diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/delaybetweenattempts/rule.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/delaybetweenattempts/rule.php
index f2cf9d1f1fe..bc58d3b74bc 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/delaybetweenattempts/rule.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/delaybetweenattempts/rule.php
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class quizaccess_delaybetweenattempts extends access_rule_base {
      * Compute the next time a student would be allowed to start an attempt,
      * according to this rule.
      * @param int $numprevattempts number of previous attempts.
-     * @param object $lastattempt information about the previous attempt.
+     * @param stdClass $lastattempt information about the previous attempt.
      * @return number the time.
      */
     protected function compute_next_start_time($numprevattempts, $lastattempt) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/offlineattempts/rule.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/offlineattempts/rule.php
index aaa3fe0053e..4b2b9a1db2c 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/offlineattempts/rule.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/offlineattempts/rule.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class quizaccess_offlineattempts extends access_rule_base {
 
         // First, check if the user did something offline.
         if (!empty($attemptid)) {
-            $timemodifiedoffline = $DB->get_field('quiz_attempts', 'timemodifiedoffline', array('id' => $attemptid));
+            $timemodifiedoffline = $DB->get_field('quiz_attempts', 'timemodifiedoffline', ['id' => $attemptid]);
             if (empty($timemodifiedoffline)) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class quizaccess_offlineattempts extends access_rule_base {
             MoodleQuickForm $mform, $attemptid) {
         global $DB;
 
-        $timemodifiedoffline = $DB->get_field('quiz_attempts', 'timemodifiedoffline', array('id' => $attemptid));
+        $timemodifiedoffline = $DB->get_field('quiz_attempts', 'timemodifiedoffline', ['id' => $attemptid]);
         $lasttime = format_time(time() - $timemodifiedoffline);
 
         $mform->addElement('header', 'offlineattemptsheader', get_string('mobileapp', 'quizaccess_offlineattempts'));
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/password/rule.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/password/rule.php
index 956fc7b8365..7dc5f24605b 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/password/rule.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/password/rule.php
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class quizaccess_password extends access_rule_base {
         // Don't use the 'proper' field name of 'password' since that get's
         // Firefox's password auto-complete over-excited.
         $mform->addElement('password', 'quizpassword',
-                get_string('quizpassword', 'quizaccess_password'), array('autofocus' => 'true'));
+                get_string('quizpassword', 'quizaccess_password'), ['autofocus' => 'true']);
     }
 
     public function validate_preflight_check($data, $files, $errors, $attemptid) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/access_prevented.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/access_prevented.php
index f9e919d1a56..03dc8e4629b 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/access_prevented.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/access_prevented.php
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class access_prevented extends base {
      * @return array Mapping of object id.
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() : array {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_created.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_created.php
index 9f3bb3542b0..86c51e774d3 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_created.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_created.php
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class template_created extends base {
      * @return array Mapping of object id.
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() : array {
-        return array('db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template');
+        return ['db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_deleted.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_deleted.php
index 84379edb332..4e122b52479 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_deleted.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_deleted.php
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class template_deleted extends base {
      * @return array Mapping of object id.
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() : array {
-        return array('db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template');
+        return ['db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_disabled.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_disabled.php
index 45a6ca9119e..8d8eb151035 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_disabled.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_disabled.php
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class template_disabled extends base {
      * @return array Mapping of object id.
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() : array {
-        return array('db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template');
+        return ['db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_enabled.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_enabled.php
index 728c3b27c3e..8710ece5acd 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_enabled.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_enabled.php
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class template_enabled extends base {
      * @return array Mapping of object id.
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() : array {
-        return array('db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template');
+        return ['db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_updated.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_updated.php
index 28498d5a4cb..d94a7118fd2 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_updated.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/event/template_updated.php
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class template_updated extends base {
      * @return array Mapping of object id.
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() : array {
-        return array('db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template');
+        return ['db' => 'quizaccess_seb_template', 'restore' => 'quizaccess_seb_template'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/helper.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/helper.php
index 65acf56a875..11a4d5c4fc5 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/helper.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/classes/helper.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class helper {
      * @param array $options Display options.
      * @return string
      */
-    public static function format_icon_link($url, $icon, $alt, $iconcomponent = 'moodle', $options = array()) {
+    public static function format_icon_link($url, $icon, $alt, $iconcomponent = 'moodle', $options = []) {
         global $OUTPUT;
 
         return $OUTPUT->action_icon(
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/db/access.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/db/access.php
index c857fa96b03..d79df406959 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/db/access.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/db/access.php
@@ -25,213 +25,213 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
-$capabilities = array(
-    'quizaccess/seb:managetemplates' => array(
+$capabilities = [
+    'quizaccess/seb:managetemplates' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_SYSTEM,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:bypassseb' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:bypassseb' => [
         'captype' => 'read',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_requiresafeexambrowser' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_requiresafeexambrowser' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_templateid' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_templateid' => [
         'captype' => 'read',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_filemanager_sebconfigfile' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_filemanager_sebconfigfile' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showsebdownloadlink' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showsebdownloadlink' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowedbrowserexamkeys' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowedbrowserexamkeys' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_linkquitseb' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_linkquitseb' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_userconfirmquit' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_userconfirmquit' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowuserquitseb' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowuserquitseb' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_quitpassword' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_quitpassword' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowreloadinexam' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowreloadinexam' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showsebtaskbar' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showsebtaskbar' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showreloadbutton' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showreloadbutton' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showtime' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showtime' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showkeyboardlayout' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showkeyboardlayout' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
+        ]
+    ],
 
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showwificontrol' => array(
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_showwificontrol' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_enableaudiocontrol' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_enableaudiocontrol' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_muteonstartup' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_muteonstartup' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowspellchecking' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_allowspellchecking' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_activateurlfiltering' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_activateurlfiltering' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_filterembeddedcontent' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_filterembeddedcontent' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_expressionsallowed' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_expressionsallowed' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_regexallowed' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_regexallowed' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_expressionsblocked' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_expressionsblocked' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_regexblocked' => array(
+        ]
+    ],
+    'quizaccess/seb:manage_seb_regexblocked' => [
         'captype' => 'write',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        )
-    ),
-);
+        ]
+    ],
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/lib.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/lib.php
index 50236e4cca2..cc7b0dd8fc5 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/lib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/lib.php
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
  * @param array $options additional options affecting the file serving
  * @return bool false if the file not found, just send the file otherwise and do not return anything
  */
-function quizaccess_seb_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload, array $options=array()) {
+function quizaccess_seb_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload, array $options= []) {
     if ($context->contextlevel != CONTEXT_MODULE) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ function quizaccess_seb_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $fo
     }
 
     send_stored_file($file, 0, 0, $forcedownload, $options);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/rule.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/rule.php
index 3c4e02aa7f0..8ed6029c064 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/rule.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/rule.php
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class quizaccess_seb extends access_rule_base {
      * Save any submitted settings when the quiz settings form is submitted. This
      * is called from {@link quiz_after_add_or_update()} in lib.php.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the data from the quiz form, including $quiz->id
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the data from the quiz form, including $quiz->id
      *      which is the id of the quiz being saved.
      */
     public static function save_settings($quiz) {
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class quizaccess_seb extends access_rule_base {
      * Delete any rule-specific settings when the quiz is deleted. This is called
      * from {@link quiz_delete_instance()} in lib.php.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the data from the database, including $quiz->id
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the data from the database, including $quiz->id
      *      which is the id of the quiz being deleted.
      */
     public static function delete_settings($quiz) {
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ class quizaccess_seb extends access_rule_base {
         // Rendering as a href and not as button in a form to circumvent browser warnings for sending to URL with unknown protocol.
         $seblink = \quizaccess_seb\link_generator::get_link($this->quiz->cmid, true, is_https());
 
-        $buttonlink = html_writer::start_tag('div', array('class' => 'singlebutton'));
+        $buttonlink = html_writer::start_tag('div', ['class' => 'singlebutton']);
         $buttonlink .= html_writer::link($seblink, get_string('seblinkbutton', 'quizaccess_seb'),
             ['class' => 'btn btn-secondary', 'title' => get_string('seblinkbutton', 'quizaccess_seb')]);
         $buttonlink .= html_writer::end_tag('div');
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ class quizaccess_seb extends access_rule_base {
         // Rendering as a href and not as button in a form to circumvent browser warnings for sending to URL with unknown protocol.
         $httplink = \quizaccess_seb\link_generator::get_link($this->quiz->cmid, false, is_https());
 
-        $buttonlink = html_writer::start_tag('div', array('class' => 'singlebutton'));
+        $buttonlink = html_writer::start_tag('div', ['class' => 'singlebutton']);
         $buttonlink .= html_writer::link($httplink, get_string('httplinkbutton', 'quizaccess_seb'),
             ['class' => 'btn btn-secondary', 'title' => get_string('httplinkbutton', 'quizaccess_seb')]);
         $buttonlink .= html_writer::end_tag('div');
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/privacy/provider_test.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/privacy/provider_test.php
index aeae1b69ccf..3ece5a279a0 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/privacy/provider_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/privacy/provider_test.php
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class provider_test extends provider_testcase {
         // per table, like postgres and mysql do, rendering this useless. In any
         // case better to have the situation covered by some DBs,
         // like sqlsrv or oracle than by none).
-        $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('label', array('course' => $this->course->id));
+        $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('label', ['course' => $this->course->id]);
 
         $contextlist = provider::get_contexts_for_userid($this->user->id);
         $approvedcontextlist = new approved_contextlist(
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/test_helper_trait.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/test_helper_trait.php
index 7ae25d5df5e..6101270b3b3 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/test_helper_trait.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/seb/tests/test_helper_trait.php
@@ -172,9 +172,9 @@ trait quizaccess_seb_test_helper_trait {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
 
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz);
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($numq->id, $quiz);
 
         return $quiz;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/accessrule/securewindow/rule.php b/mod/quiz/accessrule/securewindow/rule.php
index 6aa636b6b82..59c69e8b6a5 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/accessrule/securewindow/rule.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/accessrule/securewindow/rule.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use mod_quiz\quiz_settings;
  */
 class quizaccess_securewindow extends access_rule_base {
     /** @var array options that should be used for opening the secure popup. */
-    protected static $popupoptions = array(
+    protected static $popupoptions = [
         'left' => 0,
         'top' => 0,
         'fullscreen' => true,
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class quizaccess_securewindow extends access_rule_base {
         'location' => false,
         'status' => false,
         'menubar' => false,
-    );
+    ];
 
     public static function make(quiz_settings $quizobj, $timenow, $canignoretimelimits) {
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class quizaccess_securewindow extends access_rule_base {
      *      security settings menu.
      */
     public static function get_browser_security_choices() {
-        return array('securewindow' =>
-                get_string('popupwithjavascriptsupport', 'quizaccess_securewindow'));
+        return ['securewindow' =>
+                get_string('popupwithjavascriptsupport', 'quizaccess_securewindow')];
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/addrandom.php b/mod/quiz/addrandom.php
index d47d14a1892..9d720dc9e73 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/addrandom.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/addrandom.php
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ $category = optional_param('category', 0, PARAM_INT);
 $mdlscrollto = optional_param('mdlscrollto', 0, PARAM_INT);
 
 // Get the course object and related bits.
-if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course))) {
+if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course])) {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcourseid');
 }
 // You need mod/quiz:manage in addition to question capabilities to access this page.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ $PAGE->set_url($thispageurl);
 if ($returnurl) {
     $returnurl = new moodle_url($returnurl);
 } else {
-    $returnurl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', array('cmid' => $cmid));
+    $returnurl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', ['cmid' => $cmid]);
 }
 if ($mdlscrollto) {
     $returnurl->param('mdlscrollto', $mdlscrollto);
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ $qcobject = new question_category_object(
     $contexts->having_cap('moodle/question:add'));
 
 $mform = new add_random_form(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/addrandom.php'),
-                array('contexts' => $contexts, 'cat' => $pagevars['cat']));
+                ['contexts' => $contexts, 'cat' => $pagevars['cat']]);
 
 if ($mform->is_cancelled()) {
     redirect($returnurl);
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ if ($data = $mform->get_data()) {
     redirect($returnurl);
 }
 
-$mform->set_data(array(
+$mform->set_data([
     'addonpage' => $addonpage,
     'returnurl' => $returnurl,
     'cmid' => $cm->id,
     'category' => $category,
-));
+]);
 
 // Setup $PAGE.
 $streditingquiz = get_string('editinga', 'moodle', get_string('modulename', 'quiz'));
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ $PAGE->set_title($streditingquiz);
 $PAGE->set_heading($course->fullname);
 echo $OUTPUT->header();
 
-if (!$quizname = $DB->get_field($cm->modname, 'name', array('id' => $cm->instance))) {
+if (!$quizname = $DB->get_field($cm->modname, 'name', ['id' => $cm->instance])) {
             throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
 }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/attempt.php b/mod/quiz/attempt.php
index 163b8277ca4..84f336f6533 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/attempt.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/attempt.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ if ($id = optional_param('id', 0, PARAM_INT)) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidquizid', 'quiz');
     }
     redirect(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/startattempt.php',
-            array('cmid' => $cm->id, 'sesskey' => sesskey())));
+            ['cmid' => $cm->id, 'sesskey' => sesskey()]));
 }
 
 // Get submitted parameters.
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ if ($accessmanager->is_preflight_check_required($attemptobj->get_attemptid())) {
 $autosaveperiod = get_config('quiz', 'autosaveperiod');
 if ($autosaveperiod) {
     $PAGE->requires->yui_module('moodle-mod_quiz-autosave',
-            'M.mod_quiz.autosave.init', array($autosaveperiod));
+            'M.mod_quiz.autosave.init', [$autosaveperiod]);
 }
 
 // Log this page view.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/backup/moodle1/lib.php b/mod/quiz/backup/moodle1/lib.php
index 02bb98684d5..2880e6b07fd 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/backup/moodle1/lib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/backup/moodle1/lib.php
@@ -50,40 +50,40 @@ class moodle1_mod_quiz_handler extends moodle1_mod_handler {
      * @return array of {@link convert_path} instances
      */
     public function get_paths() {
-        return array(
+        return [
             new convert_path(
                 'quiz', '/MOODLE_BACKUP/COURSE/MODULES/MOD/QUIZ',
-                array(
-                    'newfields' => array(
+                [
+                    'newfields' => [
                         'showuserpicture'       => 0,
                         'questiondecimalpoints' => -1,
                         'introformat'           => 0,
                         'showblocks'            => 0,
-                    ),
-                )
+                    ],
+                ]
             ),
             new convert_path('quiz_question_instances',
                     '/MOODLE_BACKUP/COURSE/MODULES/MOD/QUIZ/QUESTION_INSTANCES'),
             new convert_path('quiz_question_instance',
                     '/MOODLE_BACKUP/COURSE/MODULES/MOD/QUIZ/QUESTION_INSTANCES/QUESTION_INSTANCE',
-                array(
-                    'renamefields' => array(
+                [
+                    'renamefields' => [
                         'question' => 'questionid',
                         'grade'    => 'maxmark',
-                    ),
-                )
+                    ],
+                ]
             ),
             new convert_path('quiz_feedbacks',
                     '/MOODLE_BACKUP/COURSE/MODULES/MOD/QUIZ/FEEDBACKS'),
             new convert_path('quiz_feedback',
                     '/MOODLE_BACKUP/COURSE/MODULES/MOD/QUIZ/FEEDBACKS/FEEDBACK',
-                array(
-                    'newfields' => array(
+                [
+                    'newfields' => [
                         'feedbacktextformat' => FORMAT_HTML,
-                    )
-                )
+                    ]
+                ]
             )
-        );
+        ];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -126,10 +126,10 @@ class moodle1_mod_quiz_handler extends moodle1_mod_handler {
 
         // Start writing quiz.xml.
         $this->open_xml_writer("activities/quiz_{$this->moduleid}/quiz.xml");
-        $this->xmlwriter->begin_tag('activity', array('id' => $instanceid,
+        $this->xmlwriter->begin_tag('activity', ['id' => $instanceid,
                 'moduleid' => $this->moduleid, 'modulename' => 'quiz',
-                'contextid' => $contextid));
-        $this->xmlwriter->begin_tag('quiz', array('id' => $instanceid));
+                'contextid' => $contextid]);
+        $this->xmlwriter->begin_tag('quiz', ['id' => $instanceid]);
 
         foreach ($data as $field => $value) {
             if ($field <> 'id') {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class moodle1_mod_quiz_handler extends moodle1_mod_handler {
     }
 
     public function process_quiz_question_instance($data) {
-        $this->write_xml('question_instance', $data, array('/question_instance/id'));
+        $this->write_xml('question_instance', $data, ['/question_instance/id']);
     }
 
     public function on_quiz_feedbacks_start() {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class moodle1_mod_quiz_handler extends moodle1_mod_handler {
             $data['maxgrade'] = 0;
         }
 
-        $this->write_xml('feedback', $data, array('/feedback/id'));
+        $this->write_xml('feedback', $data, ['/feedback/id']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class moodle1_mod_quiz_handler extends moodle1_mod_handler {
     public function on_quiz_end() {
 
         // Append empty <overrides> subpath element.
-        $this->write_xml('overrides', array());
+        $this->write_xml('overrides', []);
 
         // Finish writing quiz.xml.
         $this->xmlwriter->end_tag('quiz');
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class moodle1_mod_quiz_handler extends moodle1_mod_handler {
         $this->xmlwriter->begin_tag('inforef');
         $this->xmlwriter->begin_tag('fileref');
         foreach ($this->fileman->get_fileids() as $fileid) {
-            $this->write_xml('file', array('id' => $fileid));
+            $this->write_xml('file', ['id' => $fileid]);
         }
         $this->xmlwriter->end_tag('fileref');
         $this->xmlwriter->end_tag('inforef');
diff --git a/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_activity_task.class.php b/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_activity_task.class.php
index c7b99fc36dd..b93e78a7281 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_activity_task.class.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_activity_task.class.php
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_task extends restore_activity_task {
      * processed by the link decoder
      */
     public static function define_decode_contents() {
-        $contents = array();
+        $contents = [];
 
-        $contents[] = new restore_decode_content('quiz', array('intro'), 'quiz');
+        $contents[] = new restore_decode_content('quiz', ['intro'], 'quiz');
         $contents[] = new restore_decode_content('quiz_feedback',
-                array('feedbacktext'), 'quiz_feedback');
+                ['feedbacktext'], 'quiz_feedback');
 
         return $contents;
     }
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_task extends restore_activity_task {
      * to the activity to be executed by the link decoder
      */
     public static function define_decode_rules() {
-        $rules = array();
+        $rules = [];
 
         $rules[] = new restore_decode_rule('QUIZVIEWBYID',
                 '/mod/quiz/view.php?id=$1', 'course_module');
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_task extends restore_activity_task {
      * of {@link restore_log_rule} objects
      */
     public static function define_restore_log_rules() {
-        $rules = array();
+        $rules = [];
 
         $rules[] = new restore_log_rule('quiz', 'add',
                 'view.php?id={course_module}', '{quiz}');
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_task extends restore_activity_task {
      * activity level. All them are rules not linked to any module instance (cmid = 0)
      */
     public static function define_restore_log_rules_for_course() {
-        $rules = array();
+        $rules = [];
 
         $rules[] = new restore_log_rule('quiz', 'view all', 'index.php?id={course}', null);
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_stepslib.php b/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_stepslib.php
index 62bdee3e621..986d00c6397 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_stepslib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/backup/moodle2/restore_quiz_stepslib.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_structure_step extends restore_questions_activity_st
 
     protected function define_structure() {
 
-        $paths = array();
+        $paths = [];
         $userinfo = $this->get_setting_value('userinfo');
 
         $quiz = new restore_path_element('quiz', '/activity/quiz');
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_structure_step extends restore_questions_activity_st
 
         $this->process_quiz_attempt($data);
 
-        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $this->get_new_parentid('quiz')));
+        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $this->get_new_parentid('quiz')]);
         $quiz->oldquestions = $this->oldquizlayout;
         $this->process_legacy_quiz_attempt_data($data, $quiz);
     }
@@ -600,10 +600,10 @@ class restore_quiz_activity_structure_step extends restore_questions_activity_st
         $this->add_related_files('mod_quiz', 'feedback', 'quiz_feedback');
 
         if (!$this->sectioncreated) {
-            $DB->insert_record('quiz_sections', array(
+            $DB->insert_record('quiz_sections', [
                     'quizid' => $this->get_new_parentid('quiz'),
                     'firstslot' => 1, 'heading' => '',
-                    'shufflequestions' => $this->legacyshufflequestionsoption));
+                    'shufflequestions' => $this->legacyshufflequestionsoption]);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/admin/review_setting.php b/mod/quiz/classes/admin/review_setting.php
index 1dbe1ffcd0d..d22e2e108b9 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/admin/review_setting.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/admin/review_setting.php
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class review_setting extends \admin_setting {
      * @return array
      */
     public static function fields() {
-        return array(
+        return [
             'attempt'          => get_string('theattempt', 'quiz'),
             'correctness'      => get_string('whethercorrect', 'question'),
             'marks'            => get_string('marks', 'question'),
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class review_setting extends \admin_setting {
             'generalfeedback'  => get_string('generalfeedback', 'question'),
             'rightanswer'      => get_string('rightanswer', 'question'),
             'overallfeedback'  => get_string('overallfeedback', 'quiz'),
-        );
+        ];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ class review_setting extends \admin_setting {
      * @return array an array of time constant => lang string.
      */
     protected static function times() {
-        return array(
+        return [
             self::DURING            => get_string('reviewduring', 'quiz'),
             self::IMMEDIATELY_AFTER => get_string('reviewimmediately', 'quiz'),
             self::LATER_WHILE_OPEN  => get_string('reviewopen', 'quiz'),
             self::AFTER_CLOSE       => get_string('reviewclosed', 'quiz'),
-        );
+        ];
     }
 
     protected function normalise_data($data) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/activity_base.php b/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/activity_base.php
index 03f12e0d523..dc0df052362 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/activity_base.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/activity_base.php
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ abstract class activity_base extends \core_analytics\local\indicator\community_o
      * @return string[]
      */
     protected function feedback_viewed_events() {
-        return array('\mod_quiz\event\course_module_viewed');
+        return ['\mod_quiz\event\course_module_viewed'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/cognitive_depth.php b/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/cognitive_depth.php
index 7e3fbfd667c..608ae54cfdc 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/cognitive_depth.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/analytics/indicator/cognitive_depth.php
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class cognitive_depth extends activity_base {
      * @return string[]
      */
     protected function feedback_submitted_events() {
-        return array('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_submitted');
+        return ['\mod_quiz\event\attempt_submitted'];
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/cache/overrides.php b/mod/quiz/classes/cache/overrides.php
index 839b3b29554..5a69313978b 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/cache/overrides.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/cache/overrides.php
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class overrides implements \cache_data_source {
      * specified by this interface.
      *
      * @param cache_definition $definition
-     * @return object
+     * @return stdClass
      */
     public static function get_instance_for_cache(cache_definition $definition): overrides {
         if (is_null(self::$instance)) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_abandoned.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_abandoned.php
index 5960954557b..b6435cf19b8 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_abandoned.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_abandoned.php
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class attempt_abandoned extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ class attempt_abandoned extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['submitterid'] = array('db' => 'user', 'restore' => 'user');
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['submitterid'] = ['db' => 'user', 'restore' => 'user'];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_becameoverdue.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_becameoverdue.php
index 549e839c326..b4298da02b4 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_becameoverdue.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_becameoverdue.php
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class attempt_becameoverdue extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ class attempt_becameoverdue extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['submitterid'] = array('db' => 'user', 'restore' => 'user');
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['submitterid'] = ['db' => 'user', 'restore' => 'user'];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_deleted.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_deleted.php
index 0662f397304..c656f7c1162 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_deleted.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_deleted.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class attempt_deleted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', array('id' => $this->contextinstanceid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', ['id' => $this->contextinstanceid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class attempt_deleted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'delete attempt', 'report.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
-            $this->objectid, $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'delete attempt', 'report.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
+            $this->objectid, $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ class attempt_deleted extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_preview_started.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_preview_started.php
index 7b00db28e9b..459d89a1e14 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_preview_started.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_preview_started.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class attempt_preview_started extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', array('id' => $this->contextinstanceid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', ['id' => $this->contextinstanceid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class attempt_preview_started extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'preview', 'view.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
-            $this->other['quizid'],  $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'preview', 'view.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
+            $this->other['quizid'],  $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ class attempt_preview_started extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_regraded.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_regraded.php
index dbbfd5fcad5..b3a24b51bb2 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_regraded.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_regraded.php
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class attempt_regraded extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class attempt_regraded extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array Array of mappings
      */
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ class attempt_regraded extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array Array of array mappings
      */
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_reviewed.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_reviewed.php
index fbfdd8dc62a..2cf6dd2fde5 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_reviewed.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_reviewed.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class attempt_reviewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class attempt_reviewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'review', 'review.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
-            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'review', 'review.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
+            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ class attempt_reviewed extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_started.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_started.php
index f5e70162a74..681c4bb6c90 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_started.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_started.php
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class attempt_started extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ class attempt_started extends \core\event\base {
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
         $attempt = $this->get_record_snapshot('quiz_attempts', $this->objectid);
 
