy policy"
+    And I press "I agree to the Privacy policy."
    And I should see "Digital maturity declaration" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "You declare be old enough"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration"
+    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration."
    And I should see "Terms of Service" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "We teach, you learn"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Terms of Service"
+    And I press "I agree to the Terms of Service."
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
    And I follow "Policies and agreements"
    And "Accepted" "text" should exist in the "Privacy policy" "table_row"
@@ -844,21 +844,21 @@ Feature: User must accept policy managed by this plugin when logging in and sign
    Then I should see "Digital maturity declaration" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "You declare be old enough"
    And I should see "Here goes content."
-    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration"
+    And I press "I agree to the Digital maturity declaration."
    And I should see "Cookies policy" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "We eat cookies, srsly"
-    And I press "I agree to the Cookies policy"
+    And I press "I agree to the Cookies policy."
    And I should see "New account"
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Feature: Manage policies
      | Policy1    | v1       | full text2 | short text2 | active   |
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
    And I click on "Edit" "link" in the "Policy1" "table_row"
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Feature: Manage policies
      | Policy1    | v1       | full text2 | short text2 | active   |
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
    And I click on "Edit" "link" in the "Policy1" "table_row"
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Feature: Manage policies
      | Policy1    | v1       | full text2 | short text2 | active   |
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
    And I click on "Edit" "link" in the "Policy1" "table_row"
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ Feature: Manage policies
      | Policy1    | v1       | full text2 | short text2 | active   |
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
    And I click on "Set status to \"Inactive\"" "link" in the "Policy1" "table_row"
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Feature: Manage policies
      | Policy1    | v1       | full text2 | short text2 | active   |
    And I log in as "manager"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > Manage policies" in site administration
    And I click on "Set status to \"Inactive\"" "link" in the "Policy1" "table_row"
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ Feature: Manage policies
      | Policy1    | v1       | full text2 | short text2 | active   |
    And I log in as "user1"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1" to "1"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the Policy1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    And I follow "Preferences" in the user menu
    And I should see "Preferences"
@@ -70,26 +70,26 @@ Feature: Optional policies
    And I should see "OwnPageCompulsory1" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text4" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "full text4" in the "region-main" "region"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageCompulsory1"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageCompulsory1."
    # Compulsory policies displayed on the consent page are shown next and must be agreed.
    And I should see "ConsentPageCompulsory1"
    And I should see "short text3" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "full text3" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the ConsentPageCompulsory1" to "1"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the ConsentPageCompulsory1." to "1"
    And I press "Next"
    # The signup form can be submitted and a new account created.
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user3               |
      | Password      | user3                 |
-      | Email address | user3@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user3@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user3@example.com    |
+      | Email (again) | user3@example.com   |
      | First name    | User3                 |
      | Last name       | L3                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user3@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user3@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user3"
    And I should see "Thanks, User3 L3"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Feature: Optional policies
    Then I should see "OwnPageOptional1"
    And I should see "short text5" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "full text5" in the "region-main" "region"
-    And I press "No thanks, I decline OwnPageOptional1"
+    And I press "I don't agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
    # Then come policies displayed on the consent page.
    And I should see "ConsentPageOptional1" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text1" in the "region-main" "region"
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ Feature: Optional policies
    And I should see "short text2" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "full text2" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
-    And I set the field "I agree to the ConsentPageOptional1" to "1"
-    And I set the field "No thanks, I decline ConsentPageOptional2" to "0"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
+    And I set the field "I agree to the ConsentPageOptional1." to "1"
+    And I set the field "I don't agree to the ConsentPageOptional2" to "0"
    And I press "Next"
    # Accepted and declined policies are shown in the profile.
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ Feature: Optional policies
    Then I should see "OwnPageOptional1"
    And I should see "short text5" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "full text5" in the "region-main" "region"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1."
    # Then come policies displayed on the consent page.
    And I should see "ConsentPageOptional1" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "short text1" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I should see "full text1" in the "region-main" "region"
    And I press "Next"
-    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies"
-    And I set the field "No thanks, I decline ConsentPageOptional1" to "0"
+    And I should see "Please agree to the following policies:"
+    And I set the field "I don't agree to the ConsentPageOptional1" to "0"
    And I press "Next"
    # Accepted and declined policies are shown in the profile.
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Feature: Optional policies
      | Name                   | Content    | Summary     | Agreementstyle | Optional  |
      | OwnPageOptional1       | full text1 | short text1 | 1              | 1         |
    And I log in as "user1"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1."
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
    And I follow "Policies and agreements"
    And "Accepted" "text" should exist in the "OwnPageOptional1" "table_row"
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Feature: Optional policies
      | Name                   | Content    | Summary     | Agreementstyle | Optional  |
      | OwnPageOptional1       | full text1 | short text1 | 1              | 1         |
    And I log in as "user1"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1."
    And I follow "Profile" in the user menu
    And I follow "Policies and agreements"
    And "Accepted" "text" should exist in the "OwnPageOptional1" "table_row"
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Feature: Optional policies
      | OwnPageOptional1       | full text1 | short text1 | 1              | 1         |
      | OwnPageOptional2       | full text2 | short text2 | 1              | 1         |
    And I log in as "user1"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
-    And I press "No thanks, I decline OwnPageOptional2"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1."
+    And I press "I don't agree to the OwnPageOptional2"
    And I log out
    And I log in as "manager"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional2"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1."
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional2."
    When I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
    # User One has accepted just some policies.
    Then "Partially accepted" "text" should exist in the "User One" "table_row"
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ Feature: Optional policies
      | OwnPageOptional1       | full text1 | short text1 | 1              | 1         |
      | OwnPageOptional2       | full text2 | short text2 | 1              | 1         |
    And I log in as "user1"
-    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1"
-    And I press "No thanks, I decline OwnPageOptional2"
+    And I press "I agree to the OwnPageOptional1."
+    And I press "I don't agree to the OwnPageOptional2"
    And I log out
    And I log in as "admin"
    When I navigate to "Users > Privacy and policies > User agreements" in site administration
@@ -178,12 +178,7 @@ class tool_uploadcourse_helper {
     * @return enrol_plugin[]
     */
    public static function get_enrolment_plugins() {
-        $cache = cache::make('tool_uploadcourse', 'helper');
-        if (($enrol = $cache->get('enrol')) === false) {
-            $enrol = enrol_get_plugins(false);
-            $cache->set('enrol', $enrol);
-        }
-        return $enrol;
+        return enrol_get_plugins(false);
    }

    /**
@@ -208,12 +208,11 @@ class helper {
     * @return  \moodle_url             The URL.
     */
    public static function get_duplicate_tour_link($tourid) {
-        $link = new \moodle_url('/admin/tool/usertours/configure.php', [
+        return new \moodle_url('/admin/tool/usertours/configure.php', [
            'action'    => manager::ACTION_DUPLICATETOUR,
            'id'        => $tourid,
+            'sesskey'   => sesskey(),
        ]);
-
-        return $link;
    }

    /**
@@ -503,8 +503,9 @@ class manager {
     * @param   int         $tourid     The ID of the tour to duplicate.
     */
    protected function duplicate_tour($tourid) {
-        $tour = helper::get_tour($tourid);
+        require_sesskey();

+        $tour = helper::get_tour($tourid);
        $export = $tour->to_record();
        // Remove the id.
        unset($export->id);
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ $string['name'] = 'Name';
 $string['name_help'] = 'The name of a tour may be added as plain text, enclosed in multilang tags (for use with the multi-language content filter) if required.

 Alternatively, a language string ID may be entered in the format identifier,component (with no brackets or space after the comma).';
-$string['newstep'] = 'Create step';
 $string['newstep'] = 'New step';
 $string['newtour'] = 'Create a new tour';
 $string['next'] = 'Next';
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-@tool @tool_xmldb
-Feature: The Reconcile XMLDB files report works and all the files are ok
-  In order to ensure that all the XMLDB Editor xml files are generated properly
-  As a developer
-  I need to be able to run the Reconcile XMLDB files report and verify that everything is ok
-
-  Scenario: The Reconcile XMLDB files reports that all files are ok
-    Given I log in as "admin"
-    And I navigate to "Development > XMLDB editor" in site administration
-    When I follow "[Reconcile XMLDB files]"
-    Then I should see "Look for XMLDB files needing reconciling"
-    And I should see "All files are OK. No reconciling is needed."
@@ -1925,6 +1925,7 @@ class model {
                $uniqueid = $this->get_time_splitting()->append_rangeindex($dbprediction->sampleid, $dbprediction->rangeindex);
                $predictionrecords[$uniqueid]->id = $dbprediction->id;
            }
+            $dbpredictions->close();
        }

        return $predictionrecords;
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ Feature: User must accept policy when logging in and signing up
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | student1@example.com  |
+      | Email (again) | student1@example.com  |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at student1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ Feature: User must accept policy when logging in and signing up
    And I set the following fields to these values:
      | Username      | user1                 |
      | Password      | user1                 |
-      | Email address | user1@address.invalid |
-      | Email (again) | user1@address.invalid |
+      | Email address | user1@example.com     |
+      | Email (again) | user1@example.com     |
      | First name    | User1                 |
      | Last name     | L1                    |
      | I understand and agree | 1            |
    And I press "Create my new account"
    And I should see "Confirm your account"
-    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@address.invalid"
+    And I should see "An email should have been sent to your address at user1@example.com"
    And I confirm email for "user1"
    And I should see "Thanks, User1 L1"
    And I should see "Your registration has been confirmed"
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ Feature: User must accept policy when logging in and signing up
  Scenario Outline: Email validation during email registration
    Given the following config values are set as admin:
      | allowaccountssameemail | <allowsameemail> |
-      | registerauth           | email              |
-      | passwordpolicy         | 0                  |
+      | registerauth           | email            |
+      | passwordpolicy         | 0                |
    And the following "users" exist:
      | username | firstname | lastname | email          |
      | s1       | John      | Doe      | s1@example.com |
@@ -73,7 +73,15 @@ class auth_plugin_webservice extends auth_plugin_base {
    function user_login_webservice($username, $password) {
        global $CFG, $DB;
        // special web service login
-        if ($user = $DB->get_record('user', array('username'=>$username, 'mnethostid'=>$CFG->mnet_localhost_id))) {
+        $user = $DB->get_record('user', [
+            'username' => $username,
+            'auth' => 'webservice',
+            'deleted' => '0',
+            'suspended' => '0',
+            'mnethostid' => $CFG->mnet_localhost_id,
+        ]);
+
+        if ($user) {
            return validate_internal_user_password($user, $password);
        }
        return false;
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ abstract class frontend {
        foreach ($enabled as $plugin => $info) {
            // Create plugin front-end object.
            $class = '\availability_' . $plugin . '\frontend';
+            if (!class_exists($class)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            /** @var \core_availability\frontend $frontend */
            $frontend = new $class();

            // Add to array of required YUI modules.
@@ -792,11 +792,10 @@ abstract class info {
        // plugin could also rely on the completion plugin.
        $pluginmanager = \core_plugin_manager::instance();
        $enabled = $pluginmanager->get_enabled_plugins('availability');
-        $componentparams = new \stdClass();
        foreach ($enabled as $plugin => $info) {
-            // Use the static method.
+            /** @var \core_availability\condition $class */
            $class = '\availability_' . $plugin . '\condition';
-            if ($class::completion_value_used($course, $cmid)) {
+            if (class_exists($class) && $class::completion_value_used($course, $cmid)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ class tree extends tree_node {

            // First see if it's a condition. These have a defined type.
            if (isset($child->type)) {
-                // Look for a plugin of this type.
+                /** @var \core_availability\condition $classname */
                $classname = '\availability_' . $child->type . '\condition';
-                if (!array_key_exists($child->type, $enabled)) {
+                if (!array_key_exists($child->type, $enabled) || !class_exists($classname)) {
                    if ($lax) {
                        // On load of existing settings, ignore if class
                        // doesn't exist.
@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {
     */
    private $questionanswercacheid = null;

+    /**
+     * @var array List of fields to exclude form hashing during restore.
+     */
+    protected array $excludedhashfields = [];
+
    /**
     * Add to $paths the restore_path_elements needed
     * to handle question_answers for a given question
@@ -62,6 +67,10 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {
        $elename = 'question_answer';
        $elepath = $this->get_pathfor('/answers/answer'); // we used get_recommended_name() so this works
        $paths[] = new restore_path_element($elename, $elepath);
+        $this->exclude_identity_hash_fields([
+            '/options/answers/id',
+            '/options/answers/question',
+        ]);
    }

    /**
@@ -78,6 +87,10 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {
        $elename = 'question_numerical_unit';
        $elepath = $this->get_pathfor('/numerical_units/numerical_unit'); // we used get_recommended_name() so this works
        $paths[] = new restore_path_element($elename, $elepath);
+        $this->exclude_identity_hash_fields([
+            '/options/units/id',
+            '/options/units/question',
+        ]);
    }

    /**
@@ -94,6 +107,7 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {
        $elename = 'question_numerical_option';
        $elepath = $this->get_pathfor('/numerical_options/numerical_option'); // we used get_recommended_name() so this works
        $paths[] = new restore_path_element($elename, $elepath);
+        $this->exclude_identity_hash_fields(['/options/question']);
    }

    /**
@@ -114,6 +128,21 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {
        $elename = 'question_dataset_item';
        $elepath = $this->get_pathfor('/dataset_definitions/dataset_definition/dataset_items/dataset_item');
        $paths[] = new restore_path_element($elename, $elepath);
+        $this->exclude_identity_hash_fields([
+            '/options/datasets/id',
+            '/options/datasets/question',
+            '/options/datasets/category',
+            '/options/datasets/type',
+            '/options/datasets/items/id',
+            // The following fields aren't included in the backup or DB structure, but are parsed from the options field.
+            '/options/datasets/status',
+            '/options/datasets/distribution',
+            '/options/datasets/minimum',
+            '/options/datasets/maximum',
+            '/options/datasets/decimals',
+            // This field is set dynamically from the count of items in the dataset, it is not backed up.
+            '/options/datasets/number_of_items',
+        ]);
    }

