MDL-55272 lib: Allow random_bytes() to return large values.

PHP has a recursion limit and random_bytes on PHP5.6 without openssl
will error if sent a large value.  Using a loop has lower overhead than
recursion as well.

lib/tests/moodlelib_test.php

@@ -3047,6 +3047,9 @@ class core_moodlelib_testcase extends advanced_testcase {
         $result = random_bytes_emulate(666);
         $this->assertSame(666, strlen($result));
 
+        $result = random_bytes_emulate(40);
+        $this->assertSame(40, strlen($result));
+
         $this->assertDebuggingNotCalled();
 
         $result = random_bytes_emulate(0);