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'attempt', 'review.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
-            $attempt->quiz, $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'attempt', 'review.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
+            $attempt->quiz, $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -133,12 +133,12 @@ class attempt_started extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_submitted.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_submitted.php
index 6d881ce6d36..3c186ca125b 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_submitted.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_submitted.php
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class attempt_submitted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ class attempt_submitted extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['submitterid'] = array('db' => 'user', 'restore' => 'user');
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['submitterid'] = ['db' => 'user', 'restore' => 'user'];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_summary_viewed.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_summary_viewed.php
index 385e2b356d3..3a7d198b4b2 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_summary_viewed.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_summary_viewed.php
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class attempt_summary_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/summary.php', array('attempt' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/summary.php', ['attempt' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class attempt_summary_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'view summary', 'summary.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
-            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'view summary', 'summary.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
+            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ class attempt_summary_viewed extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_viewed.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_viewed.php
index 4771e5049b9..05c34b7d1e7 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_viewed.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/attempt_viewed.php
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class attempt_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'continue attempt', 'review.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
-            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'continue attempt', 'review.php?attempt=' . $this->objectid,
+            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ class attempt_viewed extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/course_module_viewed.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/course_module_viewed.php
index dbdf0fc8621..cc18e8d4a1d 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/course_module_viewed.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/course_module_viewed.php
@@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ class course_module_viewed extends \core\event\course_module_viewed {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/edit_page_viewed.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/edit_page_viewed.php
index 80247260376..2d102b4e5d1 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/edit_page_viewed.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/edit_page_viewed.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class edit_page_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', array('cmid' => $this->contextinstanceid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', ['cmid' => $this->contextinstanceid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class edit_page_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'editquestions', 'view.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
-            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'editquestions', 'view.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
+            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ class edit_page_viewed extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_created.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_created.php
index 2d21b8dd132..93f4278bad2 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_created.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_created.php
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class group_override_created extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', array('id' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', ['id' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ class group_override_created extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
-        $othermapped['groupid'] = array('db' => 'groups', 'restore' => 'group');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
+        $othermapped['groupid'] = ['db' => 'groups', 'restore' => 'group'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_deleted.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_deleted.php
index 9fe90c15b5d..9ae146d8877 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_deleted.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_deleted.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class group_override_deleted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', array('cmid' => $this->contextinstanceid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', ['cmid' => $this->contextinstanceid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class group_override_deleted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
-            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
+            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -108,13 +108,13 @@ class group_override_deleted extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
-        $othermapped['groupid'] = array('db' => 'groups', 'restore' => 'group');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
+        $othermapped['groupid'] = ['db' => 'groups', 'restore' => 'group'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_updated.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_updated.php
index 5476b019e61..d60fc19f327 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_updated.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/group_override_updated.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class group_override_updated extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', array('id' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', ['id' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class group_override_updated extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=' . $this->objectid, $this->other['quizid'],
-            $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=' . $this->objectid, $this->other['quizid'],
+            $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -108,13 +108,13 @@ class group_override_updated extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
-        $othermapped['groupid'] = array('db' => 'groups', 'restore' => 'group');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
+        $othermapped['groupid'] = ['db' => 'groups', 'restore' => 'group'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/question_manually_graded.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/question_manually_graded.php
index a77912ee3ed..15477cfe71e 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/question_manually_graded.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/question_manually_graded.php
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ class question_manually_graded extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/comment.php', array('attempt' => $this->other['attemptid'],
-            'slot' => $this->other['slot']));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/comment.php', ['attempt' => $this->other['attemptid'],
+            'slot' => $this->other['slot']]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class question_manually_graded extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'manualgrade', 'comment.php?attempt=' . $this->other['attemptid'] .
-            '&slot=' . $this->other['slot'], $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'manualgrade', 'comment.php?attempt=' . $this->other['attemptid'] .
+            '&slot=' . $this->other['slot'], $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ class question_manually_graded extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'question', 'restore' => 'question');
+        return ['db' => 'question', 'restore' => 'question'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
-        $othermapped['attemptid'] = array('db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
+        $othermapped['attemptid'] = ['db' => 'quiz_attempts', 'restore' => 'quiz_attempt'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/report_viewed.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/report_viewed.php
index de23f9df4a3..f8c32e03dc0 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/report_viewed.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/report_viewed.php
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ class report_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', array('id' => $this->contextinstanceid,
-            'mode' => $this->other['reportname']));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', ['id' => $this->contextinstanceid,
+            'mode' => $this->other['reportname']]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ class report_viewed extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'report', 'report.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid . '&mode=' .
-            $this->other['reportname'], $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'report', 'report.php?id=' . $this->contextinstanceid . '&mode=' .
+            $this->other['reportname'], $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class report_viewed extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_created.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_created.php
index e8cbfd0411b..7c845d4aadf 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_created.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_created.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class user_override_created extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', array('id' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', ['id' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ class user_override_created extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_deleted.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_deleted.php
index f851189292f..c6bed782fa1 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_deleted.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_deleted.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class user_override_deleted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', array('cmid' => $this->contextinstanceid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', ['cmid' => $this->contextinstanceid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class user_override_deleted extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
-            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $this->contextinstanceid,
+            $this->other['quizid'], $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ class user_override_deleted extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_updated.php b/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_updated.php
index 2b902a28949..d801d2bfab5 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_updated.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/event/user_override_updated.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class user_override_updated extends \core\event\base {
      * @return \moodle_url
      */
     public function get_url() {
-        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', array('id' => $this->objectid));
+        return new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php', ['id' => $this->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class user_override_updated extends \core\event\base {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function get_legacy_logdata() {
-        return array($this->courseid, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=' . $this->objectid, $this->other['quizid'],
-            $this->contextinstanceid);
+        return [$this->courseid, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=' . $this->objectid, $this->other['quizid'],
+            $this->contextinstanceid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ class user_override_updated extends \core\event\base {
     }
 
     public static function get_objectid_mapping() {
-        return array('db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override');
+        return ['db' => 'quiz_overrides', 'restore' => 'quiz_override'];
     }
 
     public static function get_other_mapping() {
-        $othermapped = array();
-        $othermapped['quizid'] = array('db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz');
+        $othermapped = [];
+        $othermapped['quizid'] = ['db' => 'quiz', 'restore' => 'quiz'];
 
         return $othermapped;
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/external.php b/mod/quiz/classes/external.php
index 73e4f49b0d3..f4e4415f5f3 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/external.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/external.php
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quizzes_by_courses_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'courseids' => new external_multiple_structure(
-                    new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'course id'), 'Array of course ids', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                    new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'course id'), 'Array of course ids', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 ),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -77,18 +77,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of quizzes details
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function get_quizzes_by_courses($courseids = array()) {
+    public static function get_quizzes_by_courses($courseids = []) {
         global $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
-        $returnedquizzes = array();
+        $warnings = [];
+        $returnedquizzes = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'courseids' => $courseids,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_quizzes_by_courses_parameters(), $params);
 
-        $mycourses = array();
+        $mycourses = [];
         if (empty($params['courseids'])) {
             $mycourses = enrol_get_my_courses();
             $params['courseids'] = array_keys($mycourses);
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
 
                 if (has_capability('mod/quiz:view', $context)) {
                     $quizdetails['introfiles'] = util::get_area_files($context->id, 'mod_quiz', 'intro', false, false);
-                    $viewablefields = array('timeopen', 'timeclose', 'attempts', 'timelimit', 'grademethod', 'decimalpoints',
-                                            'questiondecimalpoints', 'sumgrades', 'grade', 'preferredbehaviour');
+                    $viewablefields = ['timeopen', 'timeclose', 'attempts', 'timelimit', 'grademethod', 'decimalpoints',
+                                            'questiondecimalpoints', 'sumgrades', 'grade', 'preferredbehaviour'];
 
                     // Sometimes this function returns just empty.
                     $hasfeedback = quiz_has_feedback($quiz);
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                         $quizdetails['hasquestions'] = (int) $quizobj->has_questions();
                         $quizdetails['autosaveperiod'] = get_config('quiz', 'autosaveperiod');
 
-                        $additionalfields = array('attemptonlast', 'reviewattempt', 'reviewcorrectness', 'reviewmarks',
+                        $additionalfields = ['attemptonlast', 'reviewattempt', 'reviewcorrectness', 'reviewmarks',
                                                     'reviewspecificfeedback', 'reviewgeneralfeedback', 'reviewrightanswer',
                                                     'reviewoverallfeedback', 'questionsperpage', 'navmethod',
                                                     'browsersecurity', 'delay1', 'delay2', 'showuserpicture', 'showblocks',
                                                     'completionattemptsexhausted', 'overduehandling',
-                                                    'graceperiod', 'canredoquestions', 'allowofflineattempts');
+                                                    'graceperiod', 'canredoquestions', 'allowofflineattempts'];
                         $viewablefields = array_merge($viewablefields, $additionalfields);
 
                         // Any course module fields that previously existed in quiz.
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
 
                     // Fields only for managers.
                     if (has_capability('moodle/course:manageactivities', $context)) {
-                        $additionalfields = array('shuffleanswers', 'timecreated', 'timemodified', 'password', 'subnet');
+                        $additionalfields = ['shuffleanswers', 'timecreated', 'timemodified', 'password', 'subnet'];
                         $viewablefields = array_merge($viewablefields, $additionalfields);
                     }
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                 $returnedquizzes[] = $quizdetails;
             }
         }
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['quizzes'] = $returnedquizzes;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quizzes_by_courses_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizzes' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(array_merge(
                         helper_for_get_mods_by_courses::standard_coursemodule_elements_returns(true),
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                     ))
                 ),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -286,13 +286,13 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         global $DB;
 
         // Request and permission validation.
-        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $quizid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $quizid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         list($course, $cm) = get_course_and_cm_from_instance($quiz, 'quiz');
 
         $context = context_module::instance($cm->id);
         self::validate_context($context);
 
-        return array($quiz, $course, $cm, $context);
+        return [$quiz, $course, $cm, $context];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_quiz_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -319,15 +319,15 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function view_quiz($quizid) {
         global $DB;
 
-        $params = self::validate_parameters(self::view_quiz_parameters(), array('quizid' => $quizid));
-        $warnings = array();
+        $params = self::validate_parameters(self::view_quiz_parameters(), ['quizid' => $quizid]);
+        $warnings = [];
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
 
         // Trigger course_module_viewed event and completion.
         quiz_view($quiz, $course, $cm, $context);
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['status'] = true;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -341,10 +341,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_quiz_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'status' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'status: true if success'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -356,13 +356,13 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_user_attempts_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
                 'userid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'user id, empty for current user', VALUE_DEFAULT, 0),
                 'status' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHA, 'quiz status: all, finished or unfinished', VALUE_DEFAULT, 'finished'),
                 'includepreviews' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'whether to include previews or not', VALUE_DEFAULT, false),
 
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -379,19 +379,19 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_user_attempts($quizid, $userid = 0, $status = 'finished', $includepreviews = false) {
         global $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid,
             'userid' => $userid,
             'status' => $status,
             'includepreviews' => $includepreviews,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_user_attempts_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
 
-        if (!in_array($params['status'], array('all', 'finished', 'unfinished'))) {
+        if (!in_array($params['status'], ['all', 'finished', 'unfinished'])) {
             throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Invalid status value');
         }
 
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             }
             $attemptresponse[] = $attempt;
         }
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['attempts'] = $attemptresponse;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     private static function attempt_structure() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'id' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Attempt id.', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'quiz' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Foreign key reference to the quiz that was attempted.',
                                                 VALUE_OPTIONAL),
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                 'sumgrades' => new external_value(PARAM_FLOAT, 'Total marks for this attempt.', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'gradednotificationsenttime' => new external_value(PARAM_INT,
                     'Time when the student was notified that manual grading of their attempt was complete.', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -472,10 +472,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_user_attempts_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'attempts' => new external_multiple_structure(self::attempt_structure()),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -487,10 +487,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_user_best_grade_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
                 'userid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'user id', VALUE_DEFAULT, 0),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -506,12 +506,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         global $DB, $USER, $CFG;
         require_once($CFG->libdir . '/gradelib.php');
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid,
             'userid' => $userid,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_user_best_grade_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             require_capability('mod/quiz:viewreports', $context);
         }
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
 
         // This code was mostly copied from mod/quiz/view.php. We need to make the web service logic consistent.
         // Get this user's attempts.
@@ -577,12 +577,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_user_best_grade_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'hasgrade' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Whether the user has a grade on the given quiz.'),
                 'grade' => new external_value(PARAM_FLOAT, 'The grade (only if the user has a grade).', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'gradetopass' => new external_value(PARAM_FLOAT, 'The grade to pass the quiz (only if set).', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -594,11 +594,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_combined_review_options_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
                 'userid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'user id (empty for current user)', VALUE_DEFAULT, 0),
 
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -613,12 +613,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_combined_review_options($quizid, $userid = 0) {
         global $DB, $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid,
             'userid' => $userid,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_combined_review_options_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
@@ -638,18 +638,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
 
         $attempts = quiz_get_user_attempts($quiz->id, $user->id, 'all', true);
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['someoptions'] = [];
         $result['alloptions'] = [];
 
         list($someoptions, $alloptions) = quiz_get_combined_reviewoptions($quiz, $attempts);
 
-        foreach (array('someoptions', 'alloptions') as $typeofoption) {
+        foreach (['someoptions', 'alloptions'] as $typeofoption) {
             foreach ($$typeofoption as $key => $value) {
-                $result[$typeofoption][] = array(
+                $result[$typeofoption][] = [
                     "name" => $key,
                     "value" => (!empty($value)) ? $value : 0
-                );
+                ];
             }
         }
 
@@ -665,25 +665,25 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_combined_review_options_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'someoptions' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'option name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'option value'),
-                        )
+                        ]
                     )
                 ),
                 'alloptions' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'option name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'option value'),
-                        )
+                        ]
                     )
                 ),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -695,19 +695,19 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function start_attempt_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 ),
                 'forcenew' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Whether to force a new attempt or not.', VALUE_DEFAULT, false),
 
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -720,17 +720,17 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and the attempt basic data
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function start_attempt($quizid, $preflightdata = array(), $forcenew = false) {
+    public static function start_attempt($quizid, $preflightdata = [], $forcenew = false) {
         global $DB, $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
-        $attempt = array();
+        $warnings = [];
+        $attempt = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
             'forcenew' => $forcenew,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::start_attempt_parameters(), $params);
         $forcenew = $params['forcenew'];
 
@@ -755,18 +755,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         if (!$quizobj->is_preview_user() && $messages) {
             // Create warnings with the exact messages.
             foreach ($messages as $message) {
-                $warnings[] = array(
+                $warnings[] = [
                     'item' => 'quiz',
                     'itemid' => $quiz->id,
                     'warningcode' => '1',
                     'message' => clean_text($message, PARAM_TEXT)
-                );
+                ];
             }
         } else {
             if ($accessmanager->is_preflight_check_required($currentattemptid)) {
                 // Need to do some checks before allowing the user to continue.
 
-                $provideddata = array();
+                $provideddata = [];
                 foreach ($params['preflightdata'] as $data) {
                     $provideddata[$data['name']] = $data['value'];
                 }
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             $attempt = quiz_prepare_and_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $attemptnumber, $lastattempt, $offlineattempt);
         }
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['attempt'] = $attempt;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -806,10 +806,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function start_attempt_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'attempt' => self::attempt_structure(),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
 
         // Check the access rules.
         $accessmanager = $attemptobj->get_access_manager(time());
-        $messages = array();
+        $messages = [];
         if ($checkaccessrules) {
             // If the attempt is now overdue, or abandoned, deal with that.
             $attemptobj->handle_if_time_expired(time(), true);
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
 
         // User submitted data (like the quiz password).
         if ($accessmanager->is_preflight_check_required($attemptobj->get_attemptid())) {
-            $provideddata = array();
+            $provideddata = [];
             foreach ($params['preflightdata'] as $data) {
                 $provideddata[$data['name']] = $data['value'];
             }
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             }
         }
 
-        return array($attemptobj, $messages);
+        return [$attemptobj, $messages];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -907,17 +907,17 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     private static function question_structure() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'slot' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'slot number'),
                 'type' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'question type, i.e: multichoice'),
                 'page' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'page of the quiz this question appears on'),
                 'html' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'the question rendered'),
                 'responsefileareas' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'area' => new external_value(PARAM_NOTAGS, 'File area name'),
                             'files' => new external_files('Response files for the question', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
-                        )
+                        ]
                     ), 'Response file areas including files', VALUE_OPTIONAL
                 ),
                 'sequencecheck' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'the number of real steps in this attempt', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                 'maxmark' => new external_value(PARAM_FLOAT, 'the maximum mark possible for this question attempt.
                     It will be returned only if the user is allowed to see it.', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'settings' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'Question settings (JSON encoded).', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
-            ),
+            ],
             'The question data. Some fields may not be returned depending on the quiz display settings.'
         );
     }
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     private static function get_attempt_questions_data(quiz_attempt $attemptobj, $review, $page = 'all') {
         global $PAGE;
 
-        $questions = array();
+        $questions = [];
         $contextid = $attemptobj->get_quizobj()->get_context()->id;
         $displayoptions = $attemptobj->get_display_options($review);
         $renderer = $PAGE->get_renderer('mod_quiz');
@@ -973,14 +973,14 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                     $responsefileareas[$area]['files'] = [];
 
                     foreach ($files as $file) {
-                        $responsefileareas[$area]['files'][] = array(
+                        $responsefileareas[$area]['files'][] = [
                             'filename' => $file->get_filename(),
                             'fileurl' => $qattempt->get_response_file_url($file),
                             'filesize' => $file->get_filesize(),
                             'filepath' => $file->get_filepath(),
                             'mimetype' => $file->get_mimetype(),
                             'timemodified' => $file->get_timemodified(),
-                        );
+                        ];
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             // Check display settings for question.
             $settings = $questiondef->get_question_definition_for_external_rendering($qattempt, $displayoptions);
 
-            $question = array(
+            $question = [
                 'slot' => $slot,
                 'type' => $qtype,
                 'page' => $attemptobj->get_question_page($slot),
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                 'lastactiontime' => $qattempt->get_last_step()->get_timecreated(),
                 'hasautosavedstep' => $qattempt->has_autosaved_step(),
                 'settings' => !empty($settings) ? json_encode($settings) : null,
-            );
+            ];
 
             if ($attemptobj->is_real_question($slot)) {
                 $question['number'] = $attemptobj->get_question_number($slot);
@@ -1031,18 +1031,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_data_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'page' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'page number'),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 )
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1055,16 +1055,16 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and the attempt data, next page, message and questions
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function get_attempt_data($attemptid, $page, $preflightdata = array()) {
+    public static function get_attempt_data($attemptid, $page, $preflightdata = []) {
         global $PAGE;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'page' => $page,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_attempt_data_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($attemptobj, $messages) = self::validate_attempt($params);
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         // Set a default URL to stop the debugging output.
         $PAGE->set_url('/fake/url');
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['attempt'] = $attemptobj->get_attempt();
         $result['messages'] = $messages;
         $result['nextpage'] = $nextpage;
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_data_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'attempt' => self::attempt_structure(),
                 'messages' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'access message'),
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                 'nextpage' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'next page number'),
                 'questions' => new external_multiple_structure(self::question_structure()),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1118,17 +1118,17 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_summary_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 )
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1140,19 +1140,19 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and the attempt summary data for each question
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function get_attempt_summary($attemptid, $preflightdata = array()) {
+    public static function get_attempt_summary($attemptid, $preflightdata = []) {
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_attempt_summary_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($attemptobj, $messages) = self::validate_attempt($params, true, false);
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         $result['questions'] = self::get_attempt_questions_data($attemptobj, false, 'all');
 
@@ -1167,10 +1167,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_summary_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'questions' => new external_multiple_structure(self::question_structure()),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1182,25 +1182,25 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function save_attempt_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'data' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
+                        ]
                     ), 'the data to be saved'
                 ),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 )
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1213,16 +1213,16 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and execution result
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function save_attempt($attemptid, $data, $preflightdata = array()) {
+    public static function save_attempt($attemptid, $data, $preflightdata = []) {
         global $DB, $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'data' => $data,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::save_attempt_parameters(), $params);
 
         // Add a page, required by validate_attempt.
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         }
         $transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();
         // Create the $_POST object required by the question engine.
-        $_POST = array();
+        $_POST = [];
         foreach ($data as $element) {
             $_POST[$element['name']] = $element['value'];
             // Some deep core functions like file_get_submitted_draft_itemid() also requires $_REQUEST to be filled.
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         $attemptobj->process_auto_save($timenow);
         $transaction->allow_commit();
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['status'] = true;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -1260,10 +1260,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function save_attempt_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'status' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'status: true if success'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1275,29 +1275,29 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function process_attempt_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'data' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
+                        ]
                     ),
-                    'the data to be saved', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                    'the data to be saved', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 ),
                 'finishattempt' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'whether to finish or not the attempt', VALUE_DEFAULT, false),
                 'timeup' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'whether the WS was called by a timer when the time is up',
                                                 VALUE_DEFAULT, false),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 )
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1312,18 +1312,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and the attempt state after the processing
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function process_attempt($attemptid, $data, $finishattempt = false, $timeup = false, $preflightdata = array()) {
+    public static function process_attempt($attemptid, $data, $finishattempt = false, $timeup = false, $preflightdata = []) {
         global $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'data' => $data,
             'finishattempt' => $finishattempt,
             'timeup' => $timeup,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::process_attempt_parameters(), $params);
 
         // Do not check access manager rules and evaluate fail if overdue.
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             $USER->ignoresesskey = true;
         }
         // Create the $_POST object required by the question engine.
-        $_POST = array();
+        $_POST = [];
         foreach ($params['data'] as $element) {
             $_POST[$element['name']] = $element['value'];
             $_REQUEST[$element['name']] = $element['value'];
@@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         $finishattempt = $params['finishattempt'];
         $timeup = $params['timeup'];
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         // Update the timemodifiedoffline field.
         $attemptobj->set_offline_modified_time($timenow);
         $result['state'] = $attemptobj->process_attempt($timenow, $finishattempt, $timeup, 0);
@@ -1363,11 +1363,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function process_attempt_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'state' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'state: the new attempt state:
                                                                     inprogress, finished, overdue, abandoned'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         } else if (!$attemptobj->is_review_allowed()) {
             throw new moodle_exception('noreviewattempt', 'quiz', $attemptobj->view_url());
         }
-        return array($attemptobj, $displayoptions);
+        return [$attemptobj, $displayoptions];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1405,11 +1405,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_review_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'page' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'page number, empty for all the questions in all the pages',
                                                 VALUE_DEFAULT, -1),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1424,12 +1424,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_attempt_review($attemptid, $page = -1) {
         global $PAGE;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'page' => $page,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_attempt_review_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($attemptobj, $displayoptions) = self::validate_attempt_review($params);
@@ -1441,20 +1441,20 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         }
 
         // Prepare the output.
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['attempt'] = $attemptobj->get_attempt();
         $result['questions'] = self::get_attempt_questions_data($attemptobj, true, $page, true);
 
-        $result['additionaldata'] = array();
+        $result['additionaldata'] = [];
         // Summary data (from behaviours).
         $summarydata = $attemptobj->get_additional_summary_data($displayoptions);
         foreach ($summarydata as $key => $data) {
             // This text does not need formatting (no need for external_format_[string|text]).
-            $result['additionaldata'][] = array(
+            $result['additionaldata'][] = [
                 'id' => $key,
                 'title' => $data['title'], $attemptobj->get_quizobj()->get_context()->id,
                 'content' => $data['content'],
-            );
+            ];
         }
 
         // Feedback if there is any, and the user is allowed to see it now.
@@ -1462,11 +1462,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
 
         $feedback = $attemptobj->get_overall_feedback($grade);
         if ($displayoptions->overallfeedback && $feedback) {
-            $result['additionaldata'][] = array(
+            $result['additionaldata'][] = [
                 'id' => 'feedback',
                 'title' => get_string('feedback', 'quiz'),
                 'content' => $feedback,
-            );
+            ];
         }
 
         $result['grade'] = $grade;
@@ -1482,21 +1482,21 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_review_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'grade' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'grade for the quiz (or empty or "notyetgraded")'),
                 'attempt' => self::attempt_structure(),
                 'additionaldata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'id' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'id of the data'),
                             'title' => new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'data title'),
                             'content' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data content'),
-                        )
+                        ]
                     )
                 ),
                 'questions' => new external_multiple_structure(self::question_structure()),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1508,18 +1508,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'page' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'page number'),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 )
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1532,15 +1532,15 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and status result
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function view_attempt($attemptid, $page, $preflightdata = array()) {
+    public static function view_attempt($attemptid, $page, $preflightdata = []) {
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'page' => $page,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::view_attempt_parameters(), $params);
         list($attemptobj, $messages) = self::validate_attempt($params);
 