    /**
@@ -168,8 +197,7 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {
                $this->questionanswercacheid = $newquestionid;
                // Cache all cleaned answers for a simple text match.
                foreach ($answers as $answer) {
-                    // MDL-30018: Clean in the same way as {@link xml_writer::xml_safe_utf8()}.
-                    $clean = preg_replace('/[\x-\x8\xb-\xc\xe-\x1f\x7f]/is','', $answer->answer); // Clean CTRL chars.
+                    $clean = core_text::trim_ctrl_chars($answer->answer); // Clean CTRL chars.
                    $clean = preg_replace("/\r\n|\r/", "\n", $clean); // Normalize line ending.
                    $this->questionanswercache[$clean] = $answer->id;
                }
@@ -395,4 +423,183 @@ abstract class restore_qtype_plugin extends restore_plugin {

        return $contents;
    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add fields to the list of fields excluded from hashing.
+     *
+     * This allows common methods to add fields to the exclusion list.
+     *
+     * @param array $fields
+     * @return void
+     */
+    private function exclude_identity_hash_fields(array $fields): void {
+        $this->excludedhashfields = array_merge($this->excludedhashfields, $fields);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return fields to be excluded from hashing during restores.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    final public function get_excluded_identity_hash_fields(): array {
+        return array_unique(array_merge(
+            $this->excludedhashfields,
+            $this->define_excluded_identity_hash_fields(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a list of paths to fields to be removed from questiondata before creating an identity hash.
+     *
+     * Fields that should be excluded from common elements such as answers or numerical units that are used by the plugin will
+     * be excluded automatically. This method just needs to define any specific to this plugin, such as foreign keys used in the
+     * plugin's tables.
+     *
+     * The returned array should be a list of slash-delimited paths to locate the fields to be removed from the questiondata object.
+     * For example, if you want to remove the field `$questiondata->options->questionid`, the path would be '/options/questionid'.
+     * If a field in the path is an array, the rest of the path will be applied to each object in the array. So if you have
+     * `$questiondata->options->answers[]`, the path '/options/answers/id' will remove the 'id' field from each element of the
+     * 'answers' array.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function define_excluded_identity_hash_fields(): array {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert the backup structure of this question type into a structure matching its question data
+     *
+     * This should take the hierarchical array of tags from the question's backup structure, and return a structure that matches
+     * that returned when calling {@see get_question_options()} for this question type.
+     * See https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Question_data_structures#Representation_1:_%24questiondata for an explanation of this
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * This data will then be used to produce an identity hash for comparison with questions in the database.
+     *
+     * This base implementation deals with all common backup elements created by the add_question_*_options() methods in this class,
+     * plus elements added by ::define_question_plugin_structure() named for the qtype. The question type will need to extend
+     * this function if ::define_question_plugin_structure() adds any other elements to the backup.
+     *
+     * @param array $backupdata The hierarchical array of tags from the backup.
+     * @return \stdClass The questiondata object.
+     */
+    public static function convert_backup_to_questiondata(array $backupdata): \stdClass {
+        // Create an object from the top-level fields.
+        $questiondata = (object) array_filter($backupdata, fn($tag) => !is_array($tag));
+        $qtype = $questiondata->qtype;
+        $questiondata->options = new stdClass();
+        if (isset($backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"][$qtype])) {
+            $questiondata->options = (object) $backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"][$qtype][0];
+        }
+        if (isset($backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['answers'])) {
+            $questiondata->options->answers = array_map(
+                fn($answer) => (object) $answer,
+                $backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['answers']['answer'],
+            );
+        }
+        if (isset($backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['numerical_options'])) {
+            $questiondata->options = (object) array_merge(
+                (array) $questiondata->options,
+                $backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['numerical_options']['numerical_option'][0],
+            );
+        }
+        if (isset($backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['numerical_units'])) {
+            $questiondata->options->units = array_map(
+                fn($unit) => (object) $unit,
+                $backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['numerical_units']['numerical_unit'],
+            );
+        }
+        if (isset($backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['dataset_definitions'])) {
+            $questiondata->options->datasets = array_map(
+                fn($dataset) => (object) $dataset,
+                $backupdata["plugin_qtype_{$qtype}_question"]['dataset_definitions']['dataset_definition'],
+            );
+        }
+        if (isset($questiondata->options->datasets)) {
+            foreach ($questiondata->options->datasets as $dataset) {
+                if (isset($dataset->dataset_items)) {
+                    $dataset->items = array_map(
+                        fn($item) => (object) $item,
+                        $dataset->dataset_items['dataset_item'],
+                    );
+                    unset($dataset->dataset_items);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (isset($backupdata['question_hints'])) {
+            $questiondata->hints = array_map(
+                fn($hint) => (object) $hint,
+                $backupdata['question_hints']['question_hint'],
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $questiondata;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove excluded fields from the questiondata structure.
+     *
+     * This removes fields that will not match or not be present in the question data structure produced by
+     * {@see self::convert_backup_to_questiondata()} and {@see get_question_options()} (such as IDs), so that the remaining data can
+     * be used to produce an identity hash for comparing the two.
+     *
+     * For plugins, it should be sufficient to override {@see self::define_excluded_identity_hash_fields()} with a list of paths
+     * specific to the plugin type. Overriding this method is only necessary if the plugin's
+     * {@see question_type::get_question_options()} method adds additional data to the question that is not included in the backup.
+     *
+     * @param stdClass $questiondata
+     * @param array $excludefields Paths to the fields to exclude.
+     * @return stdClass The $questiondata with excluded fields removed.
+     */
+    public static function remove_excluded_question_data(stdClass $questiondata, array $excludefields = []): stdClass {
+        // All questions will need to exclude 'id' (used by question and other tables), 'questionid' (used by hints and options),
+        // 'createdby' and 'modifiedby' (since they won't map between sites).
+        $defaultexcludes = [
+            '/id',
+            '/createdby',
+            '/modifiedby',
+            '/hints/id',
+            '/hints/questionid',
+            '/options/id',
+            '/options/questionid',
+        ];
+        $excludefields = array_unique(array_merge($excludefields, $defaultexcludes));
+
+        foreach ($excludefields as $excludefield) {
+            $pathparts = explode('/', ltrim($excludefield, '/'));
+            $data = $questiondata;
+            self::unset_excluded_fields($data, $pathparts);
+        }
+
+        return $questiondata;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterate through the elements of path to an excluded field, and unset the final element.
+     *
+     * If any of the elements in the path is an array, this is called recursively on each element in the array to unset fields
+     * in each child of the array.
+     *
+     * @param stdClass|array $data The questiondata object, or a subsection of it.
+     * @param array $pathparts The remaining elements in the path to the excluded field.
+     * @return void
+     */
+    private static function unset_excluded_fields(stdClass|array $data, array $pathparts): void {
+        $element = array_shift($pathparts);
+        if (!isset($data->{$element})) {
+            // This element is not present in the data structure, nothing to unset.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (is_object($data->{$element})) {
+            self::unset_excluded_fields($data->{$element}, $pathparts);
+        } else if (is_array($data->{$element})) {
+            foreach ($data->{$element} as $item) {
+                self::unset_excluded_fields($item, $pathparts);
+            }
+        } else if (empty($pathparts)) {
+            // This is the last element of the path and it's a scalar value, unset it.
+            unset($data->{$element});
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -5271,8 +5271,7 @@ class restore_create_categories_and_questions extends restore_structure_step {
                $potentialhints = $DB->get_records('question_hints',
                        array('questionid' => $newquestionid), '', 'id, hint');
                foreach ($potentialhints as $potentialhint) {
-                    // Clean in the same way than {@link xml_writer::xml_safe_utf8()}.
-                    $cleanhint = preg_replace('/[\x-\x8\xb-\xc\xe-\x1f\x7f]/is','', $potentialhint->hint); // Clean CTRL chars.
+                    $cleanhint = core_text::trim_ctrl_chars($potentialhint->hint); // Clean CTRL chars.
                    $cleanhint = preg_replace("/\r\n|\r/", "\n", $cleanhint); // Normalize line ending.
                    if ($cleanhint === $data->hint) {
                        $newitemid = $data->id;
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ final class quiz_restore_decode_links_test extends \advanced_testcase {

        $questiondata = \question_bank::load_question_data($question->id);

+        $DB->set_field('question', 'questiontext', $CFG->wwwroot . '/mod/quiz/view.php?id=' . $quiz->cmid, ['id' => $question->id]);
+
        $firstanswer = array_shift($questiondata->options->answers);
        $DB->set_field('question_answers', 'answer', $CFG->wwwroot . '/course/view.php?id=' . $course->id,
            ['id' => $firstanswer->id]);
@@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ final class quiz_restore_decode_links_test extends \advanced_testcase {
        $questionids = [];
        foreach ($quizquestions as $quizquestion) {
            if ($quizquestion->questionid) {
+                $this->assertEquals($CFG->wwwroot . '/mod/quiz/view.php?id=' . $quiz->cmid, $quizquestion->questiontext);
                $questionids[] = $quizquestion->questionid;
            }
        }
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ abstract class restore_dbops {
     * @return array A separate list of all error and warnings detected
     */
    public static function prechek_precheck_qbanks_by_level($restoreid, $courseid, $userid, $samesite, $contextlevel) {
-        global $DB;
+        global $DB, $CFG;

        // To return any errors and warnings found
        $errors   = array();
@@ -669,21 +669,37 @@ abstract class restore_dbops {
                } else {
                    self::set_backup_ids_record($restoreid, 'question_category', $category->id, $matchcat->id, $targetcontext->id);
                    $questions = self::restore_get_questions($restoreid, $category->id);
+                    $transformer = self::get_backup_xml_transformer($courseid);

                    // Collect all the questions for this category into memory so we only talk to the DB once.
-                    $questioncache = $DB->get_records_sql_menu('SELECT q.stamp, q.id
-                                                                  FROM {question} q
-                                                                  JOIN {question_versions} qv
-                                                                    ON qv.questionid = q.id
-                                                                  JOIN {question_bank_entries} qbe
-                                                                    ON qbe.id = qv.questionbankentryid
-                                                                  JOIN {question_categories} qc
-                                                                    ON qc.id = qbe.questioncategoryid
-                                                                 WHERE qc.id = ?', array($matchcat->id));
+                    $recordset = $DB->get_recordset_sql(
+                        "SELECT q.*
+                           FROM {question} q
+                           JOIN {question_versions} qv ON qv.questionid = q.id
+                           JOIN {question_bank_entries} qbe ON qbe.id = qv.questionbankentryid
+                           JOIN {question_categories} qc ON qc.id = qbe.questioncategoryid
+                          WHERE qc.id = ?",
+                        [$matchcat->id],
+                    );
+
+                    // Compute a hash of question and answer fields to differentiate between identical stamp-version questions.
+                    $questioncache = [];
+                    foreach ($recordset as $question) {
+                        $question->export_process = true; // Include all question options required for export.
+                        get_question_options($question);
+                        unset($question->export_process);
+                        // Remove some additional properties from get_question_options() that isn't included in backups
+                        // before we produce the identity hash.
+                        unset($question->categoryobject);
+                        unset($question->questioncategoryid);
+                        $cachekey = restore_questions_parser_processor::generate_question_identity_hash($question, $transformer);
+                        $questioncache[$cachekey] = $question->id;
+                    }
+                    $recordset->close();

                    foreach ($questions as $question) {
-                        if (isset($questioncache[$question->stamp])) {
-                            $matchqid = $questioncache[$question->stamp];
+                        if (isset($questioncache[$question->questionhash])) {
+                            $matchqid = $questioncache[$question->questionhash];
                        } else {
                            $matchqid = false;
                        }
@@ -1918,6 +1934,22 @@ abstract class restore_dbops {
    private static function password_should_be_discarded(#[\SensitiveParameter] string $password): bool {
        return (bool) preg_match('/^[0-9a-f]{32}$/', $password);
    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load required classes and return a backup XML transformer for the specified course.
+     *
+     * These classes may not have been loaded if we're only doing a restore in the current process,
+     * so make sure we have them here.
+     *
+     * @param int $courseid
+     * @return backup_xml_transformer
+     */
+    protected static function get_backup_xml_transformer(int $courseid): backup_xml_transformer {
+        global $CFG;
+        require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/backup/util/includes/backup_includes.php');
+        require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/backup/moodle2/backup_plan_builder.class.php');
+        return new backup_xml_transformer($courseid);
+    }
 }

 /*
@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ class restore_questions_parser_processor extends grouped_parser_processor {
    /** @var string XML path in the questions.xml to question elements within question_category (before Moodle 4.0). */
    protected const LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH = '/questions/question';

+    /** @var string String for concatenating data into a string for hashing.*/
+    protected const HASHDATA_SEPARATOR = '|HASHDATA|';
+
    /** @var string identifies the current restore. */
    protected string $restoreid;

@@ -52,13 +55,44 @@ class restore_questions_parser_processor extends grouped_parser_processor {
    protected int $lastcatid;

    public function __construct($restoreid) {
+        global $CFG;
        $this->restoreid = $restoreid;
        $this->lastcatid = 0;
        parent::__construct();
        // Set the paths we are interested on
        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH);
-        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH);
-        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH);
+        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH, true);
+        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH, true);
+
+        // Add all sub-elements, including those from plugins, as grouped paths with the question tag so that
+        // we can create a hash of all question data for comparison with questions in the database.
+        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH . '/question_hints');
+        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH . '/question_hints');
+        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH . '/question_hints/question_hint');
+        $this->add_path(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH . '/question_hints/question_hint');
+
+        $connectionpoint = new restore_path_element('question', self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH);
+        foreach (\core\plugin_manager::instance()->get_plugins_of_type('qtype') as $qtype) {
+            $restore = $this->get_qtype_restore($qtype->name);
+            if (!$restore) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $structure = $restore->define_plugin_structure($connectionpoint);
+            foreach ($structure as $element) {
+                $subpath = str_replace(self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH . '/', '', $element->get_path());
+                $pathparts = explode('/', $subpath);
+                $path = self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH;
+                $legacypath = self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH;
+                foreach ($pathparts as $part) {
+                    $path .= '/' . $part;
+                    $legacypath .= '/' . $part;
+                    if (!in_array($path, $this->paths)) {
+                        $this->add_path($path);
+                        $this->add_path($legacypath);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
    }

    protected function dispatch_chunk($data) {
@@ -73,10 +107,19 @@ class restore_questions_parser_processor extends grouped_parser_processor {
        // Prepare question record
        } else if ($data['path'] == self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH ||
                $data['path'] == self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::LEGACY_QUESTION_SUBPATH) {
-            $info = (object)$data['tags'];
+            // Remove sub-elements from the question info we're going to save.
+            $info = (object) array_filter($data['tags'], fn($tag) => !is_array($tag));
            $itemname = 'question';
            $itemid   = $info->id;
            $parentitemid = $this->lastcatid;
+            $restore = $this->get_qtype_restore($data['tags']['qtype']);
+            if ($restore) {
+                $questiondata = $restore->convert_backup_to_questiondata($data['tags']);
+            } else {
+                $questiondata = restore_qtype_plugin::convert_backup_to_questiondata($data['tags']);
+            }
+            // Store a hash of question fields for comparison with existing questions.
+            $info->questionhash = $this->generate_question_identity_hash($questiondata);

        // Not question_category nor question, impossible. Throw exception.
        } else {
@@ -106,4 +149,80 @@ class restore_questions_parser_processor extends grouped_parser_processor {
        }
        return $cdata;
    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load and instantiate the restore class for the given question type.
+     *
+     * If there is no restore class, null is returned.
+     *
+     * @param string $qtype The question type name (no qtype_ prefix)
+     * @return ?restore_qtype_plugin
+     */
+    protected static function get_qtype_restore(string $qtype): ?restore_qtype_plugin {
+        global $CFG;
+        $step = new restore_quiz_activity_structure_step('questions', 'question.xml');
+        $filepath = "{$CFG->dirroot}/question/type/{$qtype}/backup/moodle2/restore_qtype_{$qtype}_plugin.class.php";
+        if (!file_exists($filepath)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        require_once($filepath);
+        $restoreclass = "restore_qtype_{$qtype}_plugin";
+        if (!class_exists($restoreclass)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return new $restoreclass('qtype', $qtype, $step);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a data structure containing the data for a question, reduce it to a flat array and return a sha1 hash of the data.
+     *
+     * @param stdClass $questiondata An array containing all the data for a question, including hints and qtype plugin data.
+     * @param ?backup_xml_transformer $transformer If provided, run the backup transformer process on all text fields. This ensures
+     *     that values from the database are compared like-for-like with encoded values from the backup.
+     * @return string A sha1 hash of all question data, normalised and concatenated together.
+     */
+    public static function generate_question_identity_hash(
+        stdClass $questiondata,
+        ?backup_xml_transformer $transformer = null,
+    ): string {
+        $questiondata = clone($questiondata);
+        $restore = self::get_qtype_restore($questiondata->qtype);
+        if ($restore) {
+            $restore->define_plugin_structure(new restore_path_element('question', self::CATEGORY_PATH . self::QUESTION_SUBPATH));
+            // Combine default exclusions with those specified by the plugin.
+            $questiondata = $restore->remove_excluded_question_data($questiondata, $restore->get_excluded_identity_hash_fields());
+        } else {
+            // The qtype has no restore class, use the default reduction method.
+            $questiondata = restore_qtype_plugin::remove_excluded_question_data($questiondata);
+        }
+
+        // Convert questiondata to a flat array of values.
+        $hashdata = [];
+        // Convert the object to a multi-dimensional array for compatibility with array_walk_recursive.
+        $questiondata = json_decode(json_encode($questiondata), true);
+        array_walk_recursive($questiondata, function($value) use (&$hashdata) {
+            // Normalise data types. Depending on where the data comes from, it may be a mixture of nulls, strings,
+            // ints and floats. Convert everything to strings, then all numbers to floats to ensure we are doing
+            // like-for-like comparisons without losing accuracy.
+            $value = (string) $value;
+            if (is_numeric($value)) {
+                $value = (float) ($value);
+            } else if (str_contains($value, "\r\n")) {
+                // Normalise line breaks.
+                $value = str_replace("\r\n", "\n", $value);
+            }
+            $hashdata[] = $value;
+        });
+
+        sort($hashdata, SORT_STRING);
+        $hashstring = implode(self::HASHDATA_SEPARATOR, $hashdata);
+        if ($transformer) {
+            $hashstring = $transformer->process($hashstring);
+            // Need to re-sort the hashdata with the transformed strings.
+            $hashdata = explode(self::HASHDATA_SEPARATOR, $hashstring);
+            sort($hashdata, SORT_STRING);
+            $hashstring = implode(self::HASHDATA_SEPARATOR, $hashdata);
+        }
+        return sha1($hashstring);
+    }
 }
@@ -253,14 +253,14 @@ class xml_writer {
    }

    /**
-     * Perform some UTF-8 cleaning, stripping the control chars (\x0-\x1f)
-     * but tabs (\x9), newlines (\xa) and returns (\xd). The delete control
+     * Perform some UTF-8 cleaning, stripping the control chars (\x00-\x1f)
+     * but tabs (\x09), newlines (\xa) and returns (\xd). The delete control
     * char (\x7f) is also included. All them are forbiden in XML 1.0 specs.
     * The expression below seems to be UTF-8 safe too because it simply
     * ignores the rest of characters. Also normalize linefeeds and return chars.
     */
    protected function xml_safe_utf8($content) {
-        $content = preg_replace('/[\x-\x8\xb-\xc\xe-\x1f\x7f]/is', '', $content ?? ''); // clean CTRL chars.
+        $content = core_text::trim_ctrl_chars($content ?? '');
        $content = preg_replace("/\r\n|\r/", "\n", $content); // Normalize line&return=>line
        return fix_utf8($content);
    }
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ if (!empty($issuedbadge->recipient->id)) {
    $assertionid = $assertion->get_assertion_hash();
    $assertionentityid = $assertiondata['id'];
    $badgeadded = false;
+    $issuerexists = false;
    if (badges_open_badges_backpack_api() == OPEN_BADGES_V2) {
        $sitebackpack = badges_get_site_primary_backpack();
        $api = new \core_badges\backpack_api($sitebackpack);
@@ -71,62 +72,75 @@ if (!empty($issuedbadge->recipient->id)) {
            $issuer = $assertion->get_issuer();
            if (!($issuerentityid = badges_external_get_mapping($sitebackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ISSUER, $issuer['email']))) {
                $response = $api->put_issuer($issuer);
-                if (!$response) {
-                    throw new moodle_exception('invalidrequest', 'error');
+                if ($response) {
+                    $issuerexists = true;
+                    $issuerentityid = $response->id;
+                    badges_external_create_mapping(
+                        $sitebackpack->id,
+                        OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ISSUER,
+                        $issuer['email'],
+                        $issuerentityid,
+                    );
                }
-                $issuerentityid = $response->id;
-                badges_external_create_mapping($sitebackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ISSUER, $issuer['email'],
-                    $issuerentityid);
            }
-            // Create badge.
-            $badge = $assertion->get_badge_class(false);
-            $badgeid = $assertion->get_badge_id();
-            if (!($badgeentityid = badges_external_get_mapping($sitebackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_BADGE, $badgeid))) {
-                $response = $api->put_badgeclass($issuerentityid, $badge);
-                if (!$response) {
-                    throw new moodle_exception('invalidrequest', 'error');
+            if ($issuerexists) {
+                // Create badge.
+                $badge = $assertion->get_badge_class(false);
+                $badgeid = $assertion->get_badge_id();
+                if (!($badgeentityid = badges_external_get_mapping($sitebackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_BADGE, $badgeid))) {
+                    $response = $api->put_badgeclass($issuerentityid, $badge);
+                    if ($response) {
+                        $badgeentityid = $response->id;
+                        badges_external_create_mapping(
+                            $sitebackpack->id,
+                            OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_BADGE,
+                            $badgeid,
+                            $badgeentityid,
+                        );
+                    }
                }
-                $badgeentityid = $response->id;
-                badges_external_create_mapping($sitebackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_BADGE, $badgeid,
-                    $badgeentityid);
-            }

-            // Create assertion (Award the badge!).
-            $assertionentityid = badges_external_get_mapping(
-                $sitebackpack->id,
-                OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
-                $assertionid
-            );
-
-            if ($assertionentityid && strpos($sitebackpack->backpackapiurl, 'badgr')) {
-                $assertionentityid = badges_generate_badgr_open_url(
-                    $sitebackpack,
-                    OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
-                    $assertionentityid
-                );
-            }
-
-            // Create an assertion for the recipient in the issuer's account.
-            if (!$assertionentityid) {
-                $response = $api->put_badgeclass_assertion($badgeentityid, $assertiondata);
-                if (!$response) {
-                    throw new moodle_exception('invalidrequest', 'error');
-                }
-                $assertionentityid = badges_generate_badgr_open_url($sitebackpack, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION, $response->id);
-                $badgeadded = true;
-                badges_external_create_mapping($sitebackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION, $assertionid,
-                    $response->id);
-            } else {
-                // An assertion already exists. Make sure it's up to date.
-                $internalid = badges_external_get_mapping(
+                // Create assertion (Award the badge!).
+                $assertionentityid = badges_external_get_mapping(
                    $sitebackpack->id,
                    OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
-                    $assertionid,
-                    'externalid'
+                    $assertionid
                );
-                $response = $api->update_assertion($internalid, $assertiondata);
-                if (!$response) {
-                    throw new moodle_exception('invalidrequest', 'error');
+
+                if ($assertionentityid && strpos($sitebackpack->backpackapiurl, 'badgr')) {
+                    $assertionentityid = badges_generate_badgr_open_url(
+                        $sitebackpack,
+                        OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
+                        $assertionentityid
+                    );
+                }
+
+                // Create an assertion for the recipient in the issuer's account.
+                if (!$assertionentityid) {
+                    $response = $api->put_badgeclass_assertion($badgeentityid, $assertiondata);
+                    if ($response) {
+                        $assertionentityid = badges_generate_badgr_open_url(
+                            $sitebackpack,
+                            OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
+                            $response->id,
+                        );
+                        $badgeadded = true;
+                        badges_external_create_mapping(
+                            $sitebackpack->id,
+                            OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
+                            $assertionid,
+                            $response->id,
+                        );
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // An assertion already exists. Make sure it's up to date.
+                    $internalid = badges_external_get_mapping(
+                        $sitebackpack->id,
+                        OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
+                        $assertionid,
+                        'externalid'
+                    );
+                    $response = $api->update_assertion($internalid, $assertiondata);
                }
            }
        }
@@ -136,21 +150,61 @@ if (!empty($issuedbadge->recipient->id)) {
    // - If a user and site backpack have the same provider we can skip this as Badgr automatically maps recipients
    // based on email address.
    // - This is only needed when the backpacks are from different regions.
-    if ($assertionentityid && !badges_external_get_mapping($userbackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION, $assertionid)) {
+    if (
+        $assertionentityid
+        && (!$issuerexists || !badges_external_get_mapping($userbackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION, $assertionid))
+    ) {
        $userapi = new \core_badges\backpack_api($userbackpack, $backpack);
        $userapi->authenticate();
        $response = $userapi->import_badge_assertion($assertionentityid);
-        if (!$response) {
-            throw new moodle_exception('invalidrequest', 'error');
+        if ($response) {
+            $assertionentityid = $response->id;
+            $badgeadded = true;
+            badges_external_create_mapping(
+                $userbackpack->id,
+                OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION,
+                $assertionid,
+                $assertionentityid,
+            );
        }
-        $assertionentityid = $response->id;
-        $badgeadded = true;
-        badges_external_create_mapping($userbackpack->id, OPEN_BADGES_V2_TYPE_ASSERTION, $assertionid,
-            $assertionentityid);
    }

-    $response = $badgeadded ? ['success' => 'addedtobackpack'] : ['warning' => 'existsinbackpack'];
-    redirect(new moodle_url('/badges/mybadges.php', $response));
+    if ($badgeadded) {
+        $message = get_string('addedtobackpack', 'badges');
+        $messagetype = \core\output\notification::NOTIFY_SUCCESS;
+    } else {
+        if (isset($userapi) && !empty($userapi->get_errors())) {
+            // If the api used to import the badge to the backpack has errors, show them to inform the user.
+            if (array_filter($userapi->get_errors(), fn($element) => str_contains($element, "DUPLICATE_BADGE"))) {
+                // Duplicated badges are displayed as a warning.
+                $message = get_string('existsinbackpack', 'badges');
+                $messagetype = \core\output\notification::NOTIFY_WARNING;
+            } else {
+                // If the userapi has any other errors, we will use those to inform the user.
+                $message = get_string(
+                    'error:cannotsendtobackpack',
+                    'badges',
+                    implode($userapi->get_errors()),
+                );
+                $messagetype = \core\output\notification::NOTIFY_ERROR;
+            }
+        } else if (isset($api) && !empty($api->get_errors())) {
+            // If the api used to create/update the issuer has errors, show them to inform the user.
+            $errors = $api->get_errors() ?? [get_string('invalidrequest', 'error')];
+            $message = get_string(
+                'error:cannotsendtobackpack',
+                'badges',
+                implode($errors),
+            );
+            $messagetype = \core\output\notification::NOTIFY_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    redirect(
+        url: new moodle_url('/badges/mybadges.php'),
+        message: $message,
+        messagetype: $messagetype,
+    );
 } else {
    redirect(new moodle_url('/badges/mybadges.php'));
 }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ if ($action == 'delete' && $confirm && confirm_sesskey()) {
    } else {
        $msg = get_string('sitebackpacknotdeleted', 'badges');
    }
-} else if ($action == 'moveup' || $action == 'movedown') {
+} else if (($action == 'moveup' || $action == 'movedown') && confirm_sesskey()) {
    // If no backpack has been selected, there isn't anything to move.
    if (empty($id)) {
        redirect($url);
@@ -668,6 +668,20 @@ class backpack_api {
        return backpack_api_mapping::get_authentication_error();
    }

+    /**
+     * List all errors occurred during the requests to the backpack.
+     *
+     * @return array The list of errors.
+     */
+    public function get_errors(): array {
+        $errors = [];
+        foreach ($this->mappings as $mapping) {
+            $errors = array_merge($errors, $mapping->get_errors());
+        }
+
+        return $errors;
+    }
+
    /**
     * Get the list of badges in a collection.
     *
@@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ class backpack_api_mapping {
    /** @var int OpenBadges version 1 or 2. */
    protected $backpackapiversion;

+    /** @var array Errors encountered during the request. */
+    protected $errors = [];
+
    /**
     * Create a mapping.
     *
@@ -150,6 +153,26 @@ class backpack_api_mapping {
        return self::$authenticationerror;
    }