@@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             throw new moodle_exception('Out of sequence access', 'quiz', $attemptobj->view_url());
         }
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['status'] = true;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -1566,10 +1566,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'status' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'status: true if success'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1581,17 +1581,17 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_summary_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
                 'preflightdata' => new external_multiple_structure(
                     new external_single_structure(
-                        array(
+                        [
                             'name' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUMEXT, 'data name'),
                             'value' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'data value'),
-                        )
-                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, array()
+                        ]
+                    ), 'Preflight required data (like passwords)', VALUE_DEFAULT, []
                 )
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1603,21 +1603,21 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      * @return array of warnings and status result
      * @since Moodle 3.1
      */
-    public static function view_attempt_summary($attemptid, $preflightdata = array()) {
+    public static function view_attempt_summary($attemptid, $preflightdata = []) {
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
             'preflightdata' => $preflightdata,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::view_attempt_summary_parameters(), $params);
         list($attemptobj, $messages) = self::validate_attempt($params);
 
         // Log action.
         $attemptobj->fire_attempt_summary_viewed_event();
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['status'] = true;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -1631,10 +1631,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_summary_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'status' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'status: true if success'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1646,9 +1646,9 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_review_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id'),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1661,18 +1661,18 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_review($attemptid) {
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::view_attempt_review_parameters(), $params);
         list($attemptobj, $displayoptions) = self::validate_attempt_review($params);
 
         // Log action.
         $attemptobj->fire_attempt_reviewed_event();
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['status'] = true;
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -1686,10 +1686,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function view_attempt_review_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'status' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'status: true if success'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1701,10 +1701,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quiz_feedback_for_grade_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
                 'grade' => new external_value(PARAM_FLOAT, 'the grade to check'),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1719,16 +1719,16 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_quiz_feedback_for_grade($quizid, $grade) {
         global $DB;
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid,
             'grade' => $grade,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_quiz_feedback_for_grade_parameters(), $params);
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['feedbacktext'] = '';
         $result['feedbacktextformat'] = FORMAT_MOODLE;
 
@@ -1762,12 +1762,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quiz_feedback_for_grade_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'feedbacktext' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'the comment that corresponds to this grade (empty for none)'),
                 'feedbacktextformat' => new external_format_value('feedbacktext', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'feedbackinlinefiles' => new external_files('feedback inline files', VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1779,9 +1779,9 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quiz_access_information_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id')
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1795,16 +1795,16 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_quiz_access_information($quizid) {
         global $DB, $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_quiz_access_information_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         // Capabilities first.
         $result['canattempt'] = has_capability('mod/quiz:attempt', $context);;
         $result['canmanage'] = has_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $context);;
@@ -1834,7 +1834,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quiz_access_information_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'canattempt' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Whether the user can do the quiz or not.'),
                 'canmanage' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Whether the user can edit the quiz settings or not.'),
                 'canpreview' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Whether the user can preview the quiz or not.'),
@@ -1848,7 +1848,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                 'preventaccessreasons' => new external_multiple_structure(
                                             new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'access restriction description'), 'list of reasons'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1860,10 +1860,10 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_access_information_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id'),
                 'attemptid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'attempt id, 0 for the user last attempt if exists', VALUE_DEFAULT, 0),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1878,12 +1878,12 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_attempt_access_information($quizid, $attemptid = 0) {
         global $DB, $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid,
             'attemptid' => $attemptid,
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_attempt_access_information_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
@@ -1921,7 +1921,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
             $attempttocheck = $unfinishedattempt ?: $lastfinishedattempt;
         }
 
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['isfinished'] = $accessmanager->is_finished($numattempts, $lastfinishedattempt);
         $result['preventnewattemptreasons'] = $accessmanager->prevent_new_attempt($numattempts, $lastfinishedattempt);
 
@@ -1944,7 +1944,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_attempt_access_information_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'endtime' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'When the attempt must be submitted (determined by rules).',
                                                 VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                 'isfinished' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Whether there is no way the user will ever be allowed to attempt.'),
@@ -1954,7 +1954,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
                                                 new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'access restriction description'),
                                                                     'list of reasons'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1966,9 +1966,9 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quiz_required_qtypes_parameters() {
         return new external_function_parameters (
-            array(
+            [
                 'quizid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'quiz instance id')
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
@@ -1983,11 +1983,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
     public static function get_quiz_required_qtypes($quizid) {
         global $DB, $USER;
 
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'quizid' => $quizid
-        );
+        ];
         $params = self::validate_parameters(self::get_quiz_required_qtypes_parameters(), $params);
 
         list($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) = self::validate_quiz($params['quizid']);
@@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
         $quizobj->load_questions();
 
         // Question types used.
-        $result = array();
+        $result = [];
         $result['questiontypes'] = $quizobj->get_all_question_types_used(true);
         $result['warnings'] = $warnings;
         return $result;
@@ -2011,11 +2011,11 @@ class mod_quiz_external extends external_api {
      */
     public static function get_quiz_required_qtypes_returns() {
         return new external_single_structure(
-            array(
+            [
                 'questiontypes' => new external_multiple_structure(
                                     new external_value(PARAM_PLUGIN, 'question type'), 'list of question types used in the quiz'),
                 'warnings' => new external_warnings(),
-            )
+            ]
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/form/add_random_form.php b/mod/quiz/classes/form/add_random_form.php
index 2498abb0e2e..d90d2495602 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/form/add_random_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/form/add_random_form.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class add_random_form extends moodleform {
                 get_string('randomfromexistingcategory', 'quiz'));
 
         $mform->addElement('questioncategory', 'category', get_string('category'),
-                array('contexts' => $usablecontexts, 'top' => true));
+                ['contexts' => $usablecontexts, 'top' => true]);
         $mform->setDefault('category', $this->_customdata['cat']);
 
         $mform->addElement('checkbox', 'includesubcategories', '', get_string('recurse', 'quiz'));
@@ -56,15 +56,15 @@ class add_random_form extends moodleform {
         $mform->hideIf('includesubcategories', 'category', 'in', $tops);
 
         if ($CFG->usetags) {
-            $tagstrings = array();
+            $tagstrings = [];
             $tags = core_tag_tag::get_tags_by_area_in_contexts('core_question', 'question', $usablecontexts);
             foreach ($tags as $tag) {
                 $tagstrings["{$tag->id},{$tag->name}"] = $tag->name;
             }
-            $options = array(
+            $options = [
                 'multiple' => true,
                 'noselectionstring' => get_string('anytags', 'quiz'),
-            );
+            ];
             $mform->addElement('autocomplete', 'fromtags', get_string('randomquestiontags', 'mod_quiz'), $tagstrings, $options);
             $mform->addHelpButton('fromtags', 'randomquestiontags', 'mod_quiz');
         }
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class add_random_form extends moodleform {
             $mform->setType('name', PARAM_TEXT);
 
             $mform->addElement('questioncategory', 'parent', get_string('parentcategory', 'question'),
-                    array('contexts' => $usablecontexts, 'top' => true));
+                    ['contexts' => $usablecontexts, 'top' => true]);
             $mform->addHelpButton('parent', 'parentcategory', 'question');
 
             $mform->addElement('submit', 'newcategory',
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class add_random_form extends moodleform {
      * @return array of integers [1, 2, ..., 100] (or to the smaller of $maxrand and 100.)
      */
     private function get_number_of_questions_to_add_choices($maxrand = 100) {
-        $randomcount = array();
+        $randomcount = [];
         for ($i = 1; $i <= min(100, $maxrand); $i++) {
             $randomcount[$i] = $i;
         }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/form/preflight_check_form.php b/mod/quiz/classes/form/preflight_check_form.php
index a734d137fec..37eb007b9cc 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/form/preflight_check_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/form/preflight_check_form.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class preflight_check_form extends moodleform {
 
     protected function definition() {
         $mform = $this->_form;
-        $this->_form->updateAttributes(array('id' => 'mod_quiz_preflight_form'));
+        $this->_form->updateAttributes(['id' => 'mod_quiz_preflight_form']);
 
         foreach ($this->_customdata['hidden'] as $name => $value) {
             if ($name === 'sesskey') {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/form/randomquestion_form.php b/mod/quiz/classes/form/randomquestion_form.php
index 140f71810f4..4636e115eb0 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/form/randomquestion_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/form/randomquestion_form.php
@@ -50,22 +50,22 @@ class randomquestion_form extends \moodleform {
         $mform->addElement('header', 'generalheader', get_string("general", 'form'));
 
         $mform->addElement('questioncategory', 'category', get_string('category', 'question'),
-                array('contexts' => $usablecontexts, 'top' => true));
+                ['contexts' => $usablecontexts, 'top' => true]);
 
-        $mform->addElement('advcheckbox', 'includesubcategories', get_string('recurse', 'quiz'), null, null, array(0, 1));
+        $mform->addElement('advcheckbox', 'includesubcategories', get_string('recurse', 'quiz'), null, null, [0, 1]);
 
         $tops = question_get_top_categories_for_contexts(array_column($contexts->all(), 'id'));
         $mform->hideIf('includesubcategories', 'category', 'in', $tops);
 
         $tags = \core_tag_tag::get_tags_by_area_in_contexts('core_question', 'question', $usablecontexts);
-        $tagstrings = array();
+        $tagstrings = [];
         foreach ($tags as $tag) {
             $tagstrings["{$tag->id},{$tag->name}"] = $tag->name;
         }
-        $options = array(
+        $options = [
                 'multiple' => true,
                 'noselectionstring' => get_string('anytags', 'quiz'),
-        );
+        ];
         $mform->addElement('autocomplete', 'fromtags', get_string('randomquestiontags', 'mod_quiz'), $tagstrings, $options);
         $mform->addHelpButton('fromtags', 'randomquestiontags', 'mod_quiz');
 
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ class randomquestion_form extends \moodleform {
         $mform->addElement('hidden', 'returnurl');
         $mform->setType('returnurl', PARAM_LOCALURL);
 
-        $buttonarray = array();
+        $buttonarray = [];
         $buttonarray[] = $mform->createElement('submit', 'submitbutton', get_string('savechanges'));
         $buttonarray[] = $mform->createElement('cancel');
-        $mform->addGroup($buttonarray, 'buttonar', '', array(' '), false);
+        $mform->addGroup($buttonarray, 'buttonar', '', [' '], false);
         $mform->closeHeaderBefore('buttonar');
     }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/group_observers.php b/mod/quiz/classes/group_observers.php
index c77e3d182f7..3728db6d138 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/group_observers.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/group_observers.php
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class group_observers {
                 quiz_process_group_deleted_in_course($event->courseid);
             }
             if (!empty($event->other['reset_options']['reset_groups_members'])) {
-                quiz_update_open_attempts(array('courseid' => $event->courseid));
+                quiz_update_open_attempts(['courseid' => $event->courseid]);
             }
         }
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class group_observers {
      * @return void
      */
     public static function group_member_added($event) {
-        quiz_update_open_attempts(array('userid' => $event->relateduserid, 'groupid' => $event->objectid));
+        quiz_update_open_attempts(['userid' => $event->relateduserid, 'groupid' => $event->objectid]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class group_observers {
             // We will take care of that once the course reset ends.
             return;
         }
-        quiz_update_open_attempts(array('userid' => $event->relateduserid, 'groupid' => $event->objectid));
+        quiz_update_open_attempts(['userid' => $event->relateduserid, 'groupid' => $event->objectid]);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/local/access_rule_base.php b/mod/quiz/classes/local/access_rule_base.php
index 9ab7b85c92b..085a806b339 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/local/access_rule_base.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/local/access_rule_base.php
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ abstract class access_rule_base {
      * Whether a user should be allowed to start a new attempt at this quiz now.
      *
      * @param int $numprevattempts the number of previous attempts this user has made.
-     * @param object $lastattempt information about the user's last completed attempt.
+     * @param stdClass $lastattempt information about the user's last completed attempt.
      * @return string false if access should be allowed, a message explaining the
      *      reason if access should be prevented.
      */
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ abstract class access_rule_base {
      * active attempt for this user.
      *
      * @param int $numprevattempts the number of previous attempts this user has made.
-     * @param object $lastattempt information about the user's last completed attempt.
+     * @param stdClass $lastattempt information about the user's last completed attempt.
      * @return bool true if this rule means that this user will never be allowed another
      * attempt at this quiz.
      */
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ abstract class access_rule_base {
     /**
      * If the user should be shown a different amount of time than $timenow - $this->end_time(), then
      * override this method.  This is useful if the time remaining is large enough to be omitted.
-     * @param object $attempt the current attempt
+     * @param stdClass $attempt the current attempt
      * @param int $timenow the time now. We don't use $this->timenow, so we can
      * give the user a more accurate indication of how much time is left.
      * @return mixed the time left in seconds (can be negative) or false if there is no limit.
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ abstract class access_rule_base {
     /**
      * Save any submitted settings when the quiz settings form is submitted. This
      * is called from {@see quiz_after_add_or_update()} in lib.php.
-     * @param object $quiz the data from the quiz form, including $quiz->id
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the data from the quiz form, including $quiz->id
      *      which is the id of the quiz being saved.
      */
     public static function save_settings($quiz) {
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ abstract class access_rule_base {
     /**
      * Delete any rule-specific settings when the quiz is deleted. This is called
      * from {@see quiz_delete_instance()} in lib.php.
-     * @param object $quiz the data from the database, including $quiz->id
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the data from the database, including $quiz->id
      *      which is the id of the quiz being deleted.
      * @since Moodle 2.7.1, 2.6.4, 2.5.7
      */
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report.php b/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report.php
index 9f246fd21b4..ce1f1519ca9 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report.php
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ abstract class attempts_report extends report_base {
      *
      * @param string $mode
      * @param string $formclass
-     * @param object $quiz
-     * @param object $cm
-     * @param object $course
+     * @param stdClass $quiz
+     * @param stdClass $cm
+     * @param stdClass $course
      * @return array with four elements:
      *      0 => integer the current group id (0 for none).
      *      1 => \core\dml\sql_join Contains joins, wheres, params for all the students in this course.
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ abstract class attempts_report extends report_base {
      * Get sql fragments (joins) which can be used to build queries that
      * will select an appropriate set of students to show in the reports.
      *
-     * @param object $cm the course module.
-     * @param object $course the course settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course module.
+     * @param stdClass $course the course settings.
      * @return array with four elements:
      *      0 => integer the current group id (0 for none).
      *      1 => \core\dml\sql_join Contains joins, wheres, params for all the students in this course.
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ abstract class attempts_report extends report_base {
     /**
      * Add all the grade and feedback columns, if applicable, to the $columns
      * and $headers arrays.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param bool $usercanseegrades whether the user is allowed to see grades for this quiz.
      * @param array $columns the list of columns. Added to.
      * @param array $headers the columns headings. Added to.
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ abstract class attempts_report extends report_base {
 
     /**
      * Process any submitted actions.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
-     * @param object $cm the cm object for the quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the cm object for the quiz.
      * @param int $currentgroup the currently selected group.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins (joins, wheres, params) the students in the current group.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $allowedjoins (joins, wheres, params) the users whose attempt this user is allowed to modify.
@@ -327,9 +327,9 @@ abstract class attempts_report extends report_base {
 
     /**
      * Delete the quiz attempts
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings. Attempts that don't belong to
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings. Attempts that don't belong to
      * this quiz are not deleted.
-     * @param object $cm the course_module object.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course_module object.
      * @param array $attemptids the list of attempt ids to delete.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $allowedjoins (joins, wheres, params) This list of userids that are visible in the report.
      *      Users can only delete attempts that they are allowed to see in the report.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report_options.php b/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report_options.php
index 5d8f92383d5..8f55cbdcb32 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report_options.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/attempts_report_options.php
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ class attempts_report_options {
      * Constructor.
      *
      * @param string $mode which report these options are for.
-     * @param object $quiz the settings for the quiz being reported on.
-     * @param object $cm the course module objects for the quiz being reported on.
-     * @param object $course the course settings for the coures this quiz is in.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the settings for the quiz being reported on.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course module objects for the quiz being reported on.
+     * @param stdClass $course the course settings for the coures this quiz is in.
      */
     public function __construct($mode, $quiz, $cm, $course) {
         $this->mode   = $mode;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class attempts_report_options {
      * Process the data we get when the settings form is submitted. This includes
      * updating the fields of this class, and updating the user preferences
      * where appropriate.
-     * @param object $fromform The data from $mform->get_data() from the settings form.
+     * @param stdClass $fromform The data from $mform->get_data() from the settings form.
      */
     public function process_settings_from_form($fromform) {
         $this->setup_from_form_data($fromform);
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class attempts_report_options {
 
     /**
      * Set the fields of this object from the form data.
-     * @param object $fromform The data from $mform->get_data() from the settings form.
+     * @param stdClass $fromform The data from $mform->get_data() from the settings form.
      */
     public function setup_from_form_data($fromform) {
         $this->attempts   = $fromform->attempts;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/report_base.php b/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/report_base.php
index a6bcffe8cbe..edfac16b31a 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/report_base.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/local/reports/report_base.php
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ abstract class report_base {
     /**
      * Get the current group for the user user looking at the report.
      *
-     * @param object $cm the course_module information.
-     * @param object $course the course settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course_module information.
+     * @param stdClass $course the course settings.
      * @param context $context the quiz context.
      * @return int the current group id, if applicable. 0 for all users,
      *      NO_GROUPS_ALLOWED if the user cannot see any group.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/local/structure/slot_random.php b/mod/quiz/classes/local/structure/slot_random.php
index fe2abedc166..644e521e384 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/local/structure/slot_random.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/local/structure/slot_random.php
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class slot_random {
             if (empty($this->record->quizid)) {
                 throw new \coding_exception('quizid is not set.');
             }
-            $this->quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $this->record->quizid));
+            $this->quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $this->record->quizid]);
         }
 
         return $this->quiz;
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class slot_random {
     public function insert($page) {
         global $DB;
 
-        $slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->record->quizid),
+        $slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->record->quizid],
                 'slot', 'id, slot, page');
         $quiz = $this->get_quiz();
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class slot_random {
             $lastslotbefore = 0;
             foreach (array_reverse($slots) as $otherslot) {
                 if ($otherslot->page > $page) {
-                    $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'slot', $otherslot->slot + 1, array('id' => $otherslot->id));
+                    $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'slot', $otherslot->slot + 1, ['id' => $otherslot->id]);
                 } else {
                     $lastslotbefore = $otherslot->slot;
                     break;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/output/edit_renderer.php b/mod/quiz/classes/output/edit_renderer.php
index 25ae62954af..85d735b0cc7 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/output/edit_renderer.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/output/edit_renderer.php
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
             if ($structure->is_last_section($section)) {
                 $output .= \html_writer::start_div('last-add-menu');
                 $output .= html_writer::tag('span', $this->add_menu_actions($structure, 0,
-                        $pageurl, $contexts, $pagevars), array('class' => 'add-menu-outer'));
+                        $pageurl, $contexts, $pagevars), ['class' => 'add-menu-outer']);
                 $output .= \html_writer::end_div();
             }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
             return '';
         }
 
-        $output = array();
+        $output = [];
         foreach ($warnings as $warning) {
             $output[] = \html_writer::tag('p', $warning);
         }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
                     get_string('numquestionsx', 'quiz', $structure->get_question_count()),
                     'numberofquestions') . ' | ' .
                 html_writer::span($currentstatus, 'quizopeningstatus',
-                    array('title' => $explanation));
+                    ['title' => $explanation]);
 
         return html_writer::div($output, 'statusbar');
     }
@@ -178,19 +178,19 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
     public function maximum_grade_input($structure, \moodle_url $pageurl) {
         $output = '';
         $output .= html_writer::start_div('maxgrade');
-        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('form', array('method' => 'post', 'action' => 'edit.php',
-                'class' => 'quizsavegradesform form-inline'));
-        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('fieldset', array('class' => 'invisiblefieldset'));
-        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', array('type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'sesskey', 'value' => sesskey()));
+        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('form', ['method' => 'post', 'action' => 'edit.php',
+                'class' => 'quizsavegradesform form-inline']);
+        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('fieldset', ['class' => 'invisiblefieldset']);
+        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', ['type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'sesskey', 'value' => sesskey()]);
         $output .= html_writer::input_hidden_params($pageurl);
         $output .= html_writer::tag('label', get_string('maximumgrade') . ' ',
-                array('for' => 'inputmaxgrade'));
-        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', array('type' => 'text', 'id' => 'inputmaxgrade',
+                ['for' => 'inputmaxgrade']);
+        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', ['type' => 'text', 'id' => 'inputmaxgrade',
                 'name' => 'maxgrade', 'size' => ($structure->get_decimal_places_for_grades() + 2),
                 'value' => $structure->formatted_quiz_grade(),
-                'class' => 'form-control'));
-        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', array('type' => 'submit', 'class' => 'btn btn-secondary ml-1',
-                'name' => 'savechanges', 'value' => get_string('save', 'quiz')));
+                'class' => 'form-control']);
+        $output .= html_writer::empty_tag('input', ['type' => 'submit', 'class' => 'btn btn-secondary ml-1',
+                'name' => 'savechanges', 'value' => get_string('save', 'quiz')]);
         $output .= html_writer::end_tag('fieldset');
         $output .= html_writer::end_tag('form');
         $output .= html_writer::end_tag('div');
@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     protected function repaginate_button(structure $structure, \moodle_url $pageurl) {
-        $header = html_writer::tag('span', get_string('repaginatecommand', 'quiz'), array('class' => 'repaginatecommand'));
+        $header = html_writer::tag('span', get_string('repaginatecommand', 'quiz'), ['class' => 'repaginatecommand']);
         $form = $this->repaginate_form($structure, $pageurl);
 
-        $buttonoptions = array(
+        $buttonoptions = [
             'type'  => 'submit',
             'name'  => 'repaginate',
             'id'    => 'repaginatecommand',
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
             'class' => 'btn btn-secondary mr-1',
             'data-header' => $header,
             'data-form'   => $form,
-        );
+        ];
         if (!$structure->can_be_repaginated()) {
             $buttonoptions['disabled'] = 'disabled';
         } else {
@@ -232,13 +232,13 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     protected function selectmultiple_button(structure $structure) {
-        $buttonoptions = array(
+        $buttonoptions = [
             'type'  => 'button',
             'name'  => 'selectmultiple',
             'id'    => 'selectmultiplecommand',
             'value' => get_string('selectmultipleitems', 'quiz'),
             'class' => 'btn btn-secondary'
-        );
+        ];
         if (!$structure->can_be_edited()) {
             $buttonoptions['disabled'] = 'disabled';
         }
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $output = '';
 
         // Bulk action button delete and bulk action button cancel.
-        $buttondeleteoptions = array(
+        $buttondeleteoptions = [
             'type' => 'button',
             'id' => 'selectmultipledeletecommand',
             'value' => get_string('deleteselected', 'mod_quiz'),
@@ -265,18 +265,18 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
             'data-togglegroup' => $this->togglegroup,
             'data-toggle' => 'action',
             'disabled' => true
-        );
-        $buttoncanceloptions = array(
+        ];
+        $buttoncanceloptions = [
             'type' => 'button',
             'id' => 'selectmultiplecancelcommand',
             'value' => get_string('cancel', 'moodle'),
             'class' => 'btn btn-secondary'
-        );
+        ];
 
-        $groupoptions = array(
+        $groupoptions = [
             'class' => 'btn-group selectmultiplecommand actions m-1',
             'role' => 'group'
-        );
+        ];
 
         $output .= html_writer::tag('div',
                         html_writer::tag('button', get_string('deleteselected', 'mod_quiz'), $buttondeleteoptions) .
@@ -284,11 +284,11 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
                         html_writer::tag('button', get_string('cancel', 'moodle'),
                 $buttoncanceloptions), $groupoptions);
 
-        $toolbaroptions = array(
+        $toolbaroptions = [
             'class' => 'btn-toolbar m-1',
             'role' => 'toolbar',
             'aria-label' => get_string('selectmultipletoolbar', 'quiz'),
-        );
+        ];
 
         // Select all/deselect all questions.
         $selectallid = 'questionselectall';
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     protected function repaginate_form(structure $structure, \moodle_url $pageurl) {
-        $perpage = array();
+        $perpage = [];
         $perpage[0] = get_string('allinone', 'quiz');
         for ($i = 1; $i <= 50; ++$i) {
             $perpage[$i] = $i;
@@ -325,22 +325,22 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $hiddenurl->param('sesskey', sesskey());
 
         $select = html_writer::select($perpage, 'questionsperpage',
-                $structure->get_questions_per_page(), false, array('class' => 'custom-select'));
+                $structure->get_questions_per_page(), false, ['class' => 'custom-select']);
 
-        $buttonattributes = array(
+        $buttonattributes = [
             'type' => 'submit',
             'name' => 'repaginate',
             'value' => get_string('go'),
             'class' => 'btn btn-secondary ml-1'
-        );
+        ];
 
         $formcontent = html_writer::tag('form', html_writer::div(
                     html_writer::input_hidden_params($hiddenurl) .
                     get_string('repaginate', 'quiz', $select) .
                     html_writer::empty_tag('input', $buttonattributes)
-                ), array('action' => 'edit.php', 'method' => 'post'));
+                ), ['action' => 'edit.php', 'method' => 'post']);
 
-        return html_writer::div($formcontent, '', array('id' => 'repaginatedialog'));
+        return html_writer::div($formcontent, '', ['id' => 'repaginatedialog']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $totalmark = html_writer::span(quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades), 'mod_quiz_summarks');
         return html_writer::tag('span',
                 get_string('totalmarksx', 'quiz', $totalmark),
-                array('class' => 'totalpoints'));
+                ['class' => 'totalpoints']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         if ($structure->get_section_count() == 1) {
             $class .= ' only-one-section';
         }
-        return html_writer::start_tag('ul', array('class' => $class, 'role' => 'presentation'));
+        return html_writer::start_tag('ul', ['class' => $class, 'role' => 'presentation']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -402,9 +402,9 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
             $sectionheading = html_writer::span($sectionheadingtext, 'instancesection sr-only');
         }
 
-        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('li', array('id' => 'section-'.$section->id,
+        $output .= html_writer::start_tag('li', ['id' => 'section-'.$section->id,
             'class' => 'section main clearfix'.$sectionstyle, 'role' => 'presentation',
-            'data-sectionname' => $sectionheadingtext));
+            'data-sectionname' => $sectionheadingtext]);
 
         $output .= html_writer::start_div('content');
 
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         } else {
             $editsectionheadingicon = html_writer::link(new \moodle_url('#'),
                 $this->pix_icon('t/editstring', get_string('sectionheadingedit', 'quiz', $sectionheadingtext),
-                        'moodle', array('class' => 'editicon visibleifjs')),
-                        array('class' => 'editing_section', 'data-action' => 'edit_section_title', 'role' => 'button'));
+                        'moodle', ['class' => 'editicon visibleifjs']),
+                        ['class' => 'editing_section', 'data-action' => 'edit_section_title', 'role' => 'button']);
         }
         $output .= html_writer::div($headingtext . $editsectionheadingicon, 'instancesectioncontainer');
 
@@ -440,13 +440,13 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     public function section_shuffle_questions(structure $structure, $section) {
-        $checkboxattributes = array(
+        $checkboxattributes = [
             'type' => 'checkbox',
             'id' => 'shuffle-' . $section->id,
             'value' => 1,
             'data-action' => 'shuffle_questions',
             'class' => 'cm-edit-action',
-        );
+        ];
 
         if (!$structure->can_be_edited()) {
             $checkboxattributes['disabled'] = 'disabled';
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $label = html_writer::label(get_string('shufflequestions', 'quiz'),
                 $checkboxattributes['id'], false);
         return html_writer::span($progressspan . $checkbox . $label. ' ' . $helpspan,
-                'instanceshufflequestions', array('data-action' => 'shuffle_questions'));
+                'instanceshufflequestions', ['data-action' => 'shuffle_questions']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -485,16 +485,16 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
     /**
      * Render an icon to remove a section from the quiz.
      *
-     * @param object $section the section to be removed.
+     * @param stdClass $section the section to be removed.
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     public function section_remove_icon($section) {
         $title = get_string('sectionheadingremove', 'quiz', format_string($section->heading));
         $url = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php',
-                array('sesskey' => sesskey(), 'removesection' => '1', 'sectionid' => $section->id));
+                ['sesskey' => sesskey(), 'removesection' => '1', 'sectionid' => $section->id]);
         $image = $this->pix_icon('t/delete', $title);
-        return $this->action_link($url, $image, null, array(
-                'class' => 'cm-edit-action editing_delete', 'data-action' => 'deletesection'));
+        return $this->action_link($url, $image, null, [
+                'class' => 'cm-edit-action editing_delete', 'data-action' => 'deletesection']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         foreach ($structure->get_slots_in_section($section->id) as $slot) {
             $output .= $this->question_row($structure, $slot, $contexts, $pagevars, $pageurl);
         }
-        return html_writer::tag('ul', $output, array('class' => 'section img-text'));
+        return html_writer::tag('ul', $output, ['class' => 'section img-text']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -546,8 +546,8 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $questionclasses = 'activity ' . $qtype . ' qtype_' . $qtype . ' slot';
 
         $output .= html_writer::tag('li', $questionhtml . $joinhtml,
-                array('class' => $questionclasses, 'id' => 'slot-' . $structure->get_slot_id_for_slot($slot),
-                        'data-canfinish' => $structure->can_finish_during_the_attempt($slot)));
+                ['class' => $questionclasses, 'id' => 'slot-' . $structure->get_slot_id_for_slot($slot),
+                        'data-canfinish' => $structure->can_finish_during_the_attempt($slot)]);
 
         return $output;
     }
@@ -574,13 +574,13 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
             // Add the add-menu at the page level.
             $addmenu = html_writer::tag('span', $this->add_menu_actions($structure,
                     $pagenumber, $pageurl, $contexts, $pagevars),
-                    array('class' => 'add-menu-outer'));
+                    ['class' => 'add-menu-outer']);
 
             $addquestionform = $this->add_question_form($structure,
                     $pagenumber, $pageurl, $pagevars);
 
             $output .= html_writer::tag('li', $page . $addmenu . $addquestionform,
-                    array('class' => 'pagenumber activity yui3-dd-drop page', 'id' => 'page-' . $pagenumber));
+                    ['class' => 'pagenumber activity yui3-dd-drop page', 'id' => 'page-' . $pagenumber]);
         }
 
         return $output;
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         }
         $menu = new \action_menu();
         $menu->set_constraint('.mod-quiz-edit-content');
-        $trigger = html_writer::tag('span', get_string('add', 'quiz'), array('class' => 'add-menu'));
+        $trigger = html_writer::tag('span', get_string('add', 'quiz'), ['class' => 'add-menu']);
         $menu->set_menu_trigger($trigger);
         // The menu appears within an absolutely positioned element causing width problems.
         // Make sure no-wrap is set so that we don't get a squashed menu.
@@ -642,61 +642,61 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $questioncategoryid = question_get_category_id_from_pagevars($pagevars);
         static $str;
         if (!isset($str)) {
-            $str = get_strings(array('addasection', 'addaquestion', 'addarandomquestion',
-                    'addarandomselectedquestion', 'questionbank'), 'quiz');
+            $str = get_strings(['addasection', 'addaquestion', 'addarandomquestion',
+                    'addarandomselectedquestion', 'questionbank'], 'quiz');
         }
 
         // Get section, page, slotnumber and maxmark.
-        $actions = array();
+        $actions = [];
 
         // Add a new question to the quiz.
-        $returnurl = new \moodle_url($pageurl, array('addonpage' => $page));
-        $params = array('returnurl' => $returnurl->out_as_local_url(false),
+        $returnurl = new \moodle_url($pageurl, ['addonpage' => $page]);
+        $params = ['returnurl' => $returnurl->out_as_local_url(false),
                 'cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'category' => $questioncategoryid,
-                'addonpage' => $page, 'appendqnumstring' => 'addquestion');
+                'addonpage' => $page, 'appendqnumstring' => 'addquestion'];
 
         $actions['addaquestion'] = new \action_menu_link_secondary(
             new \moodle_url('/question/bank/editquestion/addquestion.php', $params),
-            new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->addaquestion, 'moodle', array('class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '')),
-            $str->addaquestion, array('class' => 'cm-edit-action addquestion', 'data-action' => 'addquestion')
+            new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->addaquestion, 'moodle', ['class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '']),
+            $str->addaquestion, ['class' => 'cm-edit-action addquestion', 'data-action' => 'addquestion']
         );
 
         // Call question bank.
-        $icon = new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->questionbank, 'moodle', array('class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => ''));
+        $icon = new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->questionbank, 'moodle', ['class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '']);
         if ($page) {
             $title = get_string('addquestionfrombanktopage', 'quiz', $page);
         } else {
             $title = get_string('addquestionfrombankatend', 'quiz');
         }
-        $attributes = array('class' => 'cm-edit-action questionbank',
-                'data-header' => $title, 'data-action' => 'questionbank', 'data-addonpage' => $page);
+        $attributes = ['class' => 'cm-edit-action questionbank',
+                'data-header' => $title, 'data-action' => 'questionbank', 'data-addonpage' => $page];
         $actions['questionbank'] = new \action_menu_link_secondary($pageurl, $icon, $str->questionbank, $attributes);
 
         // Add a random question.
         if ($structure->can_add_random_questions()) {
-            $returnurl = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', array('cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'data-addonpage' => $page));
+            $returnurl = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', ['cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'data-addonpage' => $page]);
             $params = ['returnurl' => $returnurl, 'cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'appendqnumstring' => 'addarandomquestion'];
             $url = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/addrandom.php', $params);
-            $icon = new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->addarandomquestion, 'moodle', array('class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => ''));
-            $attributes = array('class' => 'cm-edit-action addarandomquestion', 'data-action' => 'addarandomquestion');
+            $icon = new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->addarandomquestion, 'moodle', ['class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '']);
+            $attributes = ['class' => 'cm-edit-action addarandomquestion', 'data-action' => 'addarandomquestion'];
             if ($page) {
                 $title = get_string('addrandomquestiontopage', 'quiz', $page);
             } else {
                 $title = get_string('addrandomquestionatend', 'quiz');
             }
-            $attributes = array_merge(array('data-header' => $title, 'data-addonpage' => $page), $attributes);
+            $attributes = array_merge(['data-header' => $title, 'data-addonpage' => $page], $attributes);
             $actions['addarandomquestion'] = new \action_menu_link_secondary($url, $icon, $str->addarandomquestion, $attributes);
         }
 
         // Add a new section to the add_menu if possible. This is always added to the HTML
         // then hidden with CSS when no needed, so that as things are re-ordered, etc. with
         // Ajax it can be relevaled again when necessary.
-        $params = array('cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'addsectionatpage' => $page);
+        $params = ['cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'addsectionatpage' => $page];
 
         $actions['addasection'] = new \action_menu_link_secondary(
             new \moodle_url($pageurl, $params),
-            new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->addasection, 'moodle', array('class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '')),
-            $str->addasection, array('class' => 'cm-edit-action addasection', 'data-action' => 'addasection')
+            new \pix_icon('t/add', $str->addasection, 'moodle', ['class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '']),
+            $str->addasection, ['class' => 'cm-edit-action addasection', 'data-action' => 'addasection']
         );
 
         return $actions;
@@ -716,18 +716,18 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $questioncategoryid = question_get_category_id_from_pagevars($pagevars);
 
         $output = html_writer::tag('input', null,
-                array('type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'returnurl',
-                        'value' => $pageurl->out_as_local_url(false, array('addonpage' => $page))));
+                ['type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'returnurl',
+                        'value' => $pageurl->out_as_local_url(false, ['addonpage' => $page])]);
         $output .= html_writer::tag('input', null,
-                array('type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'cmid', 'value' => $structure->get_cmid()));
+                ['type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'cmid', 'value' => $structure->get_cmid()]);
         $output .= html_writer::tag('input', null,
-                array('type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'appendqnumstring', 'value' => 'addquestion'));
+                ['type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'appendqnumstring', 'value' => 'addquestion']);
         $output .= html_writer::tag('input', null,
-                array('type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'category', 'value' => $questioncategoryid));
+                ['type' => 'hidden', 'name' => 'category', 'value' => $questioncategoryid]);
 
         return html_writer::tag('form', html_writer::div($output),
-                array('class' => 'addnewquestion', 'method' => 'post',
-                        'action' => new \moodle_url('/question/bank/editquestion/addquestion.php')));
+                ['class' => 'addnewquestion', 'method' => 'post',
+                        'action' => new \moodle_url('/question/bank/editquestion/addquestion.php')]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -858,8 +858,8 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      */
     public function question_move_icon(structure $structure, $slot) {
         return html_writer::link(new \moodle_url('#'),
-            $this->pix_icon('i/dragdrop', get_string('move'), 'moodle', array('class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '')),
-            array('class' => 'editing_move', 'data-action' => 'move')
+            $this->pix_icon('i/dragdrop', get_string('move'), 'moodle', ['class' => 'iconsmall', 'title' => '']),
+            ['class' => 'editing_move', 'data-action' => 'move']
         );
     }
 
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
                 \qbank_previewquestion\helper::question_preview_popup_params());
 
         return $this->action_link($url, $image . $strpreviewlabel, $action,
-                array('title' => $strpreviewquestion, 'class' => 'preview'));
+                ['title' => $strpreviewquestion, 'class' => 'preview']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -920,13 +920,13 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     public function question_remove_icon(structure $structure, $slot, $pageurl) {
-        $url = new \moodle_url($pageurl, array('sesskey' => sesskey(), 'remove' => $slot));
+        $url = new \moodle_url($pageurl, ['sesskey' => sesskey(), 'remove' => $slot]);
         $strdelete = get_string('delete');
 
         $image = $this->pix_icon('t/delete', $strdelete);
 
-        return $this->action_link($url, $image, null, array('title' => $strdelete,
-                    'class' => 'cm-edit-action editing_delete', 'data-action' => 'delete'));
+        return $this->action_link($url, $image, null, ['title' => $strdelete,
+                    'class' => 'cm-edit-action editing_delete', 'data-action' => 'delete']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -938,8 +938,8 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      */
     public function page_split_join_button($structure, $slot) {
         $insertpagebreak = !$structure->is_last_slot_on_page($slot);
-        $url = new \moodle_url('repaginate.php', array('quizid' => $structure->get_quizid(),
-                'slot' => $slot, 'repag' => $insertpagebreak ? 2 : 1, 'sesskey' => sesskey()));
+        $url = new \moodle_url('repaginate.php', ['quizid' => $structure->get_quizid(),
+                'slot' => $slot, 'repag' => $insertpagebreak ? 2 : 1, 'sesskey' => sesskey()]);
 
         if ($insertpagebreak) {
             $title = get_string('addpagebreak', 'quiz');
@@ -956,8 +956,8 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         if (!$structure->can_be_edited()) {
             $disabled = 'disabled';
         }
-        return html_writer::span($this->action_link($url, $image, null, array('title' => $title,
-                    'class' => 'page_split_join cm-edit-action', 'disabled' => $disabled, 'data-action' => $action)),
+        return html_writer::span($this->action_link($url, $image, null, ['title' => $title,
+                    'class' => 'page_split_join cm-edit-action', 'disabled' => $disabled, 'data-action' => $action]),
                 'page_split_join_wrapper');
     }
 
@@ -970,19 +970,19 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     public function question_dependency_icon($structure, $slot) {
-        $a = array(
+        $a = [
             'thisq' => $structure->get_displayed_number_for_slot($slot),
             'previousq' => $structure->get_displayed_number_for_slot(max($slot - 1, 1)),
-        );
+        ];
         if ($structure->is_question_dependent_on_previous_slot($slot)) {
             $title = get_string('questiondependencyremove', 'quiz', $a);
             $image = $this->pix_icon('t/locked', get_string('questiondependsonprevious', 'quiz'),
-                    'moodle', array('title' => ''));
+                    'moodle', ['title' => '']);
             $action = 'removedependency';
         } else {
             $title = get_string('questiondependencyadd', 'quiz', $a);
             $image = $this->pix_icon('t/unlocked', get_string('questiondependencyfree', 'quiz'),
-                    'moodle', array('title' => ''));
+                    'moodle', ['title' => '']);
             $action = 'adddependency';
         }
 
@@ -995,8 +995,8 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         if (!$structure->can_question_depend_on_previous_slot($slot)) {
             $extraclass = ' question_dependency_cannot_depend';
         }
-        return html_writer::span($this->action_link('#', $image, null, array('title' => $title,
-                'class' => 'cm-edit-action', 'disabled' => $disabled, 'data-action' => $action)),
+        return html_writer::span($this->action_link('#', $image, null, ['title' => $title,
+                'class' => 'cm-edit-action', 'disabled' => $disabled, 'data-action' => $action]),
                 'question_dependency_wrapper' . $extraclass);
     }
 
@@ -1015,27 +1015,27 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $output = '';
 
         $question = $structure->get_question_in_slot($slot);
-        $editurl = new \moodle_url('/question/bank/editquestion/question.php', array(
+        $editurl = new \moodle_url('/question/bank/editquestion/question.php', [
                 'returnurl' => $pageurl->out_as_local_url(),
-                'cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'id' => $question->questionid));
+                'cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(), 'id' => $question->questionid]);
 
         $instancename = quiz_question_tostring($question);
 
         $qtype = \question_bank::get_qtype($question->qtype, false);
         $namestr = $qtype->local_name();
 
-        $icon = $this->pix_icon('icon', $namestr, $qtype->plugin_name(), array('title' => $namestr,
-                'class' => 'activityicon', 'alt' => ' ', 'role' => 'presentation'));
+        $icon = $this->pix_icon('icon', $namestr, $qtype->plugin_name(), ['title' => $namestr,
+                'class' => 'activityicon', 'alt' => ' ', 'role' => 'presentation']);
 
-        $editicon = $this->pix_icon('t/edit', '', 'moodle', array('title' => ''));
+        $editicon = $this->pix_icon('t/edit', '', 'moodle', ['title' => '']);
 
         // Need plain question name without html tags for link title.
         $title = shorten_text(format_string($question->name), 100);
 
         // Display the link itself.
-        $activitylink = $icon . html_writer::tag('span', $editicon . $instancename, array('class' => 'instancename'));
+        $activitylink = $icon . html_writer::tag('span', $editicon . $instancename, ['class' => 'instancename']);
         $output .= html_writer::link($editurl, $activitylink,
-                array('title' => get_string('editquestion', 'quiz').' '.$title));
+                ['title' => get_string('editquestion', 'quiz').' '.$title]);
 
         return $output;
     }
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $question = $structure->get_question_in_slot($slotnumber);
         $slot = $structure->get_slot_by_number($slotnumber);
         $editurl = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/editrandom.php',
-                array('returnurl' => $pageurl->out_as_local_url(), 'slotid' => $slot->id));
+                ['returnurl' => $pageurl->out_as_local_url(), 'slotid' => $slot->id]);
 
         $temp = clone($question);
         $temp->questiontext = '';
@@ -1063,10 +1063,10 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $configuretitle = get_string('configurerandomquestion', 'quiz');
         $qtype = \question_bank::get_qtype($question->qtype, false);
         $namestr = $qtype->local_name();
-        $icon = $this->pix_icon('icon', $namestr, $qtype->plugin_name(), array('title' => $namestr,
-                'class' => 'icon activityicon', 'alt' => ' ', 'role' => 'presentation'));
+        $icon = $this->pix_icon('icon', $namestr, $qtype->plugin_name(), ['title' => $namestr,
+                'class' => 'icon activityicon', 'alt' => ' ', 'role' => 'presentation']);
 
-        $editicon = $this->pix_icon('t/edit', $configuretitle, 'moodle', array('title' => ''));
+        $editicon = $this->pix_icon('t/edit', $configuretitle, 'moodle', ['title' => '']);
         $qbankurlparams = [
             'cmid' => $structure->get_cmid(),
             'cat' => $slot->category . ',' . $slot->contextid,
@@ -1086,9 +1086,9 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         // selected from in the question bank.
         $qbankurl = new \moodle_url('/question/edit.php', $qbankurlparams);
         $qbanklink = ' ' . \html_writer::link($qbankurl,
-                        get_string('seequestions', 'quiz'), array('class' => 'mod_quiz_random_qbank_link'));
+                        get_string('seequestions', 'quiz'), ['class' => 'mod_quiz_random_qbank_link']);
 
-        return html_writer::link($editurl, $icon . $editicon, array('title' => $configuretitle)) .
+        return html_writer::link($editurl, $icon . $editicon, ['title' => $configuretitle]) .
                 ' ' . $instancename . ' ' . $qbanklink;
     }
 
@@ -1105,24 +1105,24 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
                     'instancemaxmark decimalplaces_' . $structure->get_decimal_places_for_question_marks());
 
             $output .= html_writer::span(
-                    $this->pix_icon('spacer', '', 'moodle', array('class' => 'editicon visibleifjs', 'title' => '')),
+                    $this->pix_icon('spacer', '', 'moodle', ['class' => 'editicon visibleifjs', 'title' => '']),
                     'editing_maxmark');
             return html_writer::span($output, 'instancemaxmarkcontainer infoitem');
         }
 
         $output = html_writer::span($structure->formatted_question_grade($slot),
                 'instancemaxmark decimalplaces_' . $structure->get_decimal_places_for_question_marks(),
-                array('title' => get_string('maxmark', 'quiz')));
+                ['title' => get_string('maxmark', 'quiz')]);
 
         $output .= html_writer::span(
             html_writer::link(
                 new \moodle_url('#'),
-                $this->pix_icon('t/editstring', '', 'moodle', array('class' => 'editicon visibleifjs', 'title' => '')),
-                array(
+                $this->pix_icon('t/editstring', '', 'moodle', ['class' => 'editicon visibleifjs', 'title' => '']),
+                [
                     'class' => 'editing_maxmark',
                     'data-action' => 'editmaxmark',
                     'title' => get_string('editmaxmark', 'quiz'),
-                )
+                ]
             )
         );
         return html_writer::span($output, 'instancemaxmarkcontainer');
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
      */
     public function question_chooser() {
         $chooser = \mod_quiz\output\question_chooser::get($this->page->course, [], null);
-        $container = html_writer::div($this->render($chooser), '', array('id' => 'qtypechoicecontainer'));
+        $container = html_writer::div($this->render($chooser), '', ['id' => 'qtypechoicecontainer']);
         return html_writer::div($container, 'createnewquestion');
     }
 
@@ -1173,52 +1173,52 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
         $config = new \stdClass();
         $config->resourceurl = '/mod/quiz/edit_rest.php';
         $config->sectionurl = '/mod/quiz/edit_rest.php';
-        $config->pageparams = array();
+        $config->pageparams = [];
         $config->questiondecimalpoints = $structure->get_decimal_places_for_question_marks();
         $config->pagehtml = $this->new_page_template($structure, $contexts, $pagevars, $pageurl);
         $config->addpageiconhtml = $this->add_page_icon_template($structure);
 
         $this->page->requires->yui_module('moodle-mod_quiz-toolboxes',
                 'M.mod_quiz.init_resource_toolbox',
-                array(array(
+                [[
                         'courseid' => $structure->get_courseid(),
                         'quizid' => $structure->get_quizid(),
                         'ajaxurl' => $config->resourceurl,
                         'config' => $config,
-                ))
+                ]]
         );
         unset($config->pagehtml);
         unset($config->addpageiconhtml);
 
-        $this->page->requires->strings_for_js(array('areyousureremoveselected'), 'quiz');
+        $this->page->requires->strings_for_js(['areyousureremoveselected'], 'quiz');
         $this->page->requires->yui_module('moodle-mod_quiz-toolboxes',
                 'M.mod_quiz.init_section_toolbox',
-                array(array(
+                [[
                         'courseid' => $structure,
                         'quizid' => $structure->get_quizid(),
                         'ajaxurl' => $config->sectionurl,
                         'config' => $config,
-                ))
+                ]]
         );
 
         $this->page->requires->yui_module('moodle-mod_quiz-dragdrop', 'M.mod_quiz.init_section_dragdrop',
-                array(array(
+                [[
                         'courseid' => $structure,
                         'quizid' => $structure->get_quizid(),
                         'ajaxurl' => $config->sectionurl,
                         'config' => $config,
-                )), null, true);
+                ]], null, true);
 
         $this->page->requires->yui_module('moodle-mod_quiz-dragdrop', 'M.mod_quiz.init_resource_dragdrop',
-                array(array(
+                [[
                         'courseid' => $structure,
                         'quizid' => $structure->get_quizid(),
                         'ajaxurl' => $config->resourceurl,
                         'config' => $config,
-                )), null, true);
+                ]], null, true);
 
         // Require various strings for the command toolbox.
-        $this->page->requires->strings_for_js(array(
+        $this->page->requires->strings_for_js([
                 'clicktohideshow',
                 'deletechecktype',
                 'deletechecktypename',
@@ -1237,9 +1237,9 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
                 'selectall',
                 'show',
                 'tocontent',
-        ), 'moodle');
+        ], 'moodle');
 
-        $this->page->requires->strings_for_js(array(
+        $this->page->requires->strings_for_js([
                 'addpagebreak',
                 'cannotremoveallsectionslots',
                 'cannotremoveslots',
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
                 'questiondependencyfree',
                 'questiondependencyremove',
                 'questiondependsonprevious',
-        ), 'quiz');
+        ], 'quiz');
 
         foreach (\question_bank::get_all_qtypes() as $qtype => $notused) {
             $this->page->requires->string_for_js('pluginname', 'qtype_' . $qtype);
@@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ class edit_renderer extends \plugin_renderer_base {
 
         // Normalise the page number.
         $pagenumber = $structure->get_page_number_for_slot(1);
-        $strcontexts = array();
+        $strcontexts = [];
         $strcontexts[] = 'page-';
         $strcontexts[] = get_string('page') . ' ';
         $strcontexts[] = 'addonpage%3D';
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_attempt.php b/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_attempt.php
index 1fd6fbfc80a..0461179f55f 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_attempt.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_attempt.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class navigation_panel_attempt extends navigation_panel_base {
 
     public function render_before_button_bits(renderer $output) {
         return html_writer::tag('div', get_string('navnojswarning', 'quiz'),
-                array('id' => 'quiznojswarning'));
+                ['id' => 'quiznojswarning']);
     }
 
     public function render_end_bits(renderer $output) {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class navigation_panel_attempt extends navigation_panel_base {
             return '';
         }
         return html_writer::link($this->attemptobj->summary_url(),
-                get_string('endtest', 'quiz'), array('class' => 'endtestlink aalink')) .
+                get_string('endtest', 'quiz'), ['class' => 'endtestlink aalink']) .
                 $this->render_restart_preview_link($output);
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_base.php b/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_base.php
index 6de96a68b1a..92f584d755a 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_base.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/output/navigation_panel_base.php
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ abstract class navigation_panel_base {
      * @return renderable[] the buttons, possibly interleaved with section headings.
      */
     public function get_question_buttons() {
-        $buttons = array();
+        $buttons = [];
         foreach ($this->attemptobj->get_slots() as $slot) {
             $heading = $this->attemptobj->get_heading_before_slot($slot);
             if (!is_null($heading)) {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ abstract class navigation_panel_base {
             return '';
         }
         return $output->restart_preview_button(new moodle_url(
-                $this->attemptobj->start_attempt_url(), array('forcenew' => true)));
+                $this->attemptobj->start_attempt_url(), ['forcenew' => true]));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ abstract class navigation_panel_base {
         if ($this->attemptobj->get_quiz()->showuserpicture == QUIZ_SHOWIMAGE_NONE) {
             return null;
         }
-        $user = $DB->get_record('user', array('id' => $this->attemptobj->get_userid()));
+        $user = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $this->attemptobj->get_userid()]);
         $userpicture = new user_picture($user);
         $userpicture->courseid = $this->attemptobj->get_courseid();
         if ($this->attemptobj->get_quiz()->showuserpicture == QUIZ_SHOWIMAGE_LARGE) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/output/renderer.php b/mod/quiz/classes/output/renderer.php
index 0c6f13e92f8..bb5973ff296 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/output/renderer.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/output/renderer.php
@@ -1031,8 +1031,8 @@ class renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
     /**
      * Output the page information
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
-     * @param object $cm the course_module object.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course_module object.
      * @param context $context the quiz context.
      * @param array $messages any access messages that should be described.
      * @param bool $quizhasquestions does quiz has questions added.
@@ -1067,8 +1067,8 @@ class renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
     /**
      * Output the quiz intro.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
-     * @param object $cm the course_module object.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course_module object.
      * @return string HTML to output.
      */
     public function quiz_intro($quiz, $cm) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/output/view_page.php b/mod/quiz/classes/output/view_page.php
index ec437bfafa7..bc967837efa 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/output/view_page.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/output/view_page.php
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class view_page {
     public $gradebookfeedback;
     /** @var bool $unfinished contains 1 if an attempt is unfinished. */
     public $unfinished;
-    /** @var object $lastfinishedattempt the last attempt from the attempts array. */
+    /** @var stdClass $lastfinishedattempt the last attempt from the attempts array. */
     public $lastfinishedattempt;
     /** @var array $preventmessages of messages telling the user why they can't
      *       attempt the quiz now. */
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/plugininfo/quiz.php b/mod/quiz/classes/plugininfo/quiz.php
index e52dfafbca6..9b8608e48b7 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/plugininfo/quiz.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/plugininfo/quiz.php
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class quiz extends base {
 
         // Do the opposite of db/install.php scripts - deregister the report.
 