+    /**
+     * Get the errors encountered during the request.
+     *
+     * @return array The list of errors.
+     */
+    public function get_errors() {
+        return $this->errors;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an error to the list of errors.
+     *
+     * @param string $error The error message.
+     * @return self This instance for method chaining.
+     */
+    public function add_error(string $error): self {
+        $this->errors[] = $error;
+        return $this;
+    }
+
    /**
     * Does the action match this mapping?
     *
@@ -372,6 +395,23 @@ class backpack_api_mapping {
            $response = $curl->put($url, $post, $options);
        }
        $response = json_decode($response);
+        if ($response === null) {
+            $this->add_error(get_string('invalidrequest', 'error'));
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (isset($response->status) && isset($response->status->success) && $response->status->success != true) {
+            // If the response wasn't successful, store the errors and return null.
+            if (isset($response->validationErrors)) {
+                $error = implode(', ', $response->validationErrors);
+            } else if (isset($response->status->description)) {
+                $error = $response->status->description;
+            } else {
+                $error = get_string('invalidrequest', 'error');
+            }
+            $this->add_error($error);
+            return null;
+        }
+
        if (isset($response->result)) {
            $response = $response->result;
        }
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@
            <td> {{{backpackweburl}}} </td>
            <td>
                {{#canmoveup}}
-                    <a href="{{baseurl}}?id={{id}}&action=moveup">{{#pix}}t/up, core,{{#str}}moveup{{/str}}{{/pix}}</a>
+                    <a href="{{baseurl}}?id={{id}}&sesskey={{sesskey}}&action=moveup">{{#pix}}t/up, core,{{#str}}moveup{{/str}}{{/pix}}</a>
                {{/canmoveup}}
                {{^canmoveup}}
                    {{#pix}}spacer, moodle{{/pix}}
                {{/canmoveup}}
                {{#canmovedown}}
-                    <a href="{{baseurl}}?id={{id}}&action=movedown">{{#pix}}t/down, core,{{#str}}movedown{{/str}}{{/pix}}</a>
+                    <a href="{{baseurl}}?id={{id}}&sesskey={{sesskey}}&action=movedown">{{#pix}}t/down, core,{{#str}}movedown{{/str}}{{/pix}}</a>
                {{/canmovedown}}
                {{^canmovedown}}
                    {{#pix}}spacer, moodle{{/pix}}
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ Feature: Award badges based on competency completion
    And the following "course enrolments" exist:
      | user | course | role |
      | user1 | C1 | student |
-    And the following lp "frameworks" exist:
-      | shortname | idnumber |
-      | Framework 1 | sc-y-2 |
-    And the following lp "competencies" exist:
-      | shortname | framework |
-      | comp1 | sc-y-2 |
-      | comp2 | sc-y-2 |
+    And the following "core_competency > frameworks" exist:
+      | shortname   | idnumber |
+      | Framework 1 | sc-y-2   |
+    And the following "core_competency > competencies" exist:
+      | shortname | competencyframework |
+      | comp1     | sc-y-2              |
+      | comp2     | sc-y-2              |
    And I log in as "admin"

  @javascript
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+<?php
+// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
+//
+// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+namespace core_badges\tests;
+
+/**
+ * Helper trait for external function tests.
+ *
+ * @package    core_badges
+ * @copyright  2025 Moodle Pty Ltd
+ * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
+ */
+trait external_helper {
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that an issued badge returned by an external function matches the given data.
+     *
+     * @param array $expected Expected badge data.
+     * @param array $actual Actual badge data returned by the external function.
+     * @param bool $isrecipient True if user is the badge recipient.
+     * @param bool $canconfiguredetails True if user has capability "moodle/badges:configuredetails".
+     * @throws \PHPUnit\Framework\ExpectationFailedException
+     */
+    protected function assert_issued_badge(array $expected, array $actual, bool $isrecipient, bool $canconfiguredetails): void {
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['id'], $actual['id']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['name'], $actual['name']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['type'], $actual['type']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['description'], $actual['description']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['issuername'], $actual['issuername']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['issuerurl'], $actual['issuerurl']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['issuercontact'], $actual['issuercontact']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['uniquehash'], $actual['uniquehash']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['dateissued'], $actual['dateissued']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['dateexpire'], $actual['dateexpire']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['version'], $actual['version']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['language'], $actual['language']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['imageauthorname'], $actual['imageauthorname']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['imageauthoremail'], $actual['imageauthoremail']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['imageauthorurl'], $actual['imageauthorurl']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['imagecaption'], $actual['imagecaption']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['badgeurl'], $actual['badgeurl']);
+        $this->assertEquals($expected['endorsement'] ?? null, $actual['endorsement'] ?? null);
+
+        if ($isrecipient || $canconfiguredetails) {
+            $this->assertTimeCurrent($expected['timecreated']);
+            $this->assertTimeCurrent($expected['timemodified']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['usercreated'], $actual['usercreated']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['usermodified'], $actual['usermodified']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['expiredate'], $actual['expiredate']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['expireperiod'], $actual['expireperiod']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['courseid'], $actual['courseid']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['message'], $actual['message']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['messagesubject'], $actual['messagesubject']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['attachment'], $actual['attachment']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['notification'], $actual['notification']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['nextcron'], $actual['nextcron']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['status'], $actual['status']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['issuedid'], $actual['issuedid']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['visible'], $actual['visible']);
+            $this->assertEquals($expected['email'], $actual['email']);
+        } else {
+            $this->assertEquals(0, $actual['timecreated']);
+            $this->assertEquals(0, $actual['timemodified']);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('usercreated', $actual);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('usermodified', $actual);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('expiredate', $actual);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('expireperiod', $actual);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('courseid', $actual);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('message', $actual);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('messagesubject', $actual);
+            $this->assertEquals(1, $actual['attachment']);
+            $this->assertEquals(1, $actual['notification']);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('nextcron', $actual);
+            $this->assertEquals(0, $actual['status']);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('issuedid', $actual);
+            $this->assertEquals(0, $actual['visible']);
+            $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('email', $actual);
+        }
+
+        $alignments = $expected['alignment'];
+        if (!$canconfiguredetails) {
+            foreach ($alignments as $index => $alignment) {
+                $alignments[$index] = [
+                    'id' => $alignment['id'],
+                    'badgeid' => $alignment['badgeid'],
+                    'targetName' => $alignment['targetName'],
+                    'targetUrl' => $alignment['targetUrl'],
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+        $this->assertEquals($alignments, $actual['alignment']);
+
+        $relatedbadges = $expected['relatedbadges'];
+        if (!$canconfiguredetails) {
+            foreach ($relatedbadges as $index => $relatedbadge) {
+                $relatedbadges[$index] = [
+                    'id' => $relatedbadge['id'],
+                    'name' => $relatedbadge['name'],
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+        $this->assertEquals($relatedbadges, $actual['relatedbadges']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns test data for external functions.
+     *
+     * The test data includes:
+     * - A teacher.
+     * - A student.
+     * - A site badge, with an endorsment and 2 alignments, issued to the student by the teacher.
+     * - A course badge, related to the site badge, issued to the student by the teacher.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    private function prepare_test_data(): array {
+        global $DB;
+
+        $this->resetAfterTest();
+        $this->setAdminUser();
+        $generator = $this->getDataGenerator();
+
+        // Setup test data.
+        $course = $generator->create_course();
+
+        // Create users and enrolments.
+        $student = $generator->create_and_enrol($course);
+        $teacher = $generator->create_and_enrol($course, 'editingteacher');
+        $badgegenerator = $generator->get_plugin_generator('core_badges');
+
+        $systemcontext = \context_system::instance();
+        $coursecontext = \context_course::instance($course->id);
+
+        // Create a site badge.
+        $now = time();
+        $sitebadge = $badgegenerator->create_badge([
+            'name' => "Test badge site",
+            'description' => "Testing badges site",
+            'timecreated' => $now,
+            'timemodified' => $now,
+            'usercreated' => (int) $teacher->id,
+            'usermodified' => (int) $teacher->id,
+            'expiredate' => $now + YEARSECS,
+            'expireperiod' => YEARSECS,
+            'type' => BADGE_TYPE_SITE,
+        ]);
+
+        $sitebadge->issue($student->id, true);
+        $siteissuedbadge = $DB->get_record('badge_issued', [ 'badgeid' => $sitebadge->id ]);
+
+        // Change issued time to ensure badges are fetched in a consistent order.
+        $siteissuedbadge->dateissued = $now - 1;
+        $DB->update_record('badge_issued', $siteissuedbadge);
+
+        $sitebadgedata = [
+            ...(array) $sitebadge,
+            'issuedid' => (int) $siteissuedbadge->id,
+            'uniquehash' => $siteissuedbadge->uniquehash,
+            'dateissued' => (int) $siteissuedbadge->dateissued,
+            'dateexpire' => $siteissuedbadge->dateexpire,
+            'visible' => (int) $siteissuedbadge->visible,
+            'badgeurl' => \moodle_url::make_webservice_pluginfile_url($systemcontext->id, 'badges', 'badgeimage',
+                                                                      $sitebadge->id, '/', 'f3')->out(false),
+            'email' => $student->email,
+            'endorsement' => null,
+            'alignment' => [],
+            'relatedbadges' => [],
+        ];
+
+        // Add an endorsement for the site badge.
+        $endorsement              = new \stdClass();
+        $endorsement->badgeid     = $sitebadge->id;
+        $endorsement->issuername  = 'Issuer name';
+        $endorsement->issuerurl   = 'http://endorsement-issuer-url.domain.co.nz';
+        $endorsement->issueremail = 'endorsementissuer@example.com';
+        $endorsement->claimid     = 'http://claim-url.domain.co.nz';
+        $endorsement->claimcomment = 'Claim comment';
+        $endorsement->dateissued  = $now;
+        $endorsement->id          = $sitebadge->save_endorsement($endorsement);
+        $sitebadgedata['endorsement'] = (array) $endorsement;
+
+        // Add 2 alignments to the site badge.
+        $alignment = new \stdClass();
+        $alignment->badgeid = $sitebadge->id;
+        $alignment->targetname = 'Alignment 1';
+        $alignment->targeturl = 'http://a1-target-url.domain.co.nz';
+        $alignment->targetdescription = 'A1 target description';
+        $alignment->targetframework = 'A1 framework';
+        $alignment->targetcode = 'A1 code';
+        $alignment->id = $sitebadge->save_alignment($alignment);
+        $sitebadgedata['alignment'][] = [
+            'id' => $alignment->id,
+            'badgeid' => $alignment->badgeid,
+            'targetName' => $alignment->targetname,
+            'targetUrl' => $alignment->targeturl,
+            'targetDescription' => $alignment->targetdescription,
+            'targetFramework' => $alignment->targetframework,
+            'targetCode' => $alignment->targetcode,
+        ];
+
+        $alignment = new \stdClass();
+        $alignment->badgeid = $sitebadge->id;
+        $alignment->targetname = 'Alignment 2';
+        $alignment->targeturl = 'http://a2-target-url.domain.co.nz';
+        $alignment->targetdescription = 'A2 target description';
+        $alignment->targetframework = 'A2 framework';
+        $alignment->targetcode = 'A2 code';
+        $alignment->id = $sitebadge->save_alignment($alignment);
+        $sitebadgedata['alignment'][] = [
+            'id' => $alignment->id,
+            'badgeid' => $alignment->badgeid,
+            'targetName' => $alignment->targetname,
+            'targetUrl' => $alignment->targeturl,
+            'targetDescription' => $alignment->targetdescription,
+            'targetFramework' => $alignment->targetframework,
+            'targetCode' => $alignment->targetcode,
+        ];
+
+        // Create a course badge.
+        $coursebadge = $badgegenerator->create_badge([
+            'name' => "Test badge course",
+            'description' => "Testing badges course",
+            'timecreated' => $now,
+            'timemodified' => $now,
+            'usercreated' => (int) $teacher->id,
+            'usermodified' => (int) $teacher->id,
+            'expiredate' => $now + YEARSECS,
+            'expireperiod' => YEARSECS,
+            'type' => BADGE_TYPE_COURSE,
+            'courseid' => (int) $course->id,
+        ]);
+        $coursebadge->issue($student->id, true);
+
+        $courseissuedbadge = $DB->get_record('badge_issued', [ 'badgeid' => $coursebadge->id ]);
+        $coursebadgedata = [
+            ...(array) $coursebadge,
+            'issuedid' => (int) $courseissuedbadge->id,
+            'uniquehash' => $courseissuedbadge->uniquehash,
+            'dateissued' => (int) $courseissuedbadge->dateissued,
+            'dateexpire' => $courseissuedbadge->dateexpire,
+            'visible' => (int) $courseissuedbadge->visible,
+            'badgeurl' => \moodle_url::make_webservice_pluginfile_url($coursecontext->id, 'badges', 'badgeimage',
+                                                                      $coursebadge->id, '/', 'f3')->out(false),
+            'email' => $student->email,
+            'endorsement' => null,
+            'alignment' => [],
+            'relatedbadges' => [],
+        ];
+
+        // Add the course badge to the site badge.
+        $sitebadge->add_related_badges([$coursebadge->id]);
+        $sitebadgedata['relatedbadges'][] = [
+            'id'   => (int) $coursebadge->id,
+            'name' => $coursebadge->name,
+            'version' => $coursebadge->version,
+            'language' => $coursebadge->language,
+            'type' => $coursebadge->type,
+        ];
+        $coursebadgedata['relatedbadges'][] = [
+            'id'   => (int) $sitebadge->id,
+            'name' => $sitebadge->name,
+            'version' => $sitebadge->version,
+            'language' => $sitebadge->language,
+            'type' => $sitebadge->type,
+        ];
+
+        return [
+            'coursebadge' => $coursebadgedata,
+            'sitebadge' => $sitebadgedata,
+            'student' => $student,
+            'teacher' => $teacher,
+        ];
+    }
+}
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 namespace core_badges\external;

 use core_badges_external;
+use core_badges\tests\external_helper;
 use core_external\external_api;
 use core_external\external_settings;
 use externallib_advanced_testcase;
@@ -48,221 +49,66 @@ require_once($CFG->libdir . '/badgeslib.php');
 * @since      Moodle 3.1
 */
 final class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
-
-    /** @var stdClass $course */
-    private $course;
-
-    /** @var stdClass $student */
-    private $student;
-
-    /** @var stdClass $teacher */
-    private $teacher;
-
-    /**
-     * Set up for every test
-     */
-    public function setUp(): void {
-        global $DB;
-        $this->resetAfterTest();
-        $this->setAdminUser();
-
-        // Setup test data.
-        $this->course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-
-        // Create users and enrolments.
-        $this->student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($this->course, 'student');
-        $this->teacher = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($this->course, 'editingteacher');
-
-        // Mock up a site badge.
-        $now = time();
-        $badge = new \stdClass();
-        $badge->id = null;
-        $badge->name = "Test badge site";
-        $badge->description = "Testing badges site";
-        $badge->timecreated = $now - 12;
-        $badge->timemodified = $now - 12;
-        $badge->usercreated = $this->teacher->id;
-        $badge->usermodified = $this->teacher->id;
-        $badge->issuername = "Test issuer";
-        $badge->issuerurl = "http://issuer-url.domain.co.nz";
-        $badge->issuercontact = "issuer@example.com";
-        $badge->expiredate = null;
-        $badge->expireperiod = null;
-        $badge->type = BADGE_TYPE_SITE;
-        $badge->courseid = null;
-        $badge->messagesubject = "Test message subject for badge";
-        $badge->message = "Test message body for badge";
-        $badge->attachment = 1;
-        $badge->notification = 0;
-        $badge->status = BADGE_STATUS_ACTIVE;
-        $badge->version = '1';
-        $badge->language = 'en';
-        $badge->imageauthorname = 'Image author';
-        $badge->imageauthoremail = 'imageauthor@example.com';
-        $badge->imageauthorurl = 'http://image-author-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $badge->imagecaption = 'Caption';
-
-        $badgeid = $DB->insert_record('badge', $badge, true);
-        $badge = new \badge($badgeid);
-        $badge->issue($this->student->id, true);
-
-        // Hack the database to adjust the time each badge was issued.
-        $DB->set_field('badge_issued', 'dateissued', $now - 11, array('userid' => $this->student->id, 'badgeid' => $badgeid));
-
-        // Add an endorsement for the badge.
-        $endorsement = new \stdClass();
-        $endorsement->badgeid = $badgeid;
-        $endorsement->issuername = 'Issuer name';
-        $endorsement->issuerurl = 'http://endorsement-issuer-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $endorsement->issueremail = 'endorsementissuer@example.com';
-        $endorsement->claimid = 'http://claim-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $endorsement->claimcomment = 'Claim comment';
-        $endorsement->dateissued = $now;
-        $badge->save_endorsement($endorsement);
-
-        // Add 2 alignments.
-        $alignment = new \stdClass();
-        $alignment->badgeid = $badgeid;
-        $alignment->targetname = 'Alignment 1';
-        $alignment->targeturl = 'http://a1-target-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $alignment->targetdescription = 'A1 target description';
-        $alignment->targetframework = 'A1 framework';
-        $alignment->targetcode = 'A1 code';
-        $badge->save_alignment($alignment);
-
-        $alignment->targetname = 'Alignment 2';
-        $alignment->targeturl = 'http://a2-target-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $alignment->targetdescription = 'A2 target description';
-        $alignment->targetframework = 'A2 framework';
-        $alignment->targetcode = 'A2 code';
-        $badge->save_alignment($alignment);
-
-        // Now a course badge.
-        $badge->id = null;
-        $badge->name = "Test badge course";
-        $badge->description = "Testing badges course";
-        $badge->type = BADGE_TYPE_COURSE;
-        $badge->courseid = $this->course->id;
-
-        $coursebadgeid = $DB->insert_record('badge', $badge, true);
-        $badge = new \badge($coursebadgeid);
-        $badge->issue($this->student->id, true);
-
-        // Hack the database to adjust the time each badge was issued.
-        $DB->set_field('badge_issued', 'dateissued', $now - 10, array('userid' => $this->student->id, 'badgeid' => $coursebadgeid));
-
-        // Make the site badge a related badge.
-        $badge->add_related_badges(array($badgeid));
-    }
+    use external_helper;

    /**
     * Test get user badges.
     * These is a basic test since the badges_get_my_user_badges used by the external function already has unit tests.
+     *
+     * @covers \core_badges_external::get_user_badges
     */
    public function test_get_my_user_badges(): void {
+        $data = $this->prepare_test_data();

-        $this->setUser($this->student);
-
-        $badges = (array) badges_get_user_badges($this->student->id);
-        $expectedbadges = array();
-        $coursebadge = null;
-
-        foreach ($badges as $badge) {
-            $context = ($badge->type == BADGE_TYPE_SITE) ? \context_system::instance() : \context_course::instance($badge->courseid);
-            $badge->badgeurl = \moodle_url::make_webservice_pluginfile_url($context->id, 'badges', 'badgeimage', $badge->id, '/',
-                                                                            'f3')->out(false);
-
-            // Get the endorsement, alignments and related badges.
-            $badgeinstance = new \badge($badge->id);
-            $endorsement = $badgeinstance->get_endorsement();
-            $alignments = $badgeinstance->get_alignments();
-            $relatedbadges = $badgeinstance->get_related_badges();
-            $badge->alignment = array();
-            $badge->relatedbadges = array();
-
-            if ($endorsement) {
-                $badge->endorsement = (array) $endorsement;
-            }
-
-            if (!empty($alignments)) {
-                foreach ($alignments as $alignment) {
-                    // Students cannot see some fields of the alignments.
-                    unset($alignment->targetname);
-                    unset($alignment->targeturl);
-                    unset($alignment->targetdescription);
-                    unset($alignment->targetframework);
-                    unset($alignment->targetcode);
-
-                    $badge->alignment[] = (array) $alignment;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (!empty($relatedbadges)) {
-                foreach ($relatedbadges as $relatedbadge) {
-                    // Students cannot see some fields of the related badges.
-                    unset($relatedbadge->version);
-                    unset($relatedbadge->language);
-                    unset($relatedbadge->type);
-
-                    $badge->relatedbadges[] = (array) $relatedbadge;
-                }
-            }
-
-            $expectedbadges[] = (array) $badge;
-            if (isset($badge->courseid)) {
-                // Save the course badge to be able to compare it in our tests.
-                $coursebadge = (array) $badge;
-            }
-        }
-
+        $this->setUser($data['student']);
        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges();
        $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(core_badges_external::get_user_badges_returns(), $result);
-        $this->assertEquals($expectedbadges, $result['badges']);
+        $this->assertCount(2, $result['badges']);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badges'][0], true, false);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['sitebadge'], $result['badges'][1], true, false);

        // Pagination and filtering.
-        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges(0, $this->course->id, 0, 1, '', true);
+        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges(0, 0, 0, 1, '', true);
        $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(core_badges_external::get_user_badges_returns(), $result);
        $this->assertCount(1, $result['badges']);
-        $this->assertEquals($coursebadge, $result['badges'][0]);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badges'][0], true, false);
    }

    /**
     * Test get user badges.
+     *
+     * @covers \core_badges_external::get_user_badges
     */
    public function test_get_other_user_badges(): void {
+        $data = $this->prepare_test_data();

-        $this->setUser($this->teacher);
-
-        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges($this->student->id);
+        // User with "moodle/badges:configuredetails" capability.
+        $this->setAdminUser();
+        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges($data['student']->id);
        $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(core_badges_external::get_user_badges_returns(), $result);
-
        $this->assertCount(2, $result['badges']);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badges'][0], false, true);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['sitebadge'], $result['badges'][1], false, true);

-        // Check that we don't have permissions for view the complete information for site badges.
-        foreach ($result['badges'] as $badge) {
-            if (isset($badge['type']) and $badge['type'] == BADGE_TYPE_COURSE) {
-                $this->assertTrue(isset($badge['message']));
-
-                // Check that we have permissions to see all the data in alignments and related badges.
-                foreach ($badge['alignment'] as $alignment) {
-                    $this->assertTrue(isset($alignment['targetdescription']));
-                }
-
-                foreach ($badge['relatedbadges'] as $relatedbadge) {
-                    $this->assertTrue(isset($relatedbadge['type']));
-                }
-            } else {
-                $this->assertFalse(isset($badge['message']));
-            }
-        }
+        // User without "moodle/badges:configuredetails" capability.
+        $this->setUser($this->getDataGenerator()->create_user());
+        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges($data['student']->id);
+        $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(core_badges_external::get_user_badges_returns(), $result);
+        $this->assertCount(2, $result['badges']);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badges'][0], false, false);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['sitebadge'], $result['badges'][1], false, false);
    }

    /**
     * Test get_user_badges where issuername contains text to be filtered
+     *
+     * @covers \core_badges_external::get_user_badges
     */
    public function test_get_user_badges_filter_issuername(): void {
        global $DB;

+        $data = $this->prepare_test_data();
+
        filter_set_global_state('multilang', TEXTFILTER_ON);
        filter_set_applies_to_strings('multilang', true);

@@ -273,7 +119,7 @@ final class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
        $DB->set_field('badge', 'issuername', $issuername, ['name' => 'Test badge site']);

        // Retrieve student badges.
-        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges($this->student->id);
+        $result = core_badges_external::get_user_badges($data['student']->id);
        $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(core_badges_external::get_user_badges_returns(), $result);

        // Site badge will be last, because it has the earlier issued date.
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@

 namespace core_badges\external;

+use core_badges\tests\external_helper;
 use externallib_advanced_testcase;

 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@ defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 global $CFG;

 require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/webservice/tests/helpers.php');
-require_once($CFG->libdir . '/badgeslib.php');

 /**
 * Tests for external function get_user_badge_by_hash.
@@ -36,141 +36,7 @@ require_once($CFG->libdir . '/badgeslib.php');
 * @coversDefaultClass \core_badges\external\get_user_badge_by_hash
 */
 final class get_user_badge_by_hash_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
-
-    /**
-     * Prepare the test.
-     *
-     * @return array
-     */
-    private function prepare_test_data(): array {
-        global $DB;
-        $this->resetAfterTest();
-        $this->setAdminUser();
-
-        // Setup test data.
-        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-
-        // Create users and enrolments.
-        $student1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course);
-        $student2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course);
-        $teacher  = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'editingteacher');
-
-        // Mock up a site badge.
-        $now = time();
-        $badge = new \stdClass();
-        $badge->id = null;
-        $badge->name = "Test badge site";
-        $badge->description  = "Testing badges site";
-        $badge->timecreated  = $now;
-        $badge->timemodified = $now;
-        $badge->usercreated  = (int) $teacher->id;
-        $badge->usermodified = (int) $teacher->id;
-        $badge->expiredate    = null;
-        $badge->expireperiod  = null;
-        $badge->type = BADGE_TYPE_SITE;
-        $badge->courseid = null;
-        $badge->messagesubject = "Test message subject for badge";
-        $badge->message = "Test message body for badge";
-        $badge->attachment = 1;
-        $badge->notification = 0;
-        $badge->status = BADGE_STATUS_ACTIVE;
-        $badge->version = '1';
-        $badge->language = 'en';
-        $badge->imageauthorname = 'Image author';
-        $badge->imageauthoremail = 'imageauthor@example.com';
-        $badge->imageauthorurl = 'http://image-author-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $badge->imagecaption = 'Caption';
-
-        $badgeid   = $DB->insert_record('badge', $badge, true);
-        $badge->id = $badgeid;
-        $sitebadge = new \badge($badgeid);
-        $sitebadge->issue($student1->id, true);
-        $siteissuedbadge = $DB->get_record('badge_issued', [ 'badgeid' => $badge->id ]);
-
-        $badge->issuername = $sitebadge->issuername;
-        $badge->issuercontact = $sitebadge->issuercontact;
-        $badge->issuerurl  = $sitebadge->issuerurl;
-        $badge->nextcron   = $sitebadge->nextcron;
-        $badge->issuedid   = (int) $siteissuedbadge->id;
-        $badge->uniquehash = $siteissuedbadge->uniquehash;
-        $badge->dateissued = (int) $siteissuedbadge->dateissued;
-        $badge->dateexpire = $siteissuedbadge->dateexpire;
-        $badge->visible    = (int) $siteissuedbadge->visible;
-        $badge->email      = $student1->email;
-        $context           = \context_system::instance();
-        $badge->badgeurl   = \moodle_url::make_webservice_pluginfile_url($context->id, 'badges', 'badgeimage', $badge->id, '/',
-                                                                            'f3')->out(false);
-        $badge->status = BADGE_STATUS_ACTIVE_LOCKED;
-
-        // Add an endorsement for the badge.
-        $endorsement              = new \stdClass();
-        $endorsement->badgeid     = $badgeid;
-        $endorsement->issuername  = 'Issuer name';
-        $endorsement->issuerurl   = 'http://endorsement-issuer-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $endorsement->issueremail = 'endorsementissuer@example.com';
-        $endorsement->claimid     = 'http://claim-url.domain.co.nz';
-        $endorsement->claimcomment = 'Claim comment';
-        $endorsement->dateissued  = $now;
-        $endorsement->id          = $sitebadge->save_endorsement($endorsement);
-        $badge->endorsement       = (array) $endorsement;
-
-        // Add 2 alignments.
-        $alignment          = new \stdClass();
-        $alignment->badgeid = $badgeid;
-        $alignment->id      = $sitebadge->save_alignment($alignment);
-        $badge->alignment[] = (array) $alignment;
-
-        $alignment->id        = $sitebadge->save_alignment($alignment);
-        $badge->alignment[]   = (array) $alignment;
-        $badge->relatedbadges = [];
-        $usersitebadge[]      = (array) $badge;
-
-        // Now a course badge.
-        $badge->id          = null;
-        $badge->name        = "Test badge course";
-        $badge->description = "Testing badges course";
-        $badge->type        = BADGE_TYPE_COURSE;
-        $badge->courseid    = (int) $course->id;
-
-        $badge->id     = $DB->insert_record('badge', $badge, true);
-        $coursebadge   = new \badge($badge->id );
-        $coursebadge->issue($student1->id, true);
-        $courseissuedbadge = $DB->get_record('badge_issued', [ 'badgeid' => $badge->id ]);
-
-        $badge->issuername = $coursebadge->issuername;
-        $badge->issuercontact = $coursebadge->issuercontact;
-        $badge->issuerurl  = $coursebadge->issuerurl;
-        $badge->nextcron   = $coursebadge->nextcron;
-        $badge->issuedid   = (int) $courseissuedbadge->id;
-        $badge->uniquehash = $courseissuedbadge->uniquehash;
-        $badge->dateissued = (int) $courseissuedbadge->dateissued;
-        $badge->dateexpire = $courseissuedbadge->dateexpire;
-        $badge->visible    = (int) $courseissuedbadge->visible;
-        $badge->email      = $student1->email;
-        $context           = \context_course::instance($badge->courseid);
-        $badge->badgeurl   = \moodle_url::make_webservice_pluginfile_url($context->id, 'badges', 'badgeimage', $badge->id , '/',
-                                                                            'f3')->out(false);
-
-        unset($badge->endorsement);
-        $badge->alignment    = [];
-        $usercoursebadge[] = (array) $badge;
-        // Make the site badge a related badge.
-        $sitebadge->add_related_badges([$badge->id]);
-        $usersitebadge[0]['relatedbadges'][0] = [
-            'id'   => (int) $coursebadge->id,
-            'name' => $coursebadge->name
-        ];
-        $usercoursebadge[0]['relatedbadges'][0] = [
-            'id'   => (int) $sitebadge->id,
-            'name' => $sitebadge->name
-        ];
-        return [
-            'coursebadge' => $usercoursebadge,
-            'sitebadge'   => $usersitebadge,
-            'student1'    => $student1,
-            'student2'    => $student2
-        ];
-    }
+    use external_helper;

    /**
     * Test get user badge by hash.
@@ -179,18 +45,47 @@ final class get_user_badge_by_hash_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
     */
    public function test_get_user_badge_by_hash(): void {
        $data = $this->prepare_test_data();
-        $this->setUser($data['student1']);

-        // Site badge.
-        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['sitebadge'][0]['uniquehash']);
+        // Site badge fetched by recipient.
+        $this->setUser($data['student']);
+        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['sitebadge']['uniquehash']);
        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
-        $this->assertEquals($data['sitebadge'][0]['uniquehash'], $result['badge'][0]['uniquehash']);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['sitebadge'], $result['badge'][0], true, false);
        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);