-        $DB->delete_records('quiz_reports', array('name'=>$this->name));
+        $DB->delete_records('quiz_reports', ['name' => $this->name]);
 
         parent::uninstall_cleanup();
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/question/bank/custom_view.php b/mod/quiz/classes/question/bank/custom_view.php
index 0df54d72b81..d7d7563a24f 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/question/bank/custom_view.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/question/bank/custom_view.php
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class custom_view extends \core_question\local\bank\view {
         echo \html_writer::start_tag('div', ['class' => 'pt-2']);
         if ($canuseall) {
             // Add selected questions to the quiz.
-            $params = array(
+            $params = [
                 'type' => 'submit',
                 'name' => 'add',
                 'class' => 'btn btn-primary',
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class custom_view extends \core_question\local\bank\view {
                 'data-togglegroup' => 'qbank',
                 'data-toggle' => 'action',
                 'disabled' => true,
-            );
+            ];
             echo \html_writer::empty_tag('input', $params);
         }
         echo \html_writer::end_tag('div');
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/question/qubaids_for_quiz.php b/mod/quiz/classes/question/qubaids_for_quiz.php
index 5583349d061..720750ddaf9 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/question/qubaids_for_quiz.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/question/qubaids_for_quiz.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class qubaids_for_quiz extends \qubaid_join {
      */
     public function __construct(int $quizid, bool $includepreviews = true, bool $onlyfinished = false) {
         $where = 'quiza.quiz = :quizaquiz';
-        $params = array('quizaquiz' => $quizid);
+        $params = ['quizaquiz' => $quizid];
 
         if (!$includepreviews) {
             $where .= ' AND preview = 0';
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/quiz_settings.php b/mod/quiz/classes/quiz_settings.php
index de053228c96..146fc82d555 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/quiz_settings.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/quiz_settings.php
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ class quiz_settings {
     /**
      * Constructor, assuming we already have the necessary data loaded.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the row from the quiz table.
-     * @param object $cm the course_module object for this quiz.
-     * @param object $course the row from the course table for the course we belong to.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the row from the quiz table.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course_module object for this quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $course the row from the course table for the course we belong to.
      * @param bool $getcontext intended for testing - stops the constructor getting the context.
      */
     public function __construct($quiz, $cm, $course, $getcontext = true) {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class quiz_settings {
     /**
      * Create a {@see quiz_attempt} for an attempt at this quiz.
      *
-     * @param object $attemptdata row from the quiz_attempts table.
+     * @param stdClass $attemptdata row from the quiz_attempts table.
      * @return quiz_attempt the new quiz_attempt object.
      */
     public function create_attempt_object($attemptdata) {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class quiz_settings {
     /**
      * Get the course settings object that this quiz belongs to.
      *
-     * @return object the row of the course table.
+     * @return stdClass the row of the course table.
      */
     public function get_course() {
         return $this->course;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class quiz_settings {
     /**
      * Get the course-module object for this quiz.
      *
-     * @return object the course_module object.
+     * @return stdClass the course_module object.
      */
     public function get_cm() {
         return $this->cm;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/repaginate.php b/mod/quiz/classes/repaginate.php
index d4423f06fe0..af8f16b231e 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/repaginate.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/repaginate.php
@@ -14,15 +14,10 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-/**
- * Defines the quiz repaginate class.
- *
- * @package   mod_quiz
- * @copyright 2014 The Open University
- * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
- */
-
 namespace mod_quiz;
+
+use stdClass;
+
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
 /**
@@ -31,6 +26,7 @@ defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
  * The quiz setting allows users to write quizzes with one question per page,
  * n questions per page, or all questions on one page.
  *
+ * @package   mod_quiz
  * @copyright 2014 The Open University
  * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
  */
@@ -55,10 +51,10 @@ class repaginate {
         global $DB;
         $this->quizid = $quizid;
         if (!$this->quizid) {
-            $this->slots = array();
+            $this->slots = [];
         }
         if (!$slots) {
-            $this->slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->quizid), 'slot');
+            $this->slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->quizid], 'slot');
         } else {
             $this->slots = $slots;
         }
@@ -83,7 +79,7 @@ class repaginate {
      * @return stdClass $slot
      */
     protected function get_this_slot($slots, $slotnumber) {
-        foreach ($slots as $key => $slot) {
+        foreach ($slots as $slot) {
             if ($slot->slot == $slotnumber) {
                 return $slot;
             }
@@ -98,9 +94,9 @@ class repaginate {
      */
     protected function get_slots_by_slot_number($slots) {
         if (!$slots) {
-            return array();
+            return [];
         }
-        $newslots = array();
+        $newslots = [];
         foreach ($slots as $slot) {
             $newslots[$slot->slot] = $slot;
         }
@@ -114,9 +110,9 @@ class repaginate {
      */
     protected function get_slots_by_slotid($slots) {
         if (!$slots) {
-            return array();
+            return [];
         }
-        $newslots = array();
+        $newslots = [];
         foreach ($slots as $slot) {
             $newslots[$slot->id] = $slot;
         }
@@ -124,15 +120,16 @@ class repaginate {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Repaginate, update DB and slots object
+     * Repaginate, update DB and slots object.
+     *
      * @param int $nextslotnumber
      * @param int $type repaginate::LINK or repaginate::UNLINK.
      */
     public function repaginate_slots($nextslotnumber, $type) {
         global $DB;
-        $this->slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->quizid), 'slot');
+        $this->slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->quizid], 'slot');
         $nextslot = null;
-        $newslots = array();
+        $newslots = [];
         foreach ($this->slots as $slot) {
             if ($slot->slot < $nextslotnumber) {
                 $newslots[$slot->id] = $slot;
@@ -153,7 +150,8 @@ class repaginate {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Repaginate next slot and return the modified slot object
+     * Repaginate next slot and return the modified slot object.
+     *
      * @param int $nextslotnumber
      * @param int $type repaginate::LINK or repaginate::UNLINK.
      * @return stdClass|null
@@ -182,11 +180,11 @@ class repaginate {
      */
     public function repaginate_n_question_per_page($slots, $number) {
         $slots = $this->get_slots_by_slot_number($slots);
-        $newslots = array();
+        $newslots = [];
         $count = 0;
         $page = 1;
-        foreach ($slots as $key => $slot) {
-            for ($page + $count; $page < ($number + $count + 1); $page++) {
+        foreach ($slots as $slot) {
+            for (; $page < ($number + $count + 1); $page++) {
                 if ($slot->slot >= $page) {
                     $slot->page = $page;
                     $count++;
@@ -199,6 +197,7 @@ class repaginate {
 
     /**
      * Repaginate the rest.
+     *
      * @param stdClass[] $quizslots
      * @param int $slotfrom
      * @param int $type
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ class repaginate {
         if (!$quizslots) {
             return null;
         }
-        $newslots = array();
+        $newslots = [];
         foreach ($quizslots as $slot) {
             if ($type == self::LINK) {
                 if ($slot->slot <= $slotfrom) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/structure.php b/mod/quiz/classes/structure.php
index 7164975e093..49a375b7444 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/structure.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/structure.php
@@ -14,17 +14,11 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 // along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-/**
- * Defines the \mod_quiz\structure class.
- *
- * @package   mod_quiz
- * @copyright 2013 The Open University
- * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
- */
-
 namespace mod_quiz;
+
 use mod_quiz\question\bank\qbank_helper;
 use mod_quiz\question\qubaids_for_quiz;
+use stdClass;
 
 /**
  * Quiz structure class.
@@ -35,27 +29,28 @@ use mod_quiz\question\qubaids_for_quiz;
  * has been started, then the attempt holds the specific set of questions
  * that that student should answer, and we no longer use this class.
  *
+ * @package   mod_quiz
  * @copyright 2014 The Open University
  * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
  */
 class structure {
-    /** @var \mod_quiz\quiz_settings the quiz this is the structure of. */
+    /** @var quiz_settings the quiz this is the structure of. */
     protected $quizobj = null;
 
     /**
-     * @var \stdClass[] the questions in this quiz. Contains the row from the questions
+     * @var stdClass[] the questions in this quiz. Contains the row from the questions
      * table, with the data from the quiz_slots table added, and also question_categories.contextid.
      */
-    protected $questions = array();
+    protected $questions = [];
 
-    /** @var \stdClass[] quiz_slots.slot => the quiz_slots rows for this quiz, agumented by sectionid. */
-    protected $slotsinorder = array();
+    /** @var stdClass[] quiz_slots.slot => the quiz_slots rows for this quiz, augmented by sectionid. */
+    protected $slotsinorder = [];
 
     /**
-     * @var \stdClass[] currently a dummy. Holds data that will match the
+     * @var stdClass[] currently a dummy. Holds data that will match the
      * quiz_sections, once it exists.
      */
-    protected $sections = array();
+    protected $sections = [];
 
     /** @var bool caches the results of can_be_edited. */
     protected $canbeedited = null;
@@ -63,14 +58,6 @@ class structure {
     /** @var bool caches the results of can_add_random_question. */
     protected $canaddrandom = null;
 
-    /** @var bool tracks whether tags have been loaded */
-    protected $hasloadedtags = false;
-
-    /**
-     * @var \stdClass[] the tags for slots. Indexed by slot id.
-     */
-    protected $slottags = array();
-
     /**
      * Create an instance of this class representing an empty quiz.
      *
@@ -83,7 +70,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Create an instance of this class representing the structure of a given quiz.
      *
-     * @param \mod_quiz\quiz_settings $quizobj the quiz.
+     * @param quiz_settings $quizobj the quiz.
      * @return structure
      */
     public static function create_for_quiz($quizobj) {
@@ -115,7 +102,7 @@ class structure {
      * Get the information about the question with this id.
      *
      * @param int $questionid The question id.
-     * @return \stdClass the data from the questions table, augmented with
+     * @return stdClass the data from the questions table, augmented with
      * question_category.contextid, and the quiz_slots data for the question in this quiz.
      */
     public function get_question_by_id($questionid) {
@@ -126,7 +113,7 @@ class structure {
      * Get the information about the question in a given slot.
      *
      * @param int $slotnumber the index of the slot in question.
-     * @return \stdClass the data from the questions table, augmented with
+     * @return stdClass the data from the questions table, augmented with
      * question_category.contextid, and the quiz_slots data for the question in this quiz.
      */
     public function get_question_in_slot($slotnumber) {
@@ -134,10 +121,10 @@ class structure {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the information about the question name in a given slot.
+     * Get the name of the question in a given slot.
      *
      * @param int $slotnumber the index of the slot in question.
-     * @return \stdClass the data from the questions table, augmented with
+     * @return stdClass the data from the questions table, augmented with
      */
     public function get_question_name_in_slot($slotnumber) {
         return $this->questions[$this->slotsinorder[$slotnumber]->name];
@@ -271,7 +258,7 @@ class structure {
             return false;
         }
 
-        if (in_array($this->get_question_type_for_slot($slotnumber), array('random', 'missingtype'))) {
+        if (in_array($this->get_question_type_for_slot($slotnumber), ['random', 'missingtype'])) {
             return \question_engine::can_questions_finish_during_the_attempt(
                     $this->quizobj->get_quiz()->preferredbehaviour);
         }
@@ -366,7 +353,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Get the quiz object.
      *
-     * @return \stdClass the quiz settings row from the database.
+     * @return stdClass the quiz settings row from the database.
      */
     public function get_quiz() {
         return $this->quizobj->get_quiz();
@@ -403,7 +390,7 @@ class structure {
             $reportlink = quiz_attempt_summary_link_to_reports($this->get_quiz(),
                     $this->quizobj->get_cm(), $this->quizobj->get_context());
             throw new \moodle_exception('cannoteditafterattempts', 'quiz',
-                    new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', array('cmid' => $this->get_cmid())), $reportlink);
+                    new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', ['cmid' => $this->get_cmid()]), $reportlink);
         }
     }
 
@@ -422,7 +409,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Get quiz slots.
      *
-     * @return \stdClass[] the slots in this quiz.
+     * @return stdClass[] the slots in this quiz.
      */
     public function get_slots() {
         return array_column($this->slotsinorder, null, 'id');
@@ -489,7 +476,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Is this the first section in the quiz?
      *
-     * @param \stdClass $section the quiz_sections row.
+     * @param stdClass $section the quiz_sections row.
      * @return bool whether this is first section in the quiz.
      */
     public function is_first_section($section) {
@@ -499,7 +486,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Is this the last section in the quiz?
      *
-     * @param \stdClass $section the quiz_sections row.
+     * @param stdClass $section the quiz_sections row.
      * @return bool whether this is first section in the quiz.
      */
     public function is_last_section($section) {
@@ -509,7 +496,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Does this section only contain one slot?
      *
-     * @param \stdClass $section the quiz_sections row.
+     * @param stdClass $section the quiz_sections row.
      * @return bool whether this section contains only one slot.
      */
     public function is_only_one_slot_in_section($section) {
@@ -519,18 +506,17 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Get the final slot in the quiz.
      *
-     * @return \stdClass the quiz_slots for for the final slot in the quiz.
+     * @return stdClass the quiz_slots for the final slot in the quiz.
      */
     public function get_last_slot() {
         return end($this->slotsinorder);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get a slot by it's id. Throws an exception if it is missing.
+     * Get a slot by its id. Throws an exception if it is missing.
      *
      * @param int $slotid the slot id.
-     * @return \stdClass the requested quiz_slots row.
-     * @throws \coding_exception
+     * @return stdClass the requested quiz_slots row.
      */
     public function get_slot_by_id($slotid) {
         foreach ($this->slotsinorder as $slot) {
@@ -543,10 +529,10 @@ class structure {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get a slot by it's slot number. Throws an exception if it is missing.
+     * Get a slot by its slot number. Throws an exception if it is missing.
      *
      * @param int $slotnumber The slot number
-     * @return \stdClass
+     * @return stdClass
      * @throws \coding_exception
      */
     public function get_slot_by_number($slotnumber) {
@@ -569,7 +555,7 @@ class structure {
             return false;
         }
         // Get an array of firstslots.
-        $firstslots = array();
+        $firstslots = [];
         foreach ($this->sections as $section) {
             $firstslots[] = $section->firstslot;
         }
@@ -594,7 +580,7 @@ class structure {
      * @return int[] slot numbers.
      */
     public function get_slots_in_section($sectionid) {
-        $slots = array();
+        $slots = [];
         foreach ($this->slotsinorder as $slot) {
             if ($slot->section->id == $sectionid) {
                 $slots[] = $slot->slot;
@@ -606,7 +592,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Get all the sections of the quiz.
      *
-     * @return \stdClass[] the sections in this quiz.
+     * @return stdClass[] the sections in this quiz.
      */
     public function get_sections() {
         return $this->sections;
@@ -615,7 +601,7 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Get a particular section by id.
      *
-     * @return \stdClass the section.
+     * @return stdClass the section.
      */
     public function get_section_by_id($sectionid) {
         return $this->sections[$sectionid];
@@ -650,7 +636,7 @@ class structure {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the number of decimal places for displyaing overall quiz grades or marks.
+     * Get the number of decimal places for displaying overall quiz grades or marks.
      *
      * @return int the number of decimal places.
      */
@@ -659,7 +645,7 @@ class structure {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the number of decimal places for displyaing question marks.
+     * Get the number of decimal places for displaying question marks.
      *
      * @return int the number of decimal places.
      */
@@ -672,7 +658,7 @@ class structure {
      * @return string[] array of strings.
      */
     public function get_edit_page_warnings() {
-        $warnings = array();
+        $warnings = [];
 
         if (quiz_has_attempts($this->quizobj->get_quizid())) {
             $reviewlink = quiz_attempt_summary_link_to_reports($this->quizobj->get_quiz(),
@@ -693,7 +679,7 @@ class structure {
         $quiz = $this->quizobj->get_quiz();
 
         // Exact open and close dates for the tool-tip.
-        $dates = array();
+        $dates = [];
         if ($quiz->timeopen > 0) {
             if ($timenow > $quiz->timeopen) {
                 $dates[] = get_string('quizopenedon', 'quiz', userdate($quiz->timeopen));
@@ -726,7 +712,7 @@ class structure {
             $currentstatus = get_string('quizisopen', 'quiz');
         }
 
-        return array($currentstatus, $explanation);
+        return [$currentstatus, $explanation];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -795,10 +781,10 @@ class structure {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the version options to show on the Questions page for a particular question.
+     * Get the version options to show on the 'Questions' page for a particular question.
      *
      * @param int $slotnumber which slot to get the choices for.
-     * @return \stdClass[] other versions of this question. Each object has fields versionid,
+     * @return stdClass[] other versions of this question. Each object has fields versionid,
      *       version and selected. Array is returned most recent version first.
      */
     public function get_version_choices_for_slot(int $slotnumber): array {
@@ -823,7 +809,7 @@ class structure {
         }
 
         // Make a choice for 'Always latest'.
-        $alwaysuselatest = new \stdClass();
+        $alwaysuselatest = new stdClass();
         $alwaysuselatest->versionid = 0;
         $alwaysuselatest->version = 0;
         $alwaysuselatest->versionvalue = get_string('alwayslatest', 'quiz');
@@ -836,15 +822,12 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Move a slot from its current location to a new location.
      *
-     * After callig this method, this class will be in an invalid state, and
+     * After calling this method, this class will be in an invalid state, and
      * should be discarded if you want to manipulate the structure further.
      *
      * @param int $idmove id of slot to be moved
      * @param int $idmoveafter id of slot to come before slot being moved
      * @param int $page new page number of slot being moved
-     * @param bool $insection if the question is moving to a place where a new
-     *      section starts, include it in that section.
-     * @return void
      */
     public function move_slot($idmove, $idmoveafter, $page) {
         global $DB;
@@ -871,7 +854,7 @@ class structure {
         }
 
         $followingslotnumber = $moveafterslotnumber + 1;
-        // Prevent checking against non-existance slot when already at the last slot.
+        // Prevent checking against non-existence slot when already at the last slot.
         if ($followingslotnumber == $movingslotnumber && !$this->is_last_slot_in_quiz($followingslotnumber)) {
             $followingslotnumber += 1;
         }
@@ -889,7 +872,7 @@ class structure {
         }
 
         // Work out how things are being moved.
-        $slotreorder = array();
+        $slotreorder = [];
         if ($moveafterslotnumber > $movingslotnumber) {
             // Moving down.
             $slotreorder[$movingslotnumber] = $moveafterslotnumber;
@@ -948,13 +931,13 @@ class structure {
         // Slot has moved record new order.
         if ($slotreorder) {
             update_field_with_unique_index('quiz_slots', 'slot', $slotreorder,
-                    array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid()));
+                    ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid()]);
         }
 
         // Page has changed. Record it.
         if ($movingslot->page != $page) {
             $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'page', $page,
-                    array('id' => $movingslot->id));
+                    ['id' => $movingslot->id]);
         }
 
         // Update section fist slots.
@@ -969,7 +952,7 @@ class structure {
                    AND page > 1
                    AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM {quiz_slots} WHERE quizid = ? AND page = slot.page - 1)
               ORDER BY page - 1 DESC
-                ", array($this->get_quizid(), $this->get_quizid()));
+                ", [$this->get_quizid(), $this->get_quizid()]);
 
         foreach ($emptypages as $emptypage) {
             $DB->execute("
@@ -977,7 +960,7 @@ class structure {
                        SET page = page - 1
                      WHERE quizid = ?
                        AND page > ?
-                    ", array($this->get_quizid(), $emptypage));
+                    ", [$this->get_quizid(), $emptypage]);
         }
 
         $trans->allow_commit();
@@ -998,18 +981,18 @@ class structure {
 
     /**
      * Refresh page numbering of quiz slots.
-     * @param \stdClass[] $slots (optional) array of slot objects.
-     * @return \stdClass[] array of slot objects.
+     * @param stdClass[] $slots (optional) array of slot objects.
+     * @return stdClass[] array of slot objects.
      */
-    public function refresh_page_numbers($slots = array()) {
+    public function refresh_page_numbers($slots = []) {
         global $DB;
         // Get slots ordered by page then slot.
         if (!count($slots)) {
-            $slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid()), 'slot, page');
+            $slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid()], 'slot, page');
         }
 
-        // Loop slots. Start Page number at 1 and increment as required.
-        $pagenumbers = array('new' => 0, 'old' => 0);
+        // Loop slots. Start the page number at 1 and increment as required.
+        $pagenumbers = ['new' => 0, 'old' => 0];
 
         foreach ($slots as $slot) {
             if ($slot->page !== $pagenumbers['old']) {
@@ -1028,8 +1011,8 @@ class structure {
 
     /**
      * Refresh page numbering of quiz slots and save to the database.
-     * @param \stdClass $quiz the quiz object.
-     * @return \stdClass[] array of slot objects.
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[] array of slot objects.
      */
     public function refresh_page_numbers_and_update_db() {
         global $DB;
@@ -1040,14 +1023,14 @@ class structure {
         // Record new page order.
         foreach ($slots as $slot) {
             $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'page', $slot->page,
-                    array('id' => $slot->id));
+                    ['id' => $slot->id]);
         }
 
         return $slots;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Remove a slot from a quiz
+     * Remove a slot from a quiz.
      *
      * @param int $slotnumber The number of the slot to be deleted.
      * @throws \coding_exception
@@ -1061,30 +1044,30 @@ class structure {
             throw new \coding_exception('You cannot remove the last slot in a section.');
         }
 
-        $slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $slotnumber));
+        $slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $slotnumber]);
         if (!$slot) {
             return;
         }
-        $maxslot = $DB->get_field_sql('SELECT MAX(slot) FROM {quiz_slots} WHERE quizid = ?', array($this->get_quizid()));
+        $maxslot = $DB->get_field_sql('SELECT MAX(slot) FROM {quiz_slots} WHERE quizid = ?', [$this->get_quizid()]);
 