-        // Course badge.
-        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['coursebadge'][0]['uniquehash']);
+        // Site badge fetched by user without "moodle/badges:configuredetails" capability.
+        $this->setGuestUser();
+        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['sitebadge']['uniquehash']);
        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
-        $this->assertEquals($data['coursebadge'][0]['uniquehash'], $result['badge'][0]['uniquehash']);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['sitebadge'], $result['badge'][0], false, false);
+        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);
+
+        // Site badge fetched by user with "moodle/badges:configuredetails" capability.
+        $this->setAdminUser();
+        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['sitebadge']['uniquehash']);
+        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['sitebadge'], $result['badge'][0], false, true);
+        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);
+
+        // Course badge fetched by recipient.
+        $this->setUser($data['student']);
+        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['coursebadge']['uniquehash']);
+        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badge'][0], true, false);
+        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);
+
+        // Course badge fetched by user without "moodle/badges:configuredetails" capability.
+        $this->setGuestUser();
+        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['coursebadge']['uniquehash']);
+        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badge'][0], false, false);
+        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);
+
+        // Course badge fetched by user with "moodle/badges:configuredetails" capability.
+        $this->setAdminUser();
+        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['coursebadge']['uniquehash']);
+        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
+        $this->assert_issued_badge($data['coursebadge'], $result['badge'][0], false, true);
        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);

        // Wrong hash.
@@ -200,48 +95,4 @@ final class get_user_badge_by_hash_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
        $this->assertNotEmpty($result['warnings']);
        $this->assertEquals('badgeawardnotfound', $result['warnings'][0]['warningcode']);
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Test get user badge by hash with restrictions.
-     * @covers ::execute
-     */
-    public function test_get_user_badge_by_hash_with_restrictions(): void {
-        $data = $this->prepare_test_data();
-        $this->setUser($data['student2']);
-
-        // Site badge.
-        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['sitebadge'][0]['uniquehash']);
-        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
-        $this->assertNotEmpty($result['badge']);
-        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);
-
-        // Check that we don't have permissions for view the complete information for site badges.
-        if (isset($result['badge'][0]['type']) && $result['badge'][0]['type'] == BADGE_TYPE_SITE) {
-            $this->assertFalse(isset($result['badge'][0]['message']));
-
-            // Check that we have permissions to see all the data in alignments and related badges.
-            foreach ($result['badge'][0]['alignment'] as $alignment) {
-                $this->assertTrue(isset($alignment['id']));
-            }
-
-            foreach ($result['badge'][0]['relatedbadges'] as $relatedbadge) {
-                $this->assertTrue(isset($relatedbadge['id']));
-            }
-        } else {
-            $this->assertTrue(isset($result['badge'][0]['message']));
-        }
-
-        // Course badge.
-        $result = get_user_badge_by_hash::execute($data['coursebadge'][0]['uniquehash']);
-        $result = \core_external\external_api::clean_returnvalue(get_user_badge_by_hash::execute_returns(), $result);
-        $this->assertNotEmpty($result['badge']);
-        $this->assertEmpty($result['warnings']);
-
-        // Check that we don't have permissions for view the complete information for course badges.
-        if (isset($result['badge'][0]['type']) && $result['badge'][0]['type'] == BADGE_TYPE_COURSE) {
-            $this->assertFalse(isset($result['badge'][0]['message']));
-        } else {
-            $this->assertTrue(isset($result['badge'][0]['message']));
-        }
-    }
 }
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

 /**
- * Script to let a user edit the properties of a particular RSS feed.
+ * Script to let a user view the output of a particular RSS feed.
 *
 * @package   block_rss_client
 * @copyright 2009 Tim Hunt
@@ -26,9 +26,6 @@ require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../config.php');
 require_once($CFG->libdir .'/simplepie/moodle_simplepie.php');

 require_login();
-if (isguestuser()) {
-    throw new \moodle_exception('guestsarenotallowed');
-}

 $returnurl = optional_param('returnurl', '', PARAM_LOCALURL);
 $courseid = optional_param('courseid', 0, PARAM_INT);
@@ -46,6 +43,11 @@ if ($courseid) {
    $PAGE->set_context($context);
 }

+$managesharedfeeds = has_capability('block/rss_client:manageanyfeeds', $context);
+if (!$managesharedfeeds) {
+    require_capability('block/rss_client:manageownfeeds', $context);
+}
+
 $urlparams = array('rssid' => $rssid);
 if ($courseid) {
    $urlparams['courseid'] = $courseid;
@@ -56,10 +58,18 @@ if ($returnurl) {
 $PAGE->set_url('/blocks/rss_client/viewfeed.php', $urlparams);
 $PAGE->set_pagelayout('popup');

-$rssrecord = $DB->get_record('block_rss_client', array('id' => $rssid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+if ($managesharedfeeds) {
+    $select = 'id = :id AND (userid = :userid OR shared = 1)';
+} else {
+    $select = 'id = :id AND userid = :userid';
+}
+
+$rssrecord = $DB->get_record_select('block_rss_client', $select, [
+    'id' => $rssid,
+    'userid' => $USER->id,
+], '*', MUST_EXIST);

 $rss = new moodle_simplepie($rssrecord->url);
-
 if ($rss->error()) {
    debugging($rss->error());
    throw new \moodle_exception('errorfetchingrssfeed');
@@ -34,15 +34,21 @@ $PAGE->set_url(new moodle_url('/blog/external_blogs.php'));
 require_capability('moodle/blog:manageexternal', $context);

 $delete = optional_param('delete', null, PARAM_INT);
+$confirm = optional_param('confirm', false, PARAM_BOOL);

 $strexternalblogs = get_string('externalblogs', 'blog');
 $straddnewexternalblog = get_string('addnewexternalblog', 'blog');
 $strblogs = get_string('blogs', 'blog');
-$message = null;

-if ($delete && confirm_sesskey()) {
-    $externalblog = $DB->get_record('blog_external', array('id' => $delete));
-    if ($externalblog->userid == $USER->id) {
+$PAGE->set_title("{$strblogs}: {$strexternalblogs}");
+$PAGE->set_pagelayout('standard');
+
+if ($delete) {
+    $externalblog = $DB->get_record('blog_external', ['id' => $delete, 'userid' => $USER->id], '*', MUST_EXIST);
+
+    if ($confirm) {
+        require_sesskey();
+
        // Delete the external blog.
        $DB->delete_records('blog_external', array('id' => $delete));

@@ -60,23 +66,28 @@ if ($delete && confirm_sesskey()) {
        $event = \core\event\blog_external_removed::create($eventparms);
        $event->add_record_snapshot('blog_external', $externalblog);
        $event->trigger();
-        $message = get_string('externalblogdeleted', 'blog');
+
+        redirect($PAGE->url, get_string('externalblogdeleted', 'blog'));
+    } else {
+        echo $OUTPUT->header();
+        echo $OUTPUT->heading("{$strexternalblogs}: " . s($externalblog->name), 2);
+
+        echo $OUTPUT->confirm(
+            get_string('deleteexternalblog', 'blog'),
+            new moodle_url($PAGE->url->out_omit_querystring(), ['delete' => $delete, 'confirm' => 1]),
+            $PAGE->url,
+        );
+
+        echo $OUTPUT->footer();
+        die;
    }
 }

 $blogs = $DB->get_records('blog_external', array('userid' => $USER->id));

-$PAGE->set_heading(fullname($USER));
-$PAGE->set_title("$strblogs: $strexternalblogs");
-$PAGE->set_pagelayout('standard');
-
 echo $OUTPUT->header();
 echo $OUTPUT->heading($strexternalblogs, 2);

-if (!empty($message)) {
-    echo $OUTPUT->notification($message);
-}
-
 echo $OUTPUT->box_start('generalbox boxaligncenter');

 if (!empty($blogs)) {
@@ -99,10 +110,8 @@ if (!empty($blogs)) {
        $editurl = new moodle_url('/blog/external_blog_edit.php', array('id' => $blog->id));
        $editicon = $OUTPUT->action_icon($editurl, new pix_icon('t/edit', get_string('editexternalblog', 'blog')));

-        $deletelink = new moodle_url('/blog/external_blogs.php', array('delete' => $blog->id, 'sesskey' => sesskey()));
-        $action = new confirm_action(get_string('externalblogdeleteconfirm', 'blog'));
-        $deleteicon = $OUTPUT->action_icon($deletelink, new pix_icon('t/delete', get_string('deleteexternalblog', 'blog')),
-                                           $action);
+        $deletelink = new moodle_url('/blog/external_blogs.php', ['delete' => $blog->id]);
+        $deleteicon = $OUTPUT->action_icon($deletelink, new pix_icon('t/delete', get_string('deleteexternalblog', 'blog')));

        $table->data[] = new html_table_row(array($blog->name,
                                                  $blog->url,
@@ -915,10 +915,10 @@ class core_calendar_external extends external_api {
        $formoptions['eventtypes'] = $allowedeeventtypes;
        if ($courseid) {
            require_once($CFG->libdir . '/grouplib.php');
-            $groupcoursedata = groups_get_course_data($courseid);
-            if (!empty($groupcoursedata->groups)) {
+            $groupcoursedata = groups_get_all_groups($courseid);
+            if (!empty($groupcoursedata)) {
                $formoptions['groups'] = [];
-                foreach ($groupcoursedata->groups as $groupid => $groupdata) {
+                foreach ($groupcoursedata as $groupid => $groupdata) {
                    $formoptions['groups'][$groupid] = $groupdata->name;
                }
            }
@@ -3639,9 +3639,9 @@ function calendar_output_fragment_event_form($args) {

    if (is_null($eventid)) {
        if (!empty($courseid)) {
-            $groupcoursedata = groups_get_course_data($courseid);
+            $groupcoursedata = groups_get_all_groups($courseid);
            $formoptions['groups'] = [];
-            foreach ($groupcoursedata->groups as $groupid => $groupdata) {
+            foreach ($groupcoursedata as $groupid => $groupdata) {
                $formoptions['groups'][$groupid] = $groupdata->name;
            }
        }
@@ -3683,9 +3683,9 @@ function calendar_output_fragment_event_form($args) {
        $formoptions['event'] = $event;

        if (!empty($event->courseid)) {
-            $groupcoursedata = groups_get_course_data($event->courseid);
+            $groupcoursedata = groups_get_all_groups($event->courseid);
            $formoptions['groups'] = [];
-            foreach ($groupcoursedata->groups as $groupid => $groupdata) {
+            foreach ($groupcoursedata as $groupid => $groupdata) {
                $formoptions['groups'][$groupid] = $groupdata->name;
            }
        }
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ class cohorts extends system_report {
            "{$entitymainalias}.component");

        // Check if report needs to show a specific category.
-        $contextid = $this->get_parameter('contextid', 0, PARAM_INT);
-        $showall = $this->get_parameter('showall', true, PARAM_BOOL);
-        if (!$showall) {
+        if (!$this->get_context() instanceof context_system || !$this->get_parameter('showall', false, PARAM_BOOL)) {
            $paramcontextid = database::generate_param_name();
-            $this->add_base_condition_sql("{$entitymainalias}.contextid = :$paramcontextid", [$paramcontextid => $contextid]);
+            $this->add_base_condition_sql("{$entitymainalias}.contextid = :{$paramcontextid}", [
+                $paramcontextid => $this->get_context()->id,
+            ]);
        }

        // Now we can call our helper methods to add the content we want to include in the report.
@@ -77,14 +77,7 @@ class cohorts extends system_report {
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function can_view(): bool {
-        $contextid = $this->get_parameter('contextid', 0, PARAM_INT);
-        if ($contextid) {
-            $context = context::instance_by_id($contextid, MUST_EXIST);
-        } else {
-            $context = context_system::instance();
-        }
-
-        return has_any_capability(['moodle/cohort:manage', 'moodle/cohort:view'], $context);
+        return has_any_capability(['moodle/cohort:manage', 'moodle/cohort:view'], $this->get_context());
    }

    /**
@@ -98,10 +91,8 @@ class cohorts extends system_report {
    public function add_columns(cohort $cohortentity): void {

        $entitymainalias = $cohortentity->get_table_alias('cohort');
-        $showall = $this->get_parameter('showall', false, PARAM_BOOL);
-
        // Category column. An extra callback is appended in order to extend the current column formatting.
-        if ($showall) {
+        if ($this->get_context() instanceof context_system && $this->get_parameter('showall', false, PARAM_BOOL)) {
            $this->add_column_from_entity('cohort:context')
                ->add_callback(static function(string $value, stdClass $cohort): string {
                    $context = context::instance_by_id($cohort->contextid);
@@ -195,10 +186,11 @@ class cohorts extends system_report {
     */
    protected function add_actions(): void {

-        $contextid = $this->get_parameter('contextid', 0, PARAM_INT);
-        $showall = $this->get_parameter('showall', true, PARAM_BOOL);
-        $returnurl = (new moodle_url('/cohort/index.php',
-            ['id' => ':id', 'contextid' => $contextid, 'showall' => $showall]))->out(false);
+        $returnurl = (new moodle_url('/cohort/index.php', [
+            'id' => ':id',
+            'contextid' => $this->get_context()->id,
+            'showall' => $this->get_parameter('showall', false, PARAM_BOOL),
+        ]))->out(false);

        // Hide action. It will be only shown if the property 'visible' is true and user has 'moodle/cohort:manage' capabillity.
        $this->add_action((new action(
@@ -405,6 +405,12 @@ class core_cohort_external extends external_api {
                $results = $results + cohort_get_available_cohorts($context, COHORT_ALL, $limitfrom, $limitnum, $query);
            }
        } else if ($includes == 'all') {
+            $contextsystem = context_system::instance();
+            if (!$context instanceof context_system &&
+                    !has_any_capability(['moodle/cohort:view', 'moodle/cohort:manage'], $contextsystem)) {
+
+                throw new required_capability_exception($contextsystem, 'moodle/cohort:view', 'nopermissions', '');
+            }
            $results = cohort_get_all_cohorts($limitfrom, $limitnum, $query);
            $results = $results['cohorts'];
        } else {
@@ -104,8 +104,7 @@ if ($editcontrols = cohort_edit_controls($context, $baseurl)) {
    echo $OUTPUT->render($editcontrols);
 }

-$reportparams = ['contextid' => $context->id, 'showall' => $showall];
-$report = system_report_factory::create(cohorts::class, $context, '', '', 0, $reportparams);
+$report = system_report_factory::create(cohorts::class, $context, '', '', 0, ['showall' => $showall]);

 // Check if it needs to search by name.
 if (!empty($searchquery)) {
@@ -672,6 +672,7 @@ final class externallib_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
        role_assign($userrole, $catuser->id, $catcontext->id);

        // Enrol user in the course.
+        $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($creator->id, $course->id);
        $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($courseuser->id, $course->id, 'courserole');

        $syscontext = array('contextid' => \context_system::instance()->id);
@@ -758,18 +759,27 @@ final class externallib_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
        $this->assertCount(4, $result['cohorts']);

        // A user in the course context with the system cohort:view capability. Check that all the system cohorts are returned.
-        $this->setUser($courseuser);
        $result = core_cohort_external::search_cohorts("Cohortsearch", $coursecontext, 'all');
-        $this->assertCount(2, $result['cohorts']);
-        $this->assertEquals('Cohortsearch 1', $result['cohorts'][$cohort1->id]->name);
+        $this->assertCount(4, $result['cohorts']);
+
+        // A user in the course context without the ability to view system cohorts.
+        $this->setUser($courseuser);
+        try {
+            $result = core_cohort_external::search_cohorts("Cohortsearch", $coursecontext, 'all');
+            $this->fail('Exception expected');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $this->assertInstanceOf(\required_capability_exception::class, $e);
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('(View site-wide cohorts)', $e->getMessage());
+        }

        // Detect invalid parameter $includes.
        $this->setUser($creator);
        try {
            $result = core_cohort_external::search_cohorts("Cohortsearch", $syscontext, 'invalid');
-            $this->fail('Invalid parameter includes');
-        } catch (\coding_exception $e) {
-            // All good.
+            $this->fail('Exception expected');
+        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
+            $this->assertInstanceOf(\coding_exception::class, $e);
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('Invalid parameter value for \'includes\'', $e->getMessage());
        }
    }
 }
@@ -57,7 +57,13 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
                'singular' => 'plan',
                'datagenerator' => 'plan',
                'required' => ['name'],
-                'switchids' => ['user' => 'userid'],
+                'switchids' => ['user' => 'userid', 'status' => 'status'],
+            ],
+            'plan_competencies' => [
+                'singular' => 'plan_competency',
+                'datagenerator' => 'plan_competency',
+                'required' => ['plan', 'competency'],
+                'switchids' => ['competency' => 'competencyid', 'plan' => 'planid'],
            ],
            'related_competencies' => [
                'singular' => 'related_competency',
@@ -83,14 +89,38 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
                'required' => ['plan', 'competency', 'user'],
                'switchids' => ['plan' => 'planid', 'competency' => 'competencyid', 'user' => 'userid'],
            ],
+            'user_evidence' => [
+                'singular' => 'user_evidence',
+                'datagenerator' => 'user_evidence',
+                'required' => ['user', 'name'],
+                'switchids' => ['user' => 'userid'],
+            ],
+            'user_evidence_competency' => [
+                'singular' => 'user_evidence_competency',
+                'datagenerator' => 'user_evidence_competency',
+                'required' => ['userevidence', 'competency'],
+                'switchids' => ['userevidence' => 'userevidenceid', 'competency' => 'competencyid'],
+            ],
+            'templates' => [
+                'singular' => 'template',
+                'datagenerator' => 'template',
+                'required' => ['shortname'],
+                'switchids' => ['context' => 'contextid'],
+            ],
+            'template_competencies' => [
+                'singular' => 'template_competency',
+                'datagenerator' => 'template_competency',
+                'required' => ['template', 'competency'],
+                'switchids' => ['template' => 'templateid', 'competency' => 'competencyid'],
+            ],
        ];
    }

    /**
-     * Get the competecy framework id using an idnumber.
+     * Get the competency framework id using an idnumber.
     *
     * @param string $idnumber
-     * @return int The competecy framework id
+     * @return int The competency framework id
     */
    protected function get_competencyframework_id(string $idnumber): int {
        global $DB;
@@ -103,10 +133,10 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
    }

    /**
-     * Get the competecy id using an idnumber.
+     * Get the competency id using an idnumber.
     *
     * @param string $idnumber
-     * @return int The competecy id
+     * @return int The competency id
     */
    protected function get_competency_id(string $idnumber): int {
        global $DB;
@@ -135,15 +165,31 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
    }

    /**
-     * Get the related competecy id using an idnumber.
+     * Get the related competency id using an idnumber.
     *
     * @param string $idnumber
-     * @return int The related competecy id
+     * @return int The related competency id
     */
    protected function get_relatedcompetency_id(string $idnumber): int {
        return $this->get_competency_id($idnumber);
    }

+    /**
+     * Get the template id by shortname.
+     *
+     * @param string $shortname The template name.
+     * @return int
+     */
+    protected function get_template_id(string $shortname): int {
+        global $DB;
+
+        if (!$id = $DB->get_field('competency_template', 'id', ['shortname' => $shortname])) {
+            throw new Exception('The specified template with name "' . $shortname . '" could not be found.');
+        }
+
+        return $id;
+    }
+
    /**
     * Add a plan.
     *
@@ -208,6 +254,8 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
     * @return array Processed data.
     */
    protected function preprocess_plan(array $data): array {
+        global $DB, $USER;
+
        if (isset($data['competencies'])) {
            $competencies = array_map('trim', str_getcsv($data['competencies']));
            $data['competencyids'] = array_map([$this, 'get_competency_id'], $competencies);
@@ -215,11 +263,20 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
            unset($data['competencies']);
        }

-        global $USER;
+        if (isset($data['reviewer'])) {
+            if (is_number($data['reviewer'])) {
+                $data['reviewerid'] = $data['reviewer'];
+            } else {
+                if (!$userid = $DB->get_field('user', 'id', ['username' => $data['reviewer']])) {
+                    throw new Exception('The specified user "' . $data['reviewer'] . '" could not be found.');
+                }
+                $data['reviewerid'] = $userid;
+            }
+            unset($data['reviewer']);
+        }

        return $data + [
            'userid' => $USER->id,
-            'status' => plan::STATUS_ACTIVE,
        ];
    }

@@ -258,4 +315,81 @@ class behat_core_competency_generator extends behat_generator_base {
    protected function get_data_generator(): core_competency_generator {
        return $this->componentdatagenerator;
    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the user evidence id using a name.
+     *
+     * @param string $name User evidence name.
+     * @return int The user evidence id
+     */
+    protected function get_userevidence_id(string $name): int {
+        global $DB;
+
+        if (!$id = $DB->get_field('competency_userevidence', 'id', ['name' => $name])) {
+            throw new Exception('The specified user evidence with name "' . $name . '" could not be found.');
+        }
+
+        return $id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the template competency id using a name.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Template competency name.
+     * @return int The template competency id
+     */
+    protected function get_templatecompetency_id(string $name): int {
+        global $DB;
+
+        if (!$id = $DB->get_field('competency_template', 'id', ['name' => $name])) {
+            throw new Exception('The specified template competency with name "' . $name . '" could not be found.');
+        }
+
+        return $id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the context id using a contextid.
+     *
+     * @param string $contextid Context id.
+     * @return int The context id
+     */
+    protected function get_context_id(string $contextid): int {
+        global $DB;
+
+        if (!$id = $DB->get_field('context', 'id', ['id' => $contextid])) {
+            throw new Exception('The specified context with id "' . $contextid . '" could not be found.');
+        }
+
+        return $id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the status id by status name.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Status name.
+     * @return int
+     */
+    protected function get_status_id(string $name): int {
+
+        switch ($name) {
+            case 'draft':
+                $status = plan::STATUS_DRAFT;
+                break;
+            case 'in review':
+                $status = plan::STATUS_IN_REVIEW;
+                break;
+            case 'waiting for review':
+                $status = plan::STATUS_WAITING_FOR_REVIEW;
+                break;
+            case 'complete':
+                $status = plan::STATUS_COMPLETE;
+                break;
+            default:
+                $status = plan::STATUS_ACTIVE;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return $status;
+    }
 }
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ class core_course_category implements renderable, cacheable_object, IteratorAggr
        if (!$coursecat) {
            // Course category not found.
            if ($strictness == MUST_EXIST) {
-                throw new moodle_exception('unknowncategory');
+                throw new moodle_exception('unknowncategory', a: $id);
            }
            $coursecat = null;
        } else if (!$alwaysreturnhidden && !$coursecat->is_uservisible($user)) {
@@ -941,6 +941,8 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {
        $params = self::validate_parameters(self::create_courses_parameters(),
                        array('courses' => $courses));

+        $courseconfig = get_config('moodlecourse');
+
        $availablethemes = core_component::get_plugin_list('theme');
        $availablelangs = get_string_manager()->get_list_of_translations();

@@ -967,6 +969,14 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {
                throw new moodle_exception('errorinvalidparam', 'webservice', '', 'shortname');
            }

+            // Make sure start/end date are correctly set.
+            if (!array_key_exists('startdate', $course)) {
+                $course['startdate'] = usergetmidnight(time());
+            }
+            if (!array_key_exists('enddate', $course) && $courseconfig->courseenddateenabled) {
+                $course['enddate'] = $course['startdate'] + $courseconfig->courseduration;
+            }
+
            // Make sure lang is valid
            if (array_key_exists('lang', $course)) {
                if (empty($availablelangs[$course['lang']])) {
@@ -988,6 +998,8 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {
                }
            }

+            $course['showactivitydates'] = $courseconfig->showactivitydates;
+
            //force visibility if ws user doesn't have the permission to set it
            $category = $DB->get_record('course_categories', array('id' => $course['categoryid']));
            if (!has_capability('moodle/course:visibility', $context)) {
@@ -995,7 +1007,6 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {
            }

            //set default value for completion
-            $courseconfig = get_config('moodlecourse');
            if (completion_info::is_enabled_for_site()) {
                if (!array_key_exists('enablecompletion', $course)) {
                    $course['enablecompletion'] = $courseconfig->enablecompletion;
@@ -4252,7 +4263,7 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {

        self::validate_context($usercontext);

-        if ($userid != $USER->id and !has_capability('moodle/user:viewdetails', $usercontext)) {
+        if ($userid != $USER->id && !has_capability('moodle/user:viewalldetails', $usercontext)) {
            return array();
        }

@@ -4302,22 +4313,28 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {
     * @param int $groupid Group id from which the users will be obtained
     * @param bool $onlyactive Whether to return only the active enrolled users or all enrolled users in the course.
     * @return array List of users
-     * @throws invalid_parameter_exception
     */
    public static function get_enrolled_users_by_cmid(int $cmid, int $groupid = 0, bool $onlyactive = false) {
-    global $PAGE;
+        global $PAGE;
+
        $warnings = [];

-        self::validate_parameters(self::get_enrolled_users_by_cmid_parameters(), [
-                'cmid' => $cmid,
-                'groupid' => $groupid,
-                'onlyactive' => $onlyactive,
+        [
+            'cmid' => $cmid,
+            'groupid' => $groupid,
+            'onlyactive' => $onlyactive,
+        ] = self::validate_parameters(self::get_enrolled_users_by_cmid_parameters(), [
+            'cmid' => $cmid,
+            'groupid' => $groupid,
+            'onlyactive' => $onlyactive,
        ]);

        list($course, $cm) = get_course_and_cm_from_cmid($cmid);
        $coursecontext = context_course::instance($course->id);
        self::validate_context($coursecontext);

+        course_require_view_participants($coursecontext);
+
        $enrolledusers = get_enrolled_users($coursecontext, '', $groupid, 'u.*', null, 0, 0, $onlyactive);

        $users = array_map(function ($user) use ($PAGE) {
@@ -4596,9 +4613,17 @@ class core_course_external extends external_api {
        $coursecontext = context_course::instance($courseid);
        self::validate_context($coursecontext);

-        $activeplugin = get_config('core', 'activitychooseractivefooter');
+        // The active plugin must be set, and be present on the site.
+        $activeplugin = clean_param(
+            get_config('core', 'activitychooseractivefooter'),
+            PARAM_COMPONENT,
+        );

-        if ($activeplugin !== COURSE_CHOOSER_FOOTER_NONE) {
+        if (
+            $activeplugin !== COURSE_CHOOSER_FOOTER_NONE &&
+            !empty($activeplugin) &&
+            core_component::get_component_directory($activeplugin) !== null
+        ) {
            $footerdata = component_callback($activeplugin, 'custom_chooser_footer', [$courseid, $sectionid]);
            return [
                'footer' => true,
@@ -422,8 +422,10 @@ export default class {
     * @param {array} cmIds the list of course modules ids
     * @param {bool} complete the new completion value
     */
-    cmCompletion(stateManager, cmIds, complete) {
+    async cmCompletion(stateManager, cmIds, complete) {
        const newState = (complete) ? 1 : 0;
+        const action = (newState == 1) ? 'cm_complete' : 'cm_uncomplete';
+        const logEntry = this._getLoggerEntry(stateManager, action, cmIds);
        stateManager.setReadOnly(false);
        cmIds.forEach((id) => {
            const element = stateManager.get('cm', id);
@@ -433,6 +435,7 @@ export default class {
            }
        });
        stateManager.setReadOnly(true);
+        stateManager.addLoggerEntry(await logEntry);
    }

    /**
@@ -362,6 +362,9 @@ class stateactions {
            // We need to get the latest modinfo on each iteration because the section numbers change.
            $modinfo = get_fast_modinfo($course);
            $section = $modinfo->get_section_info_by_id($sectionid, MUST_EXIST);
+            if (!course_can_delete_section($course, $section)) {
+                continue;
+            }
            // Send all activity deletions.
            if (!empty($modinfo->sections[$section->section])) {
                foreach ($modinfo->sections[$section->section] as $modnumber) {
@@ -150,47 +150,3 @@ Feature: Course index completion icons
      | 1    | False    |
    When I am on the "C1" "Course" page logged in as "student1"
    And "Done" "icon" should exist in the "courseindex-content" "region"
-
-  @javascript
-  Scenario: Activities with custom completion rules could fail
-    Given the following "activity" exists:
-      | activity                 | scorm                                                         |
-      | course                   | C1                                                            |
-      | name                     | Music history                                              |
-      | packagefilepath          | mod/scorm/tests/packages/RuntimeMinimumCalls_SCORM12-mini.zip |
-      | maxattempt               | 1                                                             |
-      | latattemptlock           | 1                                                             |
-      # Add requirements
-      | completion               | 2                                                             |
-      | completionscorerequired  | 90                                                            |
-    Given I am on the "Music history" "scorm activity" page logged in as student1
-    # We need a little taller window because Firefox is, apparently, unable to auto-scroll within
-    # an iframe, so we need to ensure that the "Save changes" button is visible in the viewport.
-    And I change window size to "large"
-    And I press "Enter"
-    And I switch to the main frame
-    And I click on "Par?" "list_item"
-    And I switch to "scorm_object" iframe
-    And I wait until the page is ready
-    And I switch to the main frame
-    And I click on "Keeping Score" "list_item"
-    And I switch to "scorm_object" iframe
-    And I wait until the page is ready
-    And I switch to the main frame
-    And I click on "Other Scoring Systems" "list_item"
-    And I switch to "scorm_object" iframe
-    And I wait until the page is ready
-    And I switch to the main frame
-    And I click on "The Rules of Golf" "list_item"
-    And I switch to "scorm_object" iframe
-    And I wait until the page is ready
-    And I switch to the main frame
-    And I click on "Playing Golf Quiz" "list_item"
-    And I switch to "scorm_object" iframe
-    And I wait until the page is ready
-    And I click on "[id='question_com.scorm.golfsamples.interactions.playing_1_1']" "css_element"
-    And I press "Submit Answers"
-    And I wait until "Score: 20" "text" exists
-    And I switch to the main frame
-    And I click on "Exit activity" "link"
-    And "Failed" "icon" should exist in the "courseindex-content" "region"
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?php
+// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
+//
+// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace core_courseformat\external;
+
+defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
+
+use core_courseformat\stateactions;
+use core_courseformat\stateupdates;
+
+global $CFG;
+require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/webservice/tests/helpers.php');
+
+/**
+ * Tests for the delete section test class.
+ *
+ * @package    core_courseformat
+ * @copyright  2025 Laurent David <laurent.david@moodle.com>
+ * @category   test
+ * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
+ * @coversDefaultClass \core_courseformat\stateactions
+ */
+final class delete_section_test extends \externallib_advanced_testcase {
+
+    /**
+     * Setup to ensure that fixtures are loaded.
+     */
+    public static function setupBeforeClass(): void { // phpcs:ignore
+        global $CFG;
+        require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/course/format/tests/fixtures/format_theunittestdelete.php');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the webservice can execute the section_delete action.
+     *
+     * @covers ::section_delete
+     * @dataProvider section_delete_provider
+     * @param int $sectionum
+     * @param string $format
+     * @param array $formatoptions
+     * @param int $expectedsectionum
+     *
+     * @throws \moodle_exception
+     */
+    public function test_delete_section(int $sectionum, string $format, array $formatoptions, int $expectedsectionum): void {
+        $this->resetAfterTest();
+
+        $course =
+            $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(array_merge(
+                ['numsections' => $sectionum, 'format' => $format],
+                $formatoptions,
+            ));
+        $teacher = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'editingteacher');
+        // Execute the method.
+        $courseformat = course_get_format($course->id);
+        $updates = new stateupdates($courseformat);
+        $modinfo = get_fast_modinfo($course);
+        $sections  = $modinfo->get_section_info_all();
+        $sectionsid = array_map(function ($section) {
+            return $section->id;
+        }, $sections);
+        $actions = new stateactions();
+        $this->setUser($teacher);
+        $actions->section_delete(
+            $updates,
+            $course,
+            $sectionsid
+        );
+        // Check result.
+        $modinfo = get_fast_modinfo($course);
+        $sections  = $modinfo->get_section_info_all();
+        $this->assertCount($expectedsectionum, $sections);
+        if ($format == 'theunittestdelete') {
+            $this->assertDebuggingCalled();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Data provider for the test_delete_section method.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public static function section_delete_provider(): array {
+        return [
+            'format topic' => [
+                'sectionum' => 4,
+                'format' => 'topics',
+                'formatoptions' => [],
+                'expectedsectionum' => 1,
+            ],
+            'format theunittestdelete' => [
+                'sectionum' => 4,
+                'format' => 'theunittestdelete',
+                'formatoptions' => [],
+                'expectedsectionum' => 5,
+            ],
+            'format theunittestdelete can delete' => [
+                'sectionum' => 4,
+                'format' => 'theunittestdelete',
+                'formatoptions' => ['can_delete_sections' => true],
+                'expectedsectionum' => 1,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
+//
+// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
+require_once(__DIR__ . '/format_theunittest.php');
+
+/**
+ * Fixture for fake course format testing course format API.
+ *
+ * @package    core_courseformat
+ * @copyright  2025 Laurent David <laurent.david@moodle.com>
+ * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
+ */
+class format_theunittestdelete extends format_theunittest {
+
+    /**
+     * Definitions of the additional options that format uses
+     *
+     * @param bool $foreditform
+     * @return array of options
+     */
+    public function course_format_options($foreditform = false) {
+        static $courseformatoptions = false;
+        if ($courseformatoptions === false) {
+            $courseformatoptions = parent::course_format_options(true);
+            $courseformatoptionsadditional = [
+                'can_delete_sections' => [
+                    'default' => false,
+                    'type' => PARAM_BOOL,
+                ],
+            ];
+            $courseformatoptions = array_merge_recursive($courseformatoptions, $courseformatoptionsadditional);
+        }
+        return $courseformatoptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this format allows to delete sections
+     *
+     * Here for test purpose we just can delete one section every two sections
+     *
+     * Do not call this function directly, instead use course_can_delete_section()
+     *
+     * @param int|stdClass|section_info $section
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function can_delete_section($section) {
+        return $this->get_format_options()['can_delete_sections'] ?? false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if this course format uses sections
+     */
+    public function uses_sections() {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
@@ -1156,7 +1156,14 @@ class core_course_renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
            // This is a request for the course information.
            $courseid = required_param('courseid', PARAM_INT);

-            $course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $courseid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+            $course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $courseid], '*', IGNORE_MISSING);
+            if ($course === false) {
+                throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcourseid');
+            }
+            $coursecontext = context_course::instance($course->id, MUST_EXIST);
+            if ($course->visible == 0 && !has_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddencourses', $coursecontext)) {
+                throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcourseid');
+            }

            $chelper = new coursecat_helper();
            $chelper->set_show_courses(self::COURSECAT_SHOW_COURSES_EXPANDED);
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class course_reset_form extends moodleform {
            $coursedata['enddate'] = $data['reset_end_date'];
        } else if ($data['reset_start_date'] > 0 && $course->enddate != 0) {
            // Otherwise, if the current course enddate is set, reset_course_userdata will add the start date time shift to it.
-            $timeshift = $data['reset_start_date'] - usergetmidnight($course->startdate);
+            $timeshift = $data['reset_start_date'] - $course->startdate;
            $coursedata['enddate'] = $course->enddate + $timeshift;
        } else {
            $coursedata['enddate'] = $course->enddate;
@@ -3696,7 +3696,16 @@ final class courselib_test extends advanced_testcase {
                $time + YEARSECS,
                $time + WEEKSECS,
                $time + YEARSECS
-            ]
+            ],
+            // Time shift is between exact times, not midnight(s) (MDL-65233).
+            [
+                $time + HOURSECS,
+                $time + DAYSECS,
+                $time + WEEKSECS + HOURSECS,
+                false,
+                $time + WEEKSECS + HOURSECS,
+                $time + WEEKSECS + DAYSECS,
+            ],
        ];
    }

@@ -3850,6 +3850,12 @@ final class externallib_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
        $this->assignUserCapability('moodle/user:viewdetails', $usercontext, $teacherroleid);

        // Sorted by course id DESC.
+        // User without moodle/user:viewalldetails capability will not be able to see the course details.
+        $result = core_course_external::get_recent_courses($student->id);
+        $this->assertCount(0, $result);
+
+        // User with moodle/user:viewalldetails capability will be able to see the course details.
+        $this->assignUserCapability('moodle/user:viewalldetails', $usercontext, $teacherroleid);
        $result = core_course_external::get_recent_courses($student->id);
        $this->assertCount(1, $result);
        $this->assertEquals($courses[0]->id, array_shift($result)->id);
@@ -3953,6 +3959,12 @@ final class externallib_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {

        $this->assertEquals(2, count($users['users']));
        $this->assertEquals($expectedusers, $users);
+
+        // Prohibit the capability for viewing course participants.
+        $this->unassignUserCapability('moodle/course:viewparticipants', null, null, $course1->id);
+        $this->expectException(required_capability_exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Sorry, but you do not currently have permissions to do that (View participants)');
+        core_course_external::get_enrolled_users_by_cmid($forum1->cmid);
    }

    /**
@@ -84,11 +84,20 @@ function filter_tex_sanitize_formula(string $texexp): string {
        '\afterassignment', '\expandafter', '\noexpand', '\special',
        '\let', '\futurelet', '\else', '\fi', '\chardef', '\makeatletter', '\afterground',
        '\noexpand', '\line', '\mathcode', '\item', '\section', '\mbox', '\declarerobustcommand',
-        '\ExplSyntaxOn', '\pdffiledump',
+        '\ExplSyntaxOn', '\pdffiledump', '\mathtex',
    ];

    $allowlist = ['inputenc'];

+    // Add encoded backslash (&#92;) versions of backslashed items to deny list.
+    $encodedslashdenylist = array_map(function($value) {
+        $encoded = str_replace('\\', '&#92;', $value);
+        // Return an encoded slash version if a slash is found, otherwise null so we can filter it off.
+        return $encoded != $value ? $encoded : null;
+    }, $denylist);
+    $encodedslashdenylist = array_filter($encodedslashdenylist);
+    $denylist = array_merge($denylist, $encodedslashdenylist);
+
    // Prepare the denylist for regular expression.
    $denylist = array_map(function($value){
        return '/' . preg_quote($value, '/') . '/i';
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class fetch extends external_api {
                        $definitionid,
                        'remark',
                        $filling['remark'],
-                        (int) $filling['remarkformat']
+                        (int) FORMAT_HTML
                    );
                }

@@ -857,16 +857,19 @@ class gradingform_guide_instance extends gradingform_instance {
        parent::update($data);

        foreach ($data['criteria'] as $criterionid => $record) {
+            // Hardcoding/defaulting to html format for new/existing record
+            $record['remarkformat'] = FORMAT_HTML;
+
            if (!array_key_exists($criterionid, $currentgrade['criteria'])) {
                $newrecord = array('instanceid' => $this->get_id(), 'criterionid' => $criterionid,
-                    'score' => $record['score'], 'remarkformat' => FORMAT_MOODLE);
+                    'score' => $record['score'], 'remarkformat' => $record['remarkformat']);
                if (isset($record['remark'])) {
                    $newrecord['remark'] = $record['remark'];
                }
                $DB->insert_record('gradingform_guide_fillings', $newrecord);
            } else {
                $newrecord = array('id' => $currentgrade['criteria'][$criterionid]['id']);
-                foreach (array('score', 'remark'/*, 'remarkformat' TODO */) as $key) {
+                foreach (array('score', 'remark', 'remarkformat') as $key) {
                    if (isset($record[$key]) && $currentgrade['criteria'][$criterionid][$key] != $record[$key]) {
                        $newrecord[$key] = $record[$key];
                    }
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Feature: Teacher can edit a marking guide state
      | activity | course | name     | advancedgradingmethod_submissions |
      | assign   | C1     | Assign 1 | guide                             |

-  Scenario: Marking guide state can be changed to draft
+  Scenario Outline: Marking guide state can be changed
    Given I am on the "Course 1" course page logged in as teacher1
    And I go to "Assign 1" advanced grading definition page
    And I set the following fields to these values:
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ Feature: Teacher can edit a marking guide state
      | Criterion name    | Description for students         | Description for markers         | Maximum score |
      | Grade Criteria 1  | Grade 1 description for students | Grade 1 description for markers | 70            |
      | Grade Criteria 2  | Grade 2 description for students | Grade 2 description for markers | 30            |
-    And I press "Save marking guide and make it ready"
-    And I should not see "Please note: the advanced grading form is not ready at the moment. Simple grading method will be used until the form has a valid status."
-    And I should not see "Assign 1 marking guide Draft"
-    And I should see "Assign 1 marking guide Ready for use"
-    And I click on "Edit the current form definition" "link"
-    When I press "Save as draft"
-    Then I should see "Please note: the advanced grading form is not ready at the moment. Simple grading method will be used until the form has a valid status."
-    And I should see "Assign 1 marking guide Draft"
-    And I should not see "Assign 1 marking guide Ready for use"
+    When I press "<buttonname>"
+    Then I <drafttextvisibility> see "Please note: the advanced grading form is not ready at the moment. Simple grading method will be used until the form has a valid status."
+    And I <drafttextvisibility> see "Assign 1 marking guide Draft"
+    And I <readytextvisibility> see "Assign 1 marking guide Ready for use"
+
+    Examples:
+      | buttonname                           | drafttextvisibility | readytextvisibility |
+      | Save marking guide and make it ready | should not          | should              |
+      | Save as draft                        | should              | should not          |
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+@gradingform @gradingform_guide
+Feature: Marking guide can handle maximum grade mismatches
+  In order to handle maximum grade mismatches
+  As a teacher
+  I should be able to set the maximum grade
+
+  Background:
+    Given the following "user" exist:
+      | username | firstname | lastname | email                |
+      | teacher1 | Teacher   | 1        | teacher1@example.com |
+    And the following "courses" exist:
+      | fullname | shortname |
+      | Course 1 | C1        |
+    And the following "course enrolments" exist:
+      | user     | course | role           |
+      | teacher1 | C1     | editingteacher |
+
+  Scenario Outline: Marking guide maximum grade handling
+    Given the following "activities" exist:
+      | activity | course | name     | advancedgradingmethod_submissions |
+      | assign   | C1     | Assign 1 | guide                             |
+    And I am on the "Course 1" course page logged in as teacher1
+    And I go to "Assign 1" advanced grading definition page
+    And I set the following fields to these values:
+      | Name        | Assign 1 marking guide    |
+      | Description | Marking guide description |
+    And I define the following marking guide:
+      | Criterion name    | Description for students         | Description for markers         | Maximum score |
+      | Grade Criteria 1  | Grade 1 description for students | Grade 1 description for markers | <maxscore>    |
+      | Grade Criteria 2  | Grade 2 description for students | Grade 2 description for markers | 30            |
+    When I press "Save marking guide and make it ready"
+    Then I should see "Assign 1 marking guide Ready for use"
+    # Please note: We need to add the no-break space unicode character to the warning message otherwise it will fail.
+    And I should see "WARNING: Your marking guide has a maximum grade of <totalmaxscore> points but the maximum grade set in your activity is 100  The maximum score set in your marking guide will be scaled to the maximum grade in the module."
+    And I should see "Intermediate scores will be converted respectively and rounded to the nearest available grade."
+
+    Examples:
+      # <totalmaxscore> value is derived from <maxscore> + maximum score assigned to criteria 2 (30).
+      # Case 1: total > max score of 100.
+      # Case 2: total < max score of 100.
+      | maxscore | totalmaxscore |
+      | 90       | 120           |
+      | 50       | 80            |
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More