         $trans = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();
-        // Delete the reference if its a question.
+        // Delete the reference if it is a question.
         $questionreference = $DB->get_record('question_references',
                 ['component' => 'mod_quiz', 'questionarea' => 'slot', 'itemid' => $slot->id]);
         if ($questionreference) {
             $DB->delete_records('question_references', ['id' => $questionreference->id]);
         }
-        // Delete the set reference if its a random question.
+        // Delete the set reference if it is a random question.
         $questionsetreference = $DB->get_record('question_set_references',
                 ['component' => 'mod_quiz', 'questionarea' => 'slot', 'itemid' => $slot->id]);
         if ($questionsetreference) {
             $DB->delete_records('question_set_references',
                 ['id' => $questionsetreference->id, 'component' => 'mod_quiz', 'questionarea' => 'slot']);
         }
-        $DB->delete_records('quiz_slots', array('id' => $slot->id));
+        $DB->delete_records('quiz_slots', ['id' => $slot->id]);
         for ($i = $slot->slot + 1; $i <= $maxslot; $i++) {
             $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'slot', $i - 1,
-                    array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $i));
+                    ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $i]);
             $this->slotsinorder[$i]->slot = $i - 1;
             $this->slotsinorder[$i - 1] = $this->slotsinorder[$i];
             unset($this->slotsinorder[$i]);
@@ -1132,11 +1115,12 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Change the max mark for a slot.
      *
-     * Saves changes to the question grades in the quiz_slots table and any
+     * Save changes to the question grades in the quiz_slots table and any
      * corresponding question_attempts.
+     *
      * It does not update 'sumgrades' in the quiz table.
      *
-     * @param \stdClass $slot row from the quiz_slots table.
+     * @param stdClass $slot row from the quiz_slots table.
      * @param float $maxmark the new maxmark.
      * @return bool true if the new grade is different from the old one.
      */
@@ -1179,7 +1163,7 @@ class structure {
      */
     public function update_question_dependency($slotid, $requireprevious) {
         global $DB;
-        $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'requireprevious', $requireprevious, array('id' => $slotid));
+        $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'requireprevious', $requireprevious, ['id' => $slotid]);
 
         // Log slot require previous event.
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\slot_requireprevious_updated::create([
@@ -1221,20 +1205,20 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Add/Remove a pagebreak.
      *
-     * Saves changes to the slot page relationship in the quiz_slots table and reorders the paging
+     * Save changes to the slot page relationship in the quiz_slots table and reorders the paging
      * for subsequent slots.
      *
      * @param int $slotid id of slot which we will add/remove the page break before.
      * @param int $type repaginate::LINK or repaginate::UNLINK.
-     * @return \stdClass[] array of slot objects.
+     * @return stdClass[] array of slot objects.
      */
     public function update_page_break($slotid, $type) {
         global $DB;
 
         $this->check_can_be_edited();
 
-        $quizslots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid()), 'slot');
-        $repaginate = new \mod_quiz\repaginate($this->get_quizid(), $quizslots);
+        $quizslots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid()], 'slot');
+        $repaginate = new repaginate($this->get_quizid(), $quizslots);
         $repaginate->repaginate_slots($quizslots[$slotid]->slot, $type);
         $slots = $this->refresh_page_numbers_and_update_db();
 
@@ -1272,14 +1256,14 @@ class structure {
      */
     public function add_section_heading($pagenumber, $heading = null) {
         global $DB;
-        $section = new \stdClass();
+        $section = new stdClass();
         if ($heading !== null) {
             $section->heading = $heading;
         } else {
             $section->heading = get_string('newsectionheading', 'quiz');
         }
         $section->quizid = $this->get_quizid();
-        $slotsonpage = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'page' => $pagenumber), 'slot DESC');
+        $slotsonpage = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'page' => $pagenumber], 'slot DESC');
         $firstslot = end($slotsonpage);
         $section->firstslot = $firstslot->slot;
         $section->shufflequestions = 0;
@@ -1308,12 +1292,12 @@ class structure {
      */
     public function set_section_heading($id, $newheading) {
         global $DB;
-        $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', array('id' => $id), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', ['id' => $id], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         $section->heading = $newheading;
         $DB->update_record('quiz_sections', $section);
 
         // Log section title updated event.
-        $firstslot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $section->firstslot));
+        $firstslot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $section->firstslot]);
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\section_title_updated::create([
             'context' => $this->quizobj->get_context(),
             'objectid' => $id,
@@ -1334,7 +1318,7 @@ class structure {
      */
     public function set_section_shuffle($id, $shuffle) {
         global $DB;
-        $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', array('id' => $id), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', ['id' => $id], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         $section->shufflequestions = $shuffle;
         $DB->update_record('quiz_sections', $section);
 
@@ -1357,14 +1341,14 @@ class structure {
      */
     public function remove_section_heading($sectionid) {
         global $DB;
-        $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', array('id' => $sectionid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', ['id' => $sectionid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         if ($section->firstslot == 1) {
             throw new \coding_exception('Cannot remove the first section in a quiz.');
         }
-        $DB->delete_records('quiz_sections', array('id' => $sectionid));
+        $DB->delete_records('quiz_sections', ['id' => $sectionid]);
 
         // Log page deleted created event.
-        $firstslot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $section->firstslot));
+        $firstslot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $this->get_quizid(), 'slot' => $section->firstslot]);
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\section_break_deleted::create([
             'context' => $this->quizobj->get_context(),
             'objectid' => $sectionid,
@@ -1400,8 +1384,8 @@ class structure {
     /**
      * Retrieve the list of slot tags for the given slot id.
      *
-     * @param  int $slotid The id for the slot
-     * @return \stdClass[] The list of slot tag records
+     * @param int $slotid The id for the slot
+     * @return stdClass[] The list of slot tag records
      * @deprecated since Moodle 4.0 MDL-71573
      * @todo Final deprecation on Moodle 4.4 MDL-72438
      */
diff --git a/mod/quiz/classes/task/update_overdue_attempts.php b/mod/quiz/classes/task/update_overdue_attempts.php
index e83c08f344e..d9683a1b5dc 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/classes/task/update_overdue_attempts.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/classes/task/update_overdue_attempts.php
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ class update_overdue_attempts extends \core\task\scheduled_task {
 
                 // If we have moved on to a different quiz, fetch the new data.
                 if (!$quiz || $attempt->quiz != $quiz->id) {
-                    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $attempt->quiz), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+                    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $attempt->quiz], '*', MUST_EXIST);
                     $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $attempt->quiz);
                     $quizcount += 1;
                 }
 
                 // If we have moved on to a different course, fetch the new data.
                 if (!$course || $course->id != $quiz->course) {
-                    $course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+                    $course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
                 }
 
                 // Make a specialised version of the quiz settings, with the relevant overrides.
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class update_overdue_attempts extends \core\task\scheduled_task {
         }
 
         $attemptstoprocess->close();
-        return array($count, $quizcount);
+        return [$count, $quizcount];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -150,6 +150,6 @@ class update_overdue_attempts extends \core\task\scheduled_task {
             AND quiza.timecheckstate <= :processto
        ORDER BY quiz.course, quiza.quiz",
 
-                array('processto' => $processto, 'iprocessto' => $processto));
+                ['processto' => $processto, 'iprocessto' => $processto]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/comment.php b/mod/quiz/comment.php
index 6a8ef3a355d..fbb9255d1a2 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/comment.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/comment.php
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ $attemptid = required_param('attempt', PARAM_INT);
 $slot = required_param('slot', PARAM_INT); // The question number in the attempt.
 $cmid = optional_param('cmid', null, PARAM_INT);
 
-$PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/comment.php', array('attempt' => $attemptid, 'slot' => $slot));
+$PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/comment.php', ['attempt' => $attemptid, 'slot' => $slot]);
 
 $attemptobj = quiz_create_attempt_handling_errors($attemptid, $cmid);
 $attemptobj->preload_all_attempt_step_users();
-$student = $DB->get_record('user', array('id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()));
+$student = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()]);
 
 // Can only grade finished attempts.
 if (!$attemptobj->is_finished()) {
@@ -47,37 +47,37 @@ $attemptobj->require_capability('mod/quiz:grade');
 
 // Print the page header.
 $PAGE->set_pagelayout('popup');
-$PAGE->set_title(get_string('manualgradequestion', 'quiz', array(
+$PAGE->set_title(get_string('manualgradequestion', 'quiz', [
         'question' => format_string($attemptobj->get_question_name($slot)),
-        'quiz' => format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name()), 'user' => fullname($student))));
+        'quiz' => format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name()), 'user' => fullname($student)]));
 $PAGE->set_heading($attemptobj->get_course()->fullname);
 $output = $PAGE->get_renderer('mod_quiz');
 echo $output->header();
 
 // Prepare summary information about this question attempt.
-$summarydata = array();
+$summarydata = [];
 
 // Student name.
 $userpicture = new user_picture($student);
 $userpicture->courseid = $attemptobj->get_courseid();
-$summarydata['user'] = array(
+$summarydata['user'] = [
     'title'   => $userpicture,
-    'content' => new action_link(new moodle_url('/user/view.php', array(
-            'id' => $student->id, 'course' => $attemptobj->get_courseid())),
+    'content' => new action_link(new moodle_url('/user/view.php', [
+            'id' => $student->id, 'course' => $attemptobj->get_courseid()]),
             fullname($student, true)),
-);
+];
 
 // Quiz name.
-$summarydata['quizname'] = array(
+$summarydata['quizname'] = [
     'title'   => get_string('modulename', 'quiz'),
     'content' => format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name()),
-);
+];
 
 // Question name.
-$summarydata['questionname'] = array(
+$summarydata['questionname'] = [
     'title'   => get_string('question', 'quiz'),
     'content' => $attemptobj->get_question_name($slot),
-);
+];
 
 // Process any data that was submitted.
 if (data_submitted() && confirm_sesskey()) {
@@ -87,16 +87,16 @@ if (data_submitted() && confirm_sesskey()) {
         $transaction->allow_commit();
 
         // Log this action.
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt($slot)->get_question_id(),
             'courseid' => $attemptobj->get_courseid(),
             'context' => context_module::instance($attemptobj->get_cmid()),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $attemptobj->get_quizid(),
                 'attemptid' => $attemptobj->get_attemptid(),
                 'slot' => $slot
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\question_manually_graded::create($params);
         $event->trigger();
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/db/events.php b/mod/quiz/db/events.php
index 46f0060957a..975891c4620 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/db/events.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/db/events.php
@@ -26,36 +26,36 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
-$observers = array(
+$observers = [
 
     // Handle group events, so that open quiz attempts with group overrides get updated check times.
-    array(
+    [
         'eventname' => '\core\event\course_reset_started',
         'callback' => '\mod_quiz\group_observers::course_reset_started',
-    ),
-    array(
+    ],
+    [
         'eventname' => '\core\event\course_reset_ended',
         'callback' => '\mod_quiz\group_observers::course_reset_ended',
-    ),
-    array(
+    ],
+    [
         'eventname' => '\core\event\group_deleted',
         'callback' => '\mod_quiz\group_observers::group_deleted'
-    ),
-    array(
+    ],
+    [
         'eventname' => '\core\event\group_member_added',
         'callback' => '\mod_quiz\group_observers::group_member_added',
-    ),
-    array(
+    ],
+    [
         'eventname' => '\core\event\group_member_removed',
         'callback' => '\mod_quiz\group_observers::group_member_removed',
-    ),
+    ],
 
     // Handle our own \mod_quiz\event\attempt_submitted event, as a way to
     // send confirmation messages asynchronously.
-    array(
+    [
         'eventname' => '\mod_quiz\event\attempt_submitted',
         'includefile'     => '/mod/quiz/locallib.php',
         'callback' => 'quiz_attempt_submitted_handler',
         'internal' => false
-    ),
-);
+    ],
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/db/log.php b/mod/quiz/db/log.php
index 86831d430c5..230f166f1dc 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/db/log.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/db/log.php
@@ -25,20 +25,20 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
-$logs = array(
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'add', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'update', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'view', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'report', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'attempt', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'submit', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'review', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'editquestions', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'preview', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'start attempt', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'close attempt', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'continue attempt', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'edit override', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'delete override', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-    array('module'=>'quiz', 'action'=>'view summary', 'mtable'=>'quiz', 'field'=>'name'),
-);
\ No newline at end of file
+$logs = [
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'add', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'update', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'view', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'report', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'attempt', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'submit', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'review', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'editquestions', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'preview', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'start attempt', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'close attempt', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'continue attempt', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'edit override', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'delete override', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+    ['module' => 'quiz', 'action' => 'view summary', 'mtable' => 'quiz', 'field' => 'name'],
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/db/messages.php b/mod/quiz/db/messages.php
index 32136d17e79..39bede29c94 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/db/messages.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/db/messages.php
@@ -24,28 +24,28 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
-$messageproviders = array(
+$messageproviders = [
     // Notify teacher that a student has submitted a quiz attempt.
-    'submission' => array(
+    'submission' => [
         'capability' => 'mod/quiz:emailnotifysubmission'
-    ),
+    ],
 
     // Confirm a student's quiz attempt.
-    'confirmation' => array(
+    'confirmation' => [
         'capability' => 'mod/quiz:emailconfirmsubmission',
-        'defaults' => array(
+        'defaults' => [
             'airnotifier' => MESSAGE_PERMITTED + MESSAGE_DEFAULT_ENABLED,
-        ),
-    ),
+        ],
+    ],
 
     // Warning to the student that their quiz attempt is now overdue, if the quiz
     // has a grace period.
-    'attempt_overdue' => array(
+    'attempt_overdue' => [
         'capability' => 'mod/quiz:emailwarnoverdue',
-        'defaults' => array(
+        'defaults' => [
             'airnotifier' => MESSAGE_PERMITTED + MESSAGE_DEFAULT_ENABLED,
-        ),
-    ),
+        ],
+    ],
 
     'attempt_grading_complete' => [
         'capability' => 'mod/quiz:emailnotifyattemptgraded',
@@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ $messageproviders = array(
             'airnotifier' => MESSAGE_PERMITTED + MESSAGE_DEFAULT_ENABLED,
         ],
     ],
-);
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/db/services.php b/mod/quiz/db/services.php
index 2babda093a1..cec474a9f18 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/db/services.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/db/services.php
@@ -26,171 +26,171 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die;
 
-$functions = array(
+$functions = [
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_quizzes_by_courses' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_quizzes_by_courses' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_quizzes_by_courses',
         'description'   => 'Returns a list of quizzes in a provided list of courses,
                             if no list is provided all quizzes that the user can view will be returned.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_view_quiz' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_view_quiz' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'view_quiz',
         'description'   => 'Trigger the course module viewed event and update the module completion status.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_user_attempts' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_user_attempts' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_user_attempts',
         'description'   => 'Return a list of attempts for the given quiz and user.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_user_best_grade' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_user_best_grade' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_user_best_grade',
         'description'   => 'Get the best current grade for the given user on a quiz.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_combined_review_options' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_combined_review_options' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_combined_review_options',
         'description'   => 'Combines the review options from a number of different quiz attempts.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_start_attempt' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_start_attempt' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'start_attempt',
         'description'   => 'Starts a new attempt at a quiz.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_data' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_data' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_attempt_data',
         'description'   => 'Returns information for the given attempt page for a quiz attempt in progress.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_summary' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_summary' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_attempt_summary',
         'description'   => 'Returns a summary of a quiz attempt before it is submitted.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_save_attempt' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_save_attempt' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'save_attempt',
         'description'   => 'Processes save requests during the quiz.
                             This function is intended for the quiz auto-save feature.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_process_attempt' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_process_attempt' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'process_attempt',
         'description'   => 'Process responses during an attempt at a quiz and also deals with attempts finishing.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_review' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_review' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_attempt_review',
         'description'   => 'Returns review information for the given finished attempt, can be used by users or teachers.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_view_attempt' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_view_attempt' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'view_attempt',
         'description'   => 'Trigger the attempt viewed event.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_view_attempt_summary' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_view_attempt_summary' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'view_attempt_summary',
         'description'   => 'Trigger the attempt summary viewed event.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:attempt',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_view_attempt_review' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_view_attempt_review' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'view_attempt_review',
         'description'   => 'Trigger the attempt reviewed event.',
         'type'          => 'write',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_quiz_feedback_for_grade' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_quiz_feedback_for_grade' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_quiz_feedback_for_grade',
         'description'   => 'Get the feedback text that should be show to a student who got the given grade in the given quiz.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_quiz_access_information' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_quiz_access_information' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_quiz_access_information',
         'description'   => 'Return access information for a given quiz.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_access_information' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_attempt_access_information' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_attempt_access_information',
         'description'   => 'Return access information for a given attempt in a quiz.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
-    'mod_quiz_get_quiz_required_qtypes' => array(
+    'mod_quiz_get_quiz_required_qtypes' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz_external',
         'methodname'    => 'get_quiz_required_qtypes',
         'description'   => 'Return the potential question types that would be required for a given quiz.',
         'type'          => 'read',
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
-        'services'      => array(MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE)
-    ),
+        'services'      => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE]
+    ],
 
     'mod_quiz_set_question_version' => [
         'classname'     => 'mod_quiz\external\submit_question_version',
@@ -199,4 +199,4 @@ $functions = array(
         'capabilities'  => 'mod/quiz:view',
         'ajax'          => true,
     ],
-);
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/deprecatedlib.php b/mod/quiz/deprecatedlib.php
index d23e90960c2..639782c1073 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/deprecatedlib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/deprecatedlib.php
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ function quiz_completion_check_passing_grade_or_all_attempts($course, $cm, $user
 
     // Check for passing grade.
     require_once($CFG->libdir . '/gradelib.php');
-    $item = grade_item::fetch(array('courseid' => $course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
-            'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $cm->instance, 'outcomeid' => null));
+    $item = grade_item::fetch(['courseid' => $course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
+            'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $cm->instance, 'outcomeid' => null]);
     if ($item) {
-        $grades = grade_grade::fetch_users_grades($item, array($userid), false);
+        $grades = grade_grade::fetch_users_grades($item, [$userid], false);
         if (!empty($grades[$userid]) && $grades[$userid]->is_passed($item)) {
             return true;
         }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ function quiz_get_completion_state($course, $cm, $userid, $type) {
 
     // No need to call debugging here. Deprecation debugging notice already being called in \completion_info::internal_get_state().
 
-    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $cm->instance), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $cm->instance], '*', MUST_EXIST);
     if (!$quiz->completionattemptsexhausted && !$cm->completionpassgrade && !$quiz->completionminattempts) {
         return $type;
     }
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ function quiz_retrieve_tags_for_slot_ids($slotids) {
  *
  * @deprecated in 4.1 use mod_quiz\structure::has_use_capability(...) instead.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  * @param int $slot which question in the quiz to test.
  * @return bool whether the user can use this question.
  */
diff --git a/mod/quiz/edit.php b/mod/quiz/edit.php
index 07d240aacbf..b3d19009b29 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/edit.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/edit.php
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ $PAGE->set_url($thispageurl);
 $PAGE->set_secondary_active_tab("mod_quiz_edit");
 
 // Get the course object and related bits.
-$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 $quizobj = new quiz_settings($quiz, $cm, $course);
 $structure = $quizobj->get_structure();
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $contexts->lowest());
 // Process commands ============================================================.
 
 // Get the list of question ids had their check-boxes ticked.
-$selectedslots = array();
+$selectedslots = [];
 $params = (array) data_submitted();
 foreach ($params as $key => $value) {
     if (preg_match('!^s([0-9]+)$!', $key, $matches)) {
@@ -190,12 +190,12 @@ echo $OUTPUT->header();
 
 // Initialise the JavaScript.
 $quizeditconfig = new stdClass();
-$quizeditconfig->url = $thispageurl->out(true, array('qbanktool' => '0'));
-$quizeditconfig->dialoglisteners = array();
+$quizeditconfig->url = $thispageurl->out(true, ['qbanktool' => '0']);
+$quizeditconfig->dialoglisteners = [];
 $numberoflisteners = $DB->get_field_sql("
     SELECT COALESCE(MAX(page), 1)
       FROM {quiz_slots}
-     WHERE quizid = ?", array($quiz->id));
+     WHERE quizid = ?", [$quiz->id]);
 
 for ($pageiter = 1; $pageiter <= $numberoflisteners; $pageiter++) {
     $quizeditconfig->dialoglisteners[] = 'addrandomdialoglaunch_' . $pageiter;
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ $PAGE->requires->data_for_js('quiz_edit_config', $quizeditconfig);
 $PAGE->requires->js('/question/qengine.js');
 
 // Questions wrapper start.
-echo html_writer::start_tag('div', array('class' => 'mod-quiz-edit-content'));
+echo html_writer::start_tag('div', ['class' => 'mod-quiz-edit-content']);
 
 echo $output->edit_page($quizobj, $structure, $contexts, $thispageurl, $pagevars);
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/edit_rest.php b/mod/quiz/edit_rest.php
index e7fe66d1990..14583d54f71 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/edit_rest.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/edit_rest.php
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ $shuffle    = optional_param('newshuffle', 0, PARAM_INT);
 $page       = optional_param('page', '', PARAM_INT);
 $ids        = optional_param('ids', '', PARAM_SEQUENCE);
 $PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/edit-rest.php',
-        array('quizid' => $quizid, 'class' => $class));
+        ['quizid' => $quizid, 'class' => $class]);
 
 require_sesskey();
-$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $quizid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $quizid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id, $quiz->course);
-$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 require_login($course, false, $cm);
 
 $quizobj = new quiz_settings($quiz, $cm, $course);
@@ -88,17 +88,17 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
                 switch ($field) {
                     case 'getsectiontitle':
                         require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
-                        $result = array('instancesection' => $section->heading);
+                        $result = ['instancesection' => $section->heading];
                         break;
                     case 'updatesectiontitle':
                         require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
                         $structure->set_section_heading($id, $newheading);
-                        $result = array('instancesection' => format_string($newheading));
+                        $result = ['instancesection' => format_string($newheading)];
                         break;
                     case 'updateshufflequestions':
                         require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
                         $structure->set_section_shuffle($id, $shuffle);
-                        $result = array('instanceshuffle' => $section->shufflequestions);
+                        $result = ['instanceshuffle' => $section->shufflequestions];
                         break;
                 }
                 break;
@@ -116,13 +116,13 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
                         }
                         $structure->move_slot($id, $previousid, $page);
                         quiz_delete_previews($quiz);
-                        $result = array('visible' => true);
+                        $result = ['visible' => true];
                         break;
 
                     case 'getmaxmark':
                         require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
-                        $slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', array('id' => $id), '*', MUST_EXIST);
-                        $result = array('instancemaxmark' => quiz_format_question_grade($quiz, $slot->maxmark));
+                        $slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['id' => $id], '*', MUST_EXIST);
+                        $result = ['instancemaxmark' => quiz_format_question_grade($quiz, $slot->maxmark)];
                         break;
 
                     case 'updatemaxmark':
@@ -136,19 +136,19 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
                             quiz_update_all_final_grades($quiz);
                             quiz_update_grades($quiz, 0, true);
                         }
-                        $result = array('instancemaxmark' => quiz_format_question_grade($quiz, $maxmark),
-                                'newsummarks' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades));
+                        $result = ['instancemaxmark' => quiz_format_question_grade($quiz, $maxmark),
+                                'newsummarks' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades)];
                         break;
 
                     case 'updatepagebreak':
                         require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
                         $slots = $structure->update_page_break($id, $value);
-                        $json = array();
+                        $json = [];
                         foreach ($slots as $slot) {
-                            $json[$slot->slot] = array('id' => $slot->id, 'slot' => $slot->slot,
-                                                            'page' => $slot->page);
+                            $json[$slot->slot] = ['id' => $slot->id, 'slot' => $slot->slot,
+                                                            'page' => $slot->page];
                         }
-                        $result = array('slots' => $json);
+                        $result = ['slots' => $json];
                         break;
 
                     case 'deletemultiple':
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
 
                         $ids = explode(',', $ids);
                         foreach ($ids as $id) {
-                            $slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quiz->id, 'id' => $id),
+                            $slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quiz->id, 'id' => $id],
                                     '*', MUST_EXIST);
                             if ($structure->has_use_capability($slot->slot)) {
                                 $structure->remove_slot($slot->slot);
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
                         quiz_delete_previews($quiz);
                         quiz_update_sumgrades($quiz);
 
-                        $result = array('newsummarks' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades),
-                                'deleted' => true, 'newnumquestions' => $structure->get_question_count());
+                        $result = ['newsummarks' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades),
+                                'deleted' => true, 'newnumquestions' => $structure->get_question_count()];
                         break;
 
                     case 'updatedependency':
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
                         $slot = $structure->get_slot_by_id($id);
                         $value = (bool) $value;
                         $structure->update_question_dependency($slot->id, $value);
-                        $result = array('requireprevious' => $value);
+                        $result = ['requireprevious' => $value];
                         break;
                 }
                 break;
@@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
             case 'section':
                 require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
                 $structure->remove_section_heading($id);
-                $result = array('deleted' => true);
+                $result = ['deleted' => true];
                 break;
 
             case 'resource':
                 require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $modcontext);
-                if (!$slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quiz->id, 'id' => $id))) {
+                if (!$slot = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quiz->id, 'id' => $id])) {
                     throw new moodle_exception('AJAX commands.php: Bad slot ID '.$id);
                 }
 
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ switch($requestmethod) {
                 $structure->remove_slot($slot->slot);
                 quiz_delete_previews($quiz);
                 quiz_update_sumgrades($quiz);
-                $result = array('newsummarks' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades),
-                            'deleted' => true, 'newnumquestions' => $structure->get_question_count());
+                $result = ['newsummarks' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades),
+                            'deleted' => true, 'newnumquestions' => $structure->get_question_count()];
                 break;
         }
         break;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/editrandom.php b/mod/quiz/editrandom.php
index 258b4dd93eb..ab07bb77957 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/editrandom.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/editrandom.php
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ $mform = new mod_quiz\form\randomquestion_form(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/editran
 $toform = new stdClass();
 $toform->category = "{$category->id},{$category->contextid}";
 $toform->includesubcategories = $filterconditions->includingsubcategories;
-$toform->fromtags = array();
+$toform->fromtags = [];
 if (isset($filterconditions->tags)) {
     $currentslottags = $filterconditions->tags;
     foreach ($currentslottags as $slottag) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/grade.php b/mod/quiz/grade.php
index c7889735261..0c531c0efb0 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/grade.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/grade.php
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);
 $userid = optional_param('userid', 0, PARAM_INT);
 
 $cm = get_coursemodule_from_id('quiz', $id, 0, false, MUST_EXIST);
-$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $cm->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
-$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $cm->instance), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $cm->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $cm->instance], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 require_login($course, false, $cm);
 
 $reportlist = quiz_report_list(context_module::instance($cm->id));
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ if (empty($reportlist) || $userid == $USER->id) {
     // (The looking at their own grades case is unlikely, since users who
     // appear in the gradebook are unlikely to be able to see quiz reports,
     // but it is possible.)
-    redirect(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', array('id' => $cm->id)));
+    redirect(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', ['id' => $cm->id]));
 }
 
 // Now we know the user is interested in reports. If they are interested in a
@@ -91,5 +91,5 @@ if ($userid) {
 }
 
 // Send the user to the first report they can see.
-redirect(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', array(
-        'id' => $cm->id, 'mode' => reset($reportlist))));
+redirect(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', [
+        'id' => $cm->id, 'mode' => reset($reportlist)]));
diff --git a/mod/quiz/index.php b/mod/quiz/index.php
index ec7fb984ce9..b78a48bd48c 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/index.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/index.php
@@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ require_once("../../config.php");
 require_once("locallib.php");
 
 $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);
-$PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/index.php', array('id'=>$id));
-if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $id))) {
+$PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/index.php', ['id' => $id]);
+if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $id])) {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcourseid');
 }
 $coursecontext = context_course::instance($id);
 require_login($course);
 $PAGE->set_pagelayout('incourse');
 
-$params = array(
+$params = [
     'context' => $coursecontext
-);
+];
 $event = \mod_quiz\event\course_module_instance_list_viewed::create($params);
 $event->trigger();
 
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ foreach ($quizzes as $quiz) {
 }
 
 // Configure table for displaying the list of instances.
-$headings = array(get_string('name'));
-$align = array('left');
+$headings = [get_string('name')];
+$align = ['left'];
 
 array_push($headings, get_string('quizcloses', 'quiz'));
 array_push($align, 'left');
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ if (has_capability('mod/quiz:viewreports', $coursecontext)) {
     array_push($align, 'left');
     $showing = 'stats';
 
-} else if (has_any_capability(array('mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'),
+} else if (has_any_capability(['mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'],
         $coursecontext)) {
     array_push($headings, get_string('grade', 'quiz'));
     array_push($align, 'left');
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ if (has_capability('mod/quiz:viewreports', $coursecontext)) {
             FROM {quiz_grades} qg
             JOIN {quiz} q ON q.id = qg.quiz
             WHERE q.course = ? AND qg.userid = ?',
-            array($course->id, $USER->id));
+            [$course->id, $USER->id]);
 }
 
 $table = new html_table();
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ $timeclosedates = quiz_get_user_timeclose($course->id);
 foreach ($quizzes as $quiz) {
     $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id);
     $context = context_module::instance($cm->id);
-    $data = array();
+    $data = [];
 
     // Section number if necessary.
     $strsection = '';
diff --git a/mod/quiz/lib.php b/mod/quiz/lib.php
index 0cbd5902dd6..020f0346a86 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/lib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/lib.php
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ require_once(__DIR__ . '/deprecatedlib.php');
  * will create a new instance and return the id number
  * of the new instance.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the data that came from the form.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the data that came from the form.
  * @return mixed the id of the new instance on success,
  *          false or a string error message on failure.
  */
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ function quiz_add_instance($quiz) {
     $quiz->id = $DB->insert_record('quiz', $quiz);
 
     // Create the first section for this quiz.
-    $DB->insert_record('quiz_sections', array('quizid' => $quiz->id,
-            'firstslot' => 1, 'heading' => '', 'shufflequestions' => 0));
+    $DB->insert_record('quiz_sections', ['quizid' => $quiz->id,
+            'firstslot' => 1, 'heading' => '', 'shufflequestions' => 0]);
 
     // Do the processing required after an add or an update.
     quiz_after_add_or_update($quiz);
@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@ function quiz_add_instance($quiz) {
  * (defined by the form in mod_form.php) this function
  * will update an existing instance with new data.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the data that came from the form.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the data that came from the form.
+ * @param stdClass $mform no longer used.
  * @return mixed true on success, false or a string error message on failure.
  */
 function quiz_update_instance($quiz, $mform) {
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ function quiz_update_instance($quiz, $mform) {
     }
 
     // Get the current value, so we can see what changed.
-    $oldquiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $quiz->instance));
+    $oldquiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $quiz->instance]);
 
     // We need two values from the existing DB record that are not in the form,
     // in some of the function calls below.
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ function quiz_update_instance($quiz, $mform) {
                      || $oldquiz->timeclose   != $quiz->timeclose
                      || $oldquiz->graceperiod != $quiz->graceperiod;
     if ($quizdateschanged) {
-        quiz_update_open_attempts(array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+        quiz_update_open_attempts(['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
     }
 
     // Delete any previous preview attempts.
@@ -181,21 +182,21 @@ function quiz_update_instance($quiz, $mform) {
 function quiz_delete_instance($id) {
     global $DB;
 
-    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $id), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $id], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
     quiz_delete_all_attempts($quiz);
     quiz_delete_all_overrides($quiz);
     quiz_delete_references($quiz->id);
 
     // We need to do the following deletes before we try and delete randoms, otherwise they would still be 'in use'.
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_sections', array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_sections', ['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
 
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_feedback', array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_feedback', ['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
 
     access_manager::delete_settings($quiz);
 
-    $events = $DB->get_records('event', array('modulename' => 'quiz', 'instance' => $quiz->id));
+    $events = $DB->get_records('event', ['modulename' => 'quiz', 'instance' => $quiz->id]);
     foreach ($events as $event) {
         $event = calendar_event::load($event);
         $event->delete();
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ function quiz_delete_instance($id) {
 
     quiz_grade_item_delete($quiz);
     // We must delete the module record after we delete the grade item.
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz', array('id' => $quiz->id));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz', ['id' => $quiz->id]);
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ function quiz_delete_instance($id) {
 /**
  * Deletes a quiz override from the database and clears any corresponding calendar events
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
  * @param int $overrideid The id of the override being deleted
  * @param bool $log Whether to trigger logs.
  * @return bool true on success
@@ -224,18 +225,18 @@ function quiz_delete_override($quiz, $overrideid, $log = true) {
         $quiz->cmid = $cm->id;
     }
 
-    $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', array('id' => $overrideid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', ['id' => $overrideid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
     // Delete the events.
     if (isset($override->groupid)) {
         // Create the search array for a group override.
-        $eventsearcharray = array('modulename' => 'quiz',
-            'instance' => $quiz->id, 'groupid' => (int)$override->groupid);
+        $eventsearcharray = ['modulename' => 'quiz',
+            'instance' => $quiz->id, 'groupid' => (int)$override->groupid];
         $cachekey = "{$quiz->id}_g_{$override->groupid}";
     } else {
         // Create the search array for a user override.
-        $eventsearcharray = array('modulename' => 'quiz',
-            'instance' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => (int)$override->userid);
+        $eventsearcharray = ['modulename' => 'quiz',
+            'instance' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => (int)$override->userid];
         $cachekey = "{$quiz->id}_u_{$override->userid}";
     }
     $events = $DB->get_records('event', $eventsearcharray);
@@ -244,18 +245,18 @@ function quiz_delete_override($quiz, $overrideid, $log = true) {
         $eventold->delete();
     }
 
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_overrides', array('id' => $overrideid));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_overrides', ['id' => $overrideid]);
     cache::make('mod_quiz', 'overrides')->delete($cachekey);
 
     if ($log) {
         // Set the common parameters for one of the events we will be triggering.
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => $override->id,
             'context' => context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $override->quiz
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         // Determine which override deleted event to fire.
         if (!empty($override->userid)) {
             $params['relateduserid'] = $override->userid;
@@ -276,13 +277,13 @@ function quiz_delete_override($quiz, $overrideid, $log = true) {
 /**
  * Deletes all quiz overrides from the database and clears any corresponding calendar events
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
  * @param bool $log Whether to trigger logs.
  */
 function quiz_delete_all_overrides($quiz, $log = true) {
     global $DB;
 
-    $overrides = $DB->get_records('quiz_overrides', array('quiz' => $quiz->id), 'id');
+    $overrides = $DB->get_records('quiz_overrides', ['quiz' => $quiz->id], 'id');
     foreach ($overrides as $override) {
         quiz_delete_override($quiz, $override->id, $log);
     }
@@ -299,15 +300,15 @@ function quiz_delete_all_overrides($quiz, $log = true) {
  *   quiz->extrapasswords will contain an array of strings giving the remaining
  *   passwords.
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
  * @param int $userid The userid.
- * @return object $quiz The updated quiz object.
+ * @return stdClass $quiz The updated quiz object.
  */
 function quiz_update_effective_access($quiz, $userid) {
     global $DB;
 
     // Check for user override.
-    $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', array('quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid));
+    $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', ['quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid]);
 
     if (!$override) {
         $override = new stdClass();
@@ -330,11 +331,11 @@ function quiz_update_effective_access($quiz, $userid) {
         $records = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);
 
         // Combine the overrides.
-        $opens = array();
-        $closes = array();
-        $limits = array();
-        $attempts = array();
-        $passwords = array();
+        $opens = [];
+        $closes = [];
+        $limits = [];
+        $attempts = [];
+        $passwords = [];
 
         foreach ($records as $gpoverride) {
             if (isset($gpoverride->timeopen)) {
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ function quiz_update_effective_access($quiz, $userid) {
     }
 
     // Merge with quiz defaults.
-    $keys = array('timeopen', 'timeclose', 'timelimit', 'attempts', 'password', 'extrapasswords');
+    $keys = ['timeopen', 'timeclose', 'timelimit', 'attempts', 'password', 'extrapasswords'];
     foreach ($keys as $key) {
         if (isset($override->{$key})) {
             $quiz->{$key} = $override->{$key};
@@ -401,21 +402,21 @@ function quiz_update_effective_access($quiz, $userid) {
 /**
  * Delete all the attempts belonging to a quiz.
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
  */
 function quiz_delete_all_attempts($quiz) {
     global $CFG, $DB;
     require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
     question_engine::delete_questions_usage_by_activities(new qubaids_for_quiz($quiz->id));
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_attempts', array('quiz' => $quiz->id));
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_grades', array('quiz' => $quiz->id));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_attempts', ['quiz' => $quiz->id]);
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_grades', ['quiz' => $quiz->id]);
 }
 
 /**
  * Delete all the attempts belonging to a user in a particular quiz.
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
- * @param object $user The user object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $user The user object.
  */
 function quiz_delete_user_attempts($quiz, $user) {
     global $CFG, $DB;
@@ -433,7 +434,7 @@ function quiz_delete_user_attempts($quiz, $user) {
 /**
  * Get the best current grade for a particular user in a quiz.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  * @param int $userid the id of the user.
  * @return float the user's current grade for this quiz, or null if this user does
  * not have a grade on this quiz.
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ function quiz_delete_user_attempts($quiz, $user) {
 function quiz_get_best_grade($quiz, $userid) {
     global $DB;
     $grade = $DB->get_field('quiz_grades', 'grade',
-            array('quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid));
+            ['quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid]);
 
     // Need to detect errors/no result, without catching 0 grades.
     if ($grade === false) {
@@ -456,7 +457,7 @@ function quiz_get_best_grade($quiz, $userid) {
  * $quiz->grade and $quiz->sumgrades are non-zero (for example, if you want to
  * divide by them).
  *
- * @param object $quiz a row from the quiz table.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz a row from the quiz table.
  * @return bool whether this is a graded quiz.
  */
 function quiz_has_grades($quiz) {
@@ -480,11 +481,11 @@ function quiz_allows_multiple_tries($quiz) {
  * $return->time = the time they did it
  * $return->info = a short text description
  *
- * @param object $course
- * @param object $user
- * @param object $mod
- * @param object $quiz
- * @return object|null
+ * @param stdClass $course
+ * @param stdClass $user
+ * @param stdClass $mod
+ * @param stdClass $quiz
+ * @return stdClass|null
  */
 function quiz_user_outline($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
     global $DB, $CFG;
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ function quiz_user_outline($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
 
     $result = new stdClass();
     // If the user can't see hidden grades, don't return that information.
-    $gitem = grade_item::fetch(array('id' => $grades->items[0]->id));
+    $gitem = grade_item::fetch(['id' => $grades->items[0]->id]);
     if (!$gitem->hidden || has_capability('moodle/grade:viewhidden', context_course::instance($course->id))) {
         $result->info = get_string('gradenoun') . ': ' . $grade->str_long_grade;
     } else {
@@ -515,10 +516,10 @@ function quiz_user_outline($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
  * Print a detailed representation of what a  user has done with
  * a given particular instance of this module, for user activity reports.
  *
- * @param object $course
- * @param object $user
- * @param object $mod
- * @param object $quiz
+ * @param stdClass $course
+ * @param stdClass $user
+ * @param stdClass $mod
+ * @param stdClass $quiz
  * @return bool
  */
 function quiz_user_complete($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
@@ -530,7 +531,7 @@ function quiz_user_complete($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
     if (!empty($grades->items[0]->grades)) {
         $grade = reset($grades->items[0]->grades);
         // If the user can't see hidden grades, don't return that information.
-        $gitem = grade_item::fetch(array('id' => $grades->items[0]->id));
+        $gitem = grade_item::fetch(['id' => $grades->items[0]->id]);
         if (!$gitem->hidden || has_capability('moodle/grade:viewhidden', context_course::instance($course->id))) {
             echo $OUTPUT->container(get_string('gradenoun').': '.$grade->str_long_grade);
             if ($grade->str_feedback) {
@@ -545,7 +546,7 @@ function quiz_user_complete($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
     }
 
     if ($attempts = $DB->get_records('quiz_attempts',
-            array('userid' => $user->id, 'quiz' => $quiz->id), 'attempt')) {
+            ['userid' => $user->id, 'quiz' => $quiz->id], 'attempt')) {
         foreach ($attempts as $attempt) {
             echo get_string('attempt', 'quiz', $attempt->attempt) . ': ';
             if ($attempt->state != quiz_attempt::FINISHED) {
@@ -553,7 +554,7 @@ function quiz_user_complete($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
             } else {
                 if (!isset($gitem)) {
                     if (!empty($grades->items[0]->grades)) {
-                        $gitem = grade_item::fetch(array('id' => $grades->items[0]->id));
+                        $gitem = grade_item::fetch(['id' => $grades->items[0]->id]);
                     } else {
                         $gitem = new stdClass();
                         $gitem->hidden = true;
@@ -586,7 +587,7 @@ function quiz_user_complete($course, $user, $mod, $quiz) {
 function quiz_get_user_attempts($quizids, $userid, $status = 'finished', $includepreviews = false) {
     global $DB;
 
-    $params = array();
+    $params = [];
     switch ($status) {
         case 'all':
             $statuscondition = '';
@@ -631,7 +632,7 @@ function quiz_get_user_attempts($quizids, $userid, $status = 'finished', $includ
 function quiz_get_user_grades($quiz, $userid = 0) {
     global $CFG, $DB;
 
-    $params = array($quiz->id);
+    $params = [$quiz->id];
     $usertest = '';
     if ($userid) {
         $params[] = $userid;
@@ -655,11 +656,11 @@ function quiz_get_user_grades($quiz, $userid = 0) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Round a grade to to the correct number of decimal places, and format it for display.
+ * Round a grade to the correct number of decimal places, and format it for display.
  *
  * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz table row, only $quiz->decimalpoints is used.
  * @param float $grade The grade to round.
- * @return float
+ * @return string
  */
 function quiz_format_grade($quiz, $grade) {
     if (is_null($grade)) {
@@ -671,7 +672,8 @@ function quiz_format_grade($quiz, $grade) {
 /**
  * Determine the correct number of decimal places required to format a grade.
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz table row, only $quiz->decimalpoints is used.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz table row, only $quiz->decimalpoints and
+ *      ->questiondecimalpoints are used.
  * @return integer
  */
 function quiz_get_grade_format($quiz) {
@@ -701,7 +703,7 @@ function quiz_format_question_grade($quiz, $grade) {
  * Update grades in central gradebook
  *
  * @category grade
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  * @param int $userid specific user only, 0 means all users.
  * @param bool $nullifnone If a single user is specified and $nullifnone is true a grade item with a null rawgrade will be inserted
  */
@@ -730,7 +732,7 @@ function quiz_update_grades($quiz, $userid = 0, $nullifnone = true) {
  * Create or update the grade item for given quiz
  *
  * @category grade
- * @param object $quiz object with extra cmidnumber
+ * @param stdClass $quiz object with extra cmidnumber
  * @param mixed $grades optional array/object of grade(s); 'reset' means reset grades in gradebook
  * @return int 0 if ok, error code otherwise
  */
@@ -740,9 +742,9 @@ function quiz_grade_item_update($quiz, $grades = null) {
     require_once($CFG->libdir . '/gradelib.php');
 
     if (property_exists($quiz, 'cmidnumber')) { // May not be always present.
-        $params = array('itemname' => $quiz->name, 'idnumber' => $quiz->cmidnumber);
+        $params = ['itemname' => $quiz->name, 'idnumber' => $quiz->cmidnumber];
     } else {
-        $params = array('itemname' => $quiz->name);
+        $params = ['itemname' => $quiz->name];
     }
 
     if ($quiz->grade > 0) {
@@ -834,15 +836,15 @@ function quiz_grade_item_update($quiz, $grades = null) {
  * Delete grade item for given quiz
  *
  * @category grade
- * @param object $quiz object
- * @return object quiz
+ * @param stdClass $quiz object
+ * @return int
  */
 function quiz_grade_item_delete($quiz) {
     global $CFG;
     require_once($CFG->libdir . '/gradelib.php');
 
     return grade_update('mod/quiz', $quiz->course, 'mod', 'quiz', $quiz->id, 0,
-            null, array('deleted' => 1));
+            null, ['deleted' => 1]);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -863,7 +865,7 @@ function quiz_refresh_events($courseid = 0, $instance = null, $cm = null) {
     // If we have instance information then we can just update the one event instead of updating all events.
     if (isset($instance)) {
         if (!is_object($instance)) {
-            $instance = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $instance), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+            $instance = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $instance], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         }
         quiz_update_events($instance);
         return true;
@@ -874,7 +876,7 @@ function quiz_refresh_events($courseid = 0, $instance = null, $cm = null) {
             return true;
         }
     } else {
-        if (!$quizzes = $DB->get_records('quiz', array('course' => $courseid))) {
+        if (!$quizzes = $DB->get_records('quiz', ['course' => $courseid])) {
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -898,7 +900,7 @@ function quiz_get_recent_mod_activity(&$activities, &$index, $timestart,
     $modinfo = get_fast_modinfo($course);
 
     $cm = $modinfo->cms[$cmid];
-    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $cm->instance));
+    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $cm->instance]);
 
     if ($userid) {
         $userselect = "AND u.id = :userid";
@@ -995,7 +997,7 @@ function quiz_print_recent_mod_activity($activity, $courseid, $detail, $modnames
     echo '<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="forum-recent">';
 
     echo '<tr><td class="userpicture" valign="top">';
-    echo $OUTPUT->user_picture($activity->user, array('courseid' => $courseid));
+    echo $OUTPUT->user_picture($activity->user, ['courseid' => $courseid]);
     echo '</td><td>';
 
     if ($detail) {
@@ -1031,7 +1033,7 @@ function quiz_print_recent_mod_activity($activity, $courseid, $detail, $modnames
  * Pre-process the quiz options form data, making any necessary adjustments.
  * Called by add/update instance in this file.
  *
- * @param object $quiz The variables set on the form.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The variables set on the form.
  */
 function quiz_process_options($quiz) {
     global $CFG;
@@ -1137,16 +1139,16 @@ function quiz_process_options($quiz) {
 
 /**
  * Helper function for {@link quiz_process_options()}.
- * @param object $fromform the sumbitted form date.
+ * @param stdClass $fromform the sumbitted form date.
  * @param string $field one of the review option field names.
  */
 function quiz_review_option_form_to_db($fromform, $field) {
-    static $times = array(
+    static $times = [
         'during' => display_options::DURING,
         'immediately' => display_options::IMMEDIATELY_AFTER,
         'open' => display_options::LATER_WHILE_OPEN,
         'closed' => display_options::AFTER_CLOSE,
-    );
+    ];
 
     $review = 0;
     foreach ($times as $whenname => $when) {
@@ -1172,9 +1174,9 @@ function mod_quiz_inplace_editable(string $itemtype, int $itemid, string $newval
     if ($itemtype === 'slotdisplaynumber') {
         global $DB;
         $record = $DB->get_record('quiz_slots', ['id' => $itemid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
-        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $record->quizid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $record->quizid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id, $quiz->course);
-        $course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
         // Call validate_context for course module to check access and set current context.
         $context = context_module::instance($cm->id);
@@ -1204,18 +1206,18 @@ function mod_quiz_inplace_editable(string $itemtype, int $itemid, string $newval
  * This function is called at the end of quiz_add_instance
  * and quiz_update_instance, to do the common processing.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object.
  */
 function quiz_after_add_or_update($quiz) {
     global $DB;
     $cmid = $quiz->coursemodule;
 
     // We need to use context now, so we need to make sure all needed info is already in db.
-    $DB->set_field('course_modules', 'instance', $quiz->id, array('id'=>$cmid));
+    $DB->set_field('course_modules', 'instance', $quiz->id, ['id' => $cmid]);
     $context = context_module::instance($cmid);
 
     // Save the feedback.
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_feedback', array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_feedback', ['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
 
     for ($i = 0; $i <= $quiz->feedbackboundarycount; $i++) {
         $feedback = new stdClass();
@@ -1227,10 +1229,10 @@ function quiz_after_add_or_update($quiz) {
         $feedback->id = $DB->insert_record('quiz_feedback', $feedback);
         $feedbacktext = file_save_draft_area_files((int)$quiz->feedbacktext[$i]['itemid'],
                 $context->id, 'mod_quiz', 'feedback', $feedback->id,
-                array('subdirs' => false, 'maxfiles' => -1, 'maxbytes' => 0),
+                ['subdirs' => false, 'maxfiles' => -1, 'maxbytes' => 0],
                 $quiz->feedbacktext[$i]['text']);
         $DB->set_field('quiz_feedback', 'feedbacktext', $feedbacktext,
-                array('id' => $feedback->id));
+                ['id' => $feedback->id]);
     }
 
     // Store any settings belonging to the access rules.
@@ -1250,16 +1252,15 @@ function quiz_after_add_or_update($quiz) {
  * If $override is non-zero, then it updates only the events
  * associated with the specified override.
  *
- * @uses QUIZ_MAX_EVENT_LENGTH
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object.
- * @param object optional $override limit to a specific override
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass|null $override limit to a specific override
  */
 function quiz_update_events($quiz, $override = null) {
     global $DB;
 
     // Load the old events relating to this quiz.
-    $conds = array('modulename'=>'quiz',
-                   'instance'=>$quiz->id);
+    $conds = ['modulename' => 'quiz',
+                   'instance' => $quiz->id];
     if (!empty($override)) {
         // Only load events for this override.
         if (isset($override->userid)) {
@@ -1273,7 +1274,7 @@ function quiz_update_events($quiz, $override = null) {
     // Now make a to-do list of all that needs to be updated.
     if (empty($override)) {
         // We are updating the primary settings for the quiz, so we need to add all the overrides.
-        $overrides = $DB->get_records('quiz_overrides', array('quiz' => $quiz->id), 'id ASC');
+        $overrides = $DB->get_records('quiz_overrides', ['quiz' => $quiz->id], 'id ASC');
         // It is necessary to add an empty stdClass to the beginning of the array as the $oldevents
         // list contains the original (non-override) event for the module. If this is not included
         // the logic below will end up updating the wrong row when we try to reconcile this $overrides
@@ -1281,7 +1282,7 @@ function quiz_update_events($quiz, $override = null) {
         array_unshift($overrides, new stdClass());
     } else {
         // Just do the one override.
-        $overrides = array($override);
+        $overrides = [$override];
     }
 
     // Get group override priorities.
@@ -1455,7 +1456,7 @@ function quiz_get_group_override_priorities($quizid) {
  * @return array
  */
 function quiz_get_view_actions() {
-    return array('view', 'view all', 'report', 'review');
+    return ['view', 'view all', 'report', 'review'];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1469,8 +1470,8 @@ function quiz_get_view_actions() {
  * @return array
  */
 function quiz_get_post_actions() {
-    return array('attempt', 'close attempt', 'preview', 'editquestions',
-            'delete attempt', 'manualgrade');
+    return ['attempt', 'close attempt', 'preview', 'editquestions',
+            'delete attempt', 'manualgrade'];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1516,9 +1517,9 @@ function quiz_reset_course_form_definition($mform) {
  * @return array the defaults.
  */
 function quiz_reset_course_form_defaults($course) {
-    return array('reset_quiz_attempts' => 1,
+    return ['reset_quiz_attempts' => 1,
                  'reset_quiz_group_overrides' => 1,
-                 'reset_quiz_user_overrides' => 1);
+                 'reset_quiz_user_overrides' => 1];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1535,7 +1536,7 @@ function quiz_reset_gradebook($courseid, $type='') {
             FROM {modules} m
             JOIN {course_modules} cm ON m.id = cm.module
             JOIN {quiz} q ON cm.instance = q.id
-            WHERE m.name = 'quiz' AND cm.course = ?", array($courseid));
+            WHERE m.name = 'quiz' AND cm.course = ?", [$courseid]);
 
     foreach ($quizzes as $quiz) {
         quiz_grade_item_update($quiz, 'reset');
@@ -1549,7 +1550,7 @@ function quiz_reset_gradebook($courseid, $type='') {
  *
  * Also, move the quiz open and close dates, if the course start date is changing.
  *
- * @param object $data the data submitted from the reset course.
+ * @param stdClass $data the data submitted from the reset course.
  * @return array status array
  */
 function quiz_reset_userdata($data) {
@@ -1557,32 +1558,32 @@ function quiz_reset_userdata($data) {
     require_once($CFG->libdir . '/questionlib.php');
 
     $componentstr = get_string('modulenameplural', 'quiz');
-    $status = array();
+    $status = [];
 
     // Delete attempts.
     if (!empty($data->reset_quiz_attempts)) {
         question_engine::delete_questions_usage_by_activities(new qubaid_join(
                 '{quiz_attempts} quiza JOIN {quiz} quiz ON quiza.quiz = quiz.id',
                 'quiza.uniqueid', 'quiz.course = :quizcourseid',
-                array('quizcourseid' => $data->courseid)));
+                ['quizcourseid' => $data->courseid]));
 
         $DB->delete_records_select('quiz_attempts',
-                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?)', array($data->courseid));
-        $status[] = array(
+                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?)', [$data->courseid]);
+        $status[] = [
             'component' => $componentstr,
             'item' => get_string('attemptsdeleted', 'quiz'),
-            'error' => false);
+            'error' => false];
 
         // Remove all grades from gradebook.
         $DB->delete_records_select('quiz_grades',
-                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?)', array($data->courseid));
+                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?)', [$data->courseid]);
         if (empty($data->reset_gradebook_grades)) {
             quiz_reset_gradebook($data->courseid);
         }
-        $status[] = array(
+        $status[] = [
             'component' => $componentstr,
             'item' => get_string('gradesdeleted', 'quiz'),
-            'error' => false);
+            'error' => false];
     }
 
     $purgeoverrides = false;
@@ -1590,21 +1591,21 @@ function quiz_reset_userdata($data) {
     // Remove user overrides.
     if (!empty($data->reset_quiz_user_overrides)) {
         $DB->delete_records_select('quiz_overrides',
-                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?) AND userid IS NOT NULL', array($data->courseid));
-        $status[] = array(
+                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?) AND userid IS NOT NULL', [$data->courseid]);
+        $status[] = [
             'component' => $componentstr,
             'item' => get_string('useroverridesdeleted', 'quiz'),
-            'error' => false);
+            'error' => false];
         $purgeoverrides = true;
     }
     // Remove group overrides.
     if (!empty($data->reset_quiz_group_overrides)) {
         $DB->delete_records_select('quiz_overrides',
-                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?) AND groupid IS NOT NULL', array($data->courseid));
-        $status[] = array(
+                'quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?) AND groupid IS NOT NULL', [$data->courseid]);
+        $status[] = [
             'component' => $componentstr,
             'item' => get_string('groupoverridesdeleted', 'quiz'),
-            'error' => false);
+            'error' => false];
         $purgeoverrides = true;
     }
 
@@ -1613,23 +1614,23 @@ function quiz_reset_userdata($data) {
         $DB->execute("UPDATE {quiz_overrides}
                          SET timeopen = timeopen + ?
                        WHERE quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?)
-                         AND timeopen <> 0", array($data->timeshift, $data->courseid));
+                         AND timeopen <> 0", [$data->timeshift, $data->courseid]);
         $DB->execute("UPDATE {quiz_overrides}
                          SET timeclose = timeclose + ?
                        WHERE quiz IN (SELECT id FROM {quiz} WHERE course = ?)
-                         AND timeclose <> 0", array($data->timeshift, $data->courseid));
+                         AND timeclose <> 0", [$data->timeshift, $data->courseid]);
 
         $purgeoverrides = true;
 
         // Any changes to the list of dates that needs to be rolled should be same during course restore and course reset.
         // See MDL-9367.
-        shift_course_mod_dates('quiz', array('timeopen', 'timeclose'),
+        shift_course_mod_dates('quiz', ['timeopen', 'timeclose'],
                 $data->timeshift, $data->courseid);
 
-        $status[] = array(
+        $status[] = [
             'component' => $componentstr,
             'item' => get_string('openclosedatesupdated', 'quiz'),
-            'error' => false);
+            'error' => false];
     }
 
     if ($purgeoverrides) {
@@ -1643,8 +1644,8 @@ function quiz_reset_userdata($data) {
  * Return a textual summary of the number of attempts that have been made at a particular quiz,
  * returns '' if no attempts have been made yet, unless $returnzero is passed as true.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object. Only $quiz->id is used at the moment.
- * @param object $cm the cm object. Only $cm->course, $cm->groupmode and
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object. Only $quiz->id is used at the moment.
+ * @param stdClass $cm the cm object. Only $cm->course, $cm->groupmode and
  *      $cm->groupingid fields are used at the moment.
  * @param bool $returnzero if false (default), when no attempts have been
  *      made '' is returned instead of 'Attempts: 0'.
@@ -1655,7 +1656,7 @@ function quiz_reset_userdata($data) {
  */
 function quiz_num_attempt_summary($quiz, $cm, $returnzero = false, $currentgroup = 0) {
     global $DB, $USER;
-    $numattempts = $DB->count_records('quiz_attempts', array('quiz'=> $quiz->id, 'preview'=>0));
+    $numattempts = $DB->count_records('quiz_attempts', ['quiz' => $quiz->id, 'preview' => 0]);
     if ($numattempts || $returnzero) {
         if (groups_get_activity_groupmode($cm)) {
             $a = new stdClass();
@@ -1665,7 +1666,7 @@ function quiz_num_attempt_summary($quiz, $cm, $returnzero = false, $currentgroup
                         '{quiz_attempts} qa JOIN ' .
                         '{groups_members} gm ON qa.userid = gm.userid ' .
                         'WHERE quiz = ? AND preview = 0 AND groupid = ?',
-                        array($quiz->id, $currentgroup));
+                        [$quiz->id, $currentgroup]);
                 return get_string('attemptsnumthisgroup', 'quiz', $a);
             } else if ($groups = groups_get_all_groups($cm->course, $USER->id, $cm->groupingid)) {
                 list($usql, $params) = $DB->get_in_or_equal(array_keys($groups));
@@ -1673,7 +1674,7 @@ function quiz_num_attempt_summary($quiz, $cm, $returnzero = false, $currentgroup
                         '{quiz_attempts} qa JOIN ' .
                         '{groups_members} gm ON qa.userid = gm.userid ' .
                         'WHERE quiz = ? AND preview = 0 AND ' .
-                        "groupid $usql", array_merge(array($quiz->id), $params));
+                        "groupid $usql", array_merge([$quiz->id], $params));
                 return get_string('attemptsnumyourgroups', 'quiz', $a);
             }
         }
@@ -1686,10 +1687,10 @@ function quiz_num_attempt_summary($quiz, $cm, $returnzero = false, $currentgroup
  * Returns the same as {@link quiz_num_attempt_summary()} but wrapped in a link
  * to the quiz reports.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object. Only $quiz->id is used at the moment.
- * @param object $cm the cm object. Only $cm->course, $cm->groupmode and
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object. Only $quiz->id is used at the moment.
+ * @param stdClass $cm the cm object. Only $cm->course, $cm->groupmode and
  *      $cm->groupingid fields are used at the moment.
- * @param object $context the quiz context.
+ * @param stdClass $context the quiz context.
  * @param bool $returnzero if false (default), when no attempts have been made
  *      '' is returned instead of 'Attempts: 0'.
  * @param int $currentgroup if there is a concept of current group where this method is being called
@@ -1774,14 +1775,14 @@ function quiz_extend_settings_navigation(settings_navigation $settings, navigati
 
     if (has_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $settings->get_page()->cm->context)) {
         $node = navigation_node::create(get_string('questions', 'quiz'),
-            new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', array('cmid' => $settings->get_page()->cm->id)),
+            new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', ['cmid' => $settings->get_page()->cm->id]),
             navigation_node::TYPE_SETTING, null, 'mod_quiz_edit', new pix_icon('t/edit', ''));
         $quiznode->add_node($node, $beforekey);
     }
 
     if (has_capability('mod/quiz:preview', $settings->get_page()->cm->context)) {
         $url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/startattempt.php',
-                array('cmid' => $settings->get_page()->cm->id, 'sesskey' => sesskey()));
+                ['cmid' => $settings->get_page()->cm->id, 'sesskey' => sesskey()]);
         $node = navigation_node::create(get_string('preview', 'quiz'), $url,
                 navigation_node::TYPE_SETTING, null, 'mod_quiz_preview',
                 new pix_icon('i/preview', ''));
@@ -1791,12 +1792,12 @@ function quiz_extend_settings_navigation(settings_navigation $settings, navigati
 
     question_extend_settings_navigation($quiznode, $settings->get_page()->cm->context)->trim_if_empty();
 
-    if (has_any_capability(array('mod/quiz:viewreports', 'mod/quiz:grade'), $settings->get_page()->cm->context)) {
+    if (has_any_capability(['mod/quiz:viewreports', 'mod/quiz:grade'], $settings->get_page()->cm->context)) {
         require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/report/reportlib.php');
         $reportlist = quiz_report_list($settings->get_page()->cm->context);
 
         $url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php',
-                array('id' => $settings->get_page()->cm->id, 'mode' => reset($reportlist)));
+                ['id' => $settings->get_page()->cm->id, 'mode' => reset($reportlist)]);
         $reportnode = $quiznode->add_node(navigation_node::create(get_string('results', 'quiz'), $url,
                 navigation_node::TYPE_SETTING,
                 null, 'quiz_report', new pix_icon('i/report', '')));
@@ -1824,7 +1825,7 @@ function quiz_extend_settings_navigation(settings_navigation $settings, navigati
  * @param array $options additional options affecting the file serving
  * @return bool false if file not found, does not return if found - justsend the file
  */
-function quiz_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload, array $options=array()) {
+function quiz_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload, array $options= []) {
     global $CFG, $DB;
 
     if ($context->contextlevel != CONTEXT_MODULE) {
@@ -1833,18 +1834,18 @@ function quiz_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $forcedownloa
 
     require_login($course, false, $cm);
 
-    if (!$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id'=>$cm->instance))) {
+    if (!$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $cm->instance])) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // The 'intro' area is served by pluginfile.php.
-    $fileareas = array('feedback');
+    $fileareas = ['feedback'];
     if (!in_array($filearea, $fileareas)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     $feedbackid = (int)array_shift($args);
-    if (!$feedback = $DB->get_record('quiz_feedback', array('id'=>$feedbackid))) {
+    if (!$feedback = $DB->get_record('quiz_feedback', ['id' => $feedbackid])) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1875,7 +1876,7 @@ function quiz_pluginfile($course, $cm, $context, $filearea, $args, $forcedownloa
  * @return bool false if file not found, does not return if found - justsend the file
  */
 function quiz_question_pluginfile($course, $context, $component,
-        $filearea, $qubaid, $slot, $args, $forcedownload, array $options=array()) {
+        $filearea, $qubaid, $slot, $args, $forcedownload, array $options= []) {
     global $CFG;
     require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
 
@@ -1917,7 +1918,7 @@ function quiz_question_pluginfile($course, $context, $component,
  * @param stdClass $currentcontext Current context of block
  */
 function quiz_page_type_list($pagetype, $parentcontext, $currentcontext) {
-    $module_pagetype = array(
+    $modulepagetype = [
         'mod-quiz-*'       => get_string('page-mod-quiz-x', 'quiz'),
         'mod-quiz-view'    => get_string('page-mod-quiz-view', 'quiz'),
         'mod-quiz-attempt' => get_string('page-mod-quiz-attempt', 'quiz'),
@@ -1925,18 +1926,18 @@ function quiz_page_type_list($pagetype, $parentcontext, $currentcontext) {
         'mod-quiz-review'  => get_string('page-mod-quiz-review', 'quiz'),
         'mod-quiz-edit'    => get_string('page-mod-quiz-edit', 'quiz'),
         'mod-quiz-report'  => get_string('page-mod-quiz-report', 'quiz'),
-    );
-    return $module_pagetype;
+    ];
+    return $modulepagetype;
 }
 
 /**
  * @return the options for quiz navigation.
  */
 function quiz_get_navigation_options() {
-    return array(
+    return [
         QUIZ_NAVMETHOD_FREE => get_string('navmethod_free', 'quiz'),
         QUIZ_NAVMETHOD_SEQ  => get_string('navmethod_seq', 'quiz')
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1948,14 +1949,14 @@ function quiz_get_navigation_options() {
  * @return stdClass an object with the different type of areas indicating if they were updated or not
  * @since Moodle 3.2
  */
-function quiz_check_updates_since(cm_info $cm, $from, $filter = array()) {
+function quiz_check_updates_since(cm_info $cm, $from, $filter = []) {
     global $DB, $USER, $CFG;
     require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
 
-    $updates = course_check_module_updates_since($cm, $from, array(), $filter);
+    $updates = course_check_module_updates_since($cm, $from, [], $filter);
 
     // Check if questions were updated.
-    $updates->questions = (object) array('updated' => false);
+    $updates->questions = (object) ['updated' => false];
     $quizobj = quiz_settings::create($cm->instance, $USER->id);
     $quizobj->preload_questions();
     $quizobj->load_questions();
@@ -1973,10 +1974,10 @@ function quiz_check_updates_since(cm_info $cm, $from, $filter = array()) {
     }
 
     // Check for new attempts or grades.
-    $updates->attempts = (object) array('updated' => false);
-    $updates->grades = (object) array('updated' => false);
+    $updates->attempts = (object) ['updated' => false];
+    $updates->grades = (object) ['updated' => false];
     $select = 'quiz = ? AND userid = ? AND timemodified > ?';
-    $params = array($cm->instance, $USER->id, $from);
+    $params = [$cm->instance, $USER->id, $from];
 
     $attempts = $DB->get_records_select('quiz_attempts', $select, $params, '', 'id');
     if (!empty($attempts)) {
@@ -1992,7 +1993,7 @@ function quiz_check_updates_since(cm_info $cm, $from, $filter = array()) {
     // Now, teachers should see other students updates.
     if (has_capability('mod/quiz:viewreports', $cm->context)) {
         $select = 'quiz = ? AND timemodified > ?';
-        $params = array($cm->instance, $from);
+        $params = [$cm->instance, $from];
 
         if (groups_get_activity_groupmode($cm) == SEPARATEGROUPS) {
             $groupusers = array_keys(groups_get_activity_shared_group_members($cm));
@@ -2004,14 +2005,14 @@ function quiz_check_updates_since(cm_info $cm, $from, $filter = array()) {
             $params = array_merge($params, $inparams);
         }
 
-        $updates->userattempts = (object) array('updated' => false);
+        $updates->userattempts = (object) ['updated' => false];
         $attempts = $DB->get_records_select('quiz_attempts', $select, $params, '', 'id');
         if (!empty($attempts)) {
             $updates->userattempts->updated = true;
             $updates->userattempts->itemids = array_keys($attempts);
         }
 
-        $updates->usergrades = (object) array('updated' => false);
+        $updates->usergrades = (object) ['updated' => false];
         $grades = $DB->get_records_select('quiz_grades', $select, $params, '', 'id');
         if (!empty($grades)) {
             $updates->usergrades->updated = true;
@@ -2383,7 +2384,7 @@ function mod_quiz_core_calendar_event_timestart_updated(\calendar_event $event,
         $DB->update_record('quiz', $quiz);
 
         if ($closedatechanged) {
-            quiz_update_open_attempts(array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+            quiz_update_open_attempts(['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
         }
 
         // Delete any previous preview attempts.
@@ -2423,7 +2424,7 @@ function mod_quiz_output_fragment_quiz_question_bank($args) {
             question_build_edit_resources('editq', '/mod/quiz/edit.php', $params, custom_view::DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
 
     // Get the course object and related bits.
-    $course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
     require_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $contexts->lowest());
 
     // Create quiz question bank view.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/locallib.php b/mod/quiz/locallib.php
index cdfa2bfd23c..f18deebca6f 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/locallib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/locallib.php
@@ -79,15 +79,15 @@ define('QUIZ_SHOWIMAGE_LARGE', 2);
  * user starting at the current time. The ->id field is not set. The object is
  * NOT written to the database.
  *
- * @param object $quizobj the quiz object to create an attempt for.
+ * @param quiz_settings $quizobj the quiz object to create an attempt for.
  * @param int $attemptnumber the sequence number for the attempt.
  * @param stdClass|false $lastattempt the previous attempt by this user, if any. Only needed
  *         if $attemptnumber > 1 and $quiz->attemptonlast is true.
  * @param int $timenow the time the attempt was started at.
  * @param bool $ispreview whether this new attempt is a preview.
- * @param int $userid  the id of the user attempting this quiz.
+ * @param int|null $userid  the id of the user attempting this quiz.
  *
- * @return object the newly created attempt object.
+ * @return stdClass the newly created attempt object.
  */
 function quiz_create_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, $attemptnumber, $lastattempt, $timenow, $ispreview = false, $userid = null) {
     global $USER;
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ function quiz_create_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, $attemptnumber, $lastattemp
     $quiz = $quizobj->get_quiz();
     if ($quiz->sumgrades < 0.000005 && $quiz->grade > 0.000005) {
         throw new moodle_exception('cannotstartgradesmismatch', 'quiz',
-                new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', array('q' => $quiz->id)),
-                    array('grade' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->grade)));
+                new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', ['q' => $quiz->id]),
+                    ['grade' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->grade)]);
     }
 
     if ($attemptnumber == 1 || !$quiz->attemptonlast) {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ function quiz_create_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, $attemptnumber, $lastattemp
  *
  * @param quiz_settings $quizobj        the quiz object to start an attempt for.
  * @param question_usage_by_activity $quba
- * @param object    $attempt
+ * @param stdClass    $attempt
  * @param integer   $attemptnumber      starting from 1
  * @param integer   $timenow            the attempt start time
  * @param array     $questionids        slot number => question id. Used for random questions, to force the choice
@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ function quiz_create_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, $attemptnumber, $lastattemp
  * @param array     $forcedvariantsbyslot slot number => variant. Used for questions with variants,
  *                                        to force the choice of a particular variant. Intended for testing
  *                                        purposes only.
- * @return object   modified attempt object
+ * @return stdClass   modified attempt object
  */
 function quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, $attemptnumber, $timenow,
-                                $questionids = array(), $forcedvariantsbyslot = array()) {
+                                $questionids = [], $forcedvariantsbyslot = []) {
 
     // Usages for this user's previous quiz attempts.
     $qubaids = new \mod_quiz\question\qubaids_for_users_attempts(
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ function quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, $attemptnumber, $time
     // First load all the non-random questions.
     $randomfound = false;
     $slot = 0;
-    $questions = array();
-    $maxmark = array();
-    $page = array();
+    $questions = [];
+    $maxmark = [];
+    $page = [];
     foreach ($quizobj->get_questions() as $questiondata) {
         $slot += 1;
         $maxmark[$slot] = $questiondata->maxmark;
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ function quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, $attemptnumber, $time
     // Then find a question to go in place of each random question.
     if ($randomfound) {
         $slot = 0;
-        $usedquestionids = array();
+        $usedquestionids = [];
         foreach ($questions as $question) {
             if ($question->id && isset($usedquestions[$question->id])) {
                 $usedquestionids[$question->id] += 1;
@@ -265,10 +265,10 @@ function quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, $attemptnumber, $time
         }
     }
 
-    $layout = array();
+    $layout = [];
     foreach ($sections as $section) {
         if ($section->shufflequestions) {
-            $questionsinthissection = array();
+            $questionsinthissection = [];
             for ($slot = $section->firstslot; $slot <= $section->lastslot; $slot += 1) {
                 $questionsinthissection[] = $slot;
             }
@@ -306,15 +306,15 @@ function quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, $attemptnumber, $time
  * Start a subsequent new attempt, in each attempt builds on last mode.
  *
  * @param question_usage_by_activity    $quba         this question usage
- * @param object                        $attempt      this attempt
- * @param object                        $lastattempt  last attempt
- * @return object                       modified attempt object
+ * @param stdClass                        $attempt      this attempt
+ * @param stdClass                        $lastattempt  last attempt
+ * @return stdClass                       modified attempt object
  *
  */
 function quiz_start_attempt_built_on_last($quba, $attempt, $lastattempt) {
     $oldquba = question_engine::load_questions_usage_by_activity($lastattempt->uniqueid);
 
-    $oldnumberstonew = array();
+    $oldnumberstonew = [];
     foreach ($oldquba->get_attempt_iterator() as $oldslot => $oldqa) {
         $newslot = $quba->add_question($oldqa->get_question(false), $oldqa->get_max_mark());
 
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ function quiz_start_attempt_built_on_last($quba, $attempt, $lastattempt) {
     }
 
     // Update attempt layout.
-    $newlayout = array();
+    $newlayout = [];
     foreach (explode(',', $lastattempt->layout) as $oldslot) {
         if ($oldslot != 0) {
             $newlayout[] = $oldnumberstonew[$oldslot];
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ function quiz_start_attempt_built_on_last($quba, $attempt, $lastattempt) {
  *
  * @param quiz_settings $quizobj
  * @param question_usage_by_activity $quba
- * @param object                     $attempt
- * @return object                    attempt object with uniqueid and id set.
+ * @param stdClass                     $attempt
+ * @return stdClass                    attempt object with uniqueid and id set.
  */
 function quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt) {
     global $DB;
@@ -352,17 +352,17 @@ function quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt) {
     $attempt->id = $DB->insert_record('quiz_attempts', $attempt);
 
     // Params used by the events below.
-    $params = array(
+    $params = [
         'objectid' => $attempt->id,
         'relateduserid' => $attempt->userid,
         'courseid' => $quizobj->get_courseid(),
         'context' => $quizobj->get_context()
-    );
+    ];
     // Decide which event we are using.
     if ($attempt->preview) {
-        $params['other'] = array(
+        $params['other'] = [
             'quizid' => $quizobj->get_quizid()
-        );
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_preview_started::create($params);
     } else {
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_started::create($params);
@@ -399,12 +399,12 @@ function quiz_get_user_attempt_unfinished($quizid, $userid) {
  * Delete a quiz attempt.
  * @param mixed $attempt an integer attempt id or an attempt object
  *      (row of the quiz_attempts table).
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object.
  */
 function quiz_delete_attempt($attempt, $quiz) {
     global $DB;
     if (is_numeric($attempt)) {
-        if (!$attempt = $DB->get_record('quiz_attempts', array('id' => $attempt))) {
+        if (!$attempt = $DB->get_record('quiz_attempts', ['id' => $attempt])) {
             return;
         }
     }
@@ -421,18 +421,18 @@ function quiz_delete_attempt($attempt, $quiz) {
     }
 
     question_engine::delete_questions_usage_by_activity($attempt->uniqueid);
-    $DB->delete_records('quiz_attempts', array('id' => $attempt->id));
+    $DB->delete_records('quiz_attempts', ['id' => $attempt->id]);
 
     // Log the deletion of the attempt if not a preview.
     if (!$attempt->preview) {
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => $attempt->id,
             'relateduserid' => $attempt->userid,
             'context' => context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_deleted::create($params);
         $event->add_record_snapshot('quiz_attempts', $attempt);
         $event->trigger();
@@ -442,8 +442,8 @@ function quiz_delete_attempt($attempt, $quiz) {
     // If none, then delete record for this quiz, this user from quiz_grades
     // else recalculate best grade.
     $userid = $attempt->userid;
-    if (!$DB->record_exists('quiz_attempts', array('userid' => $userid, 'quiz' => $quiz->id))) {
-        $DB->delete_records('quiz_grades', array('userid' => $userid, 'quiz' => $quiz->id));
+    if (!$DB->record_exists('quiz_attempts', ['userid' => $userid, 'quiz' => $quiz->id])) {
+        $DB->delete_records('quiz_grades', ['userid' => $userid, 'quiz' => $quiz->id]);
     } else {
         quiz_save_best_grade($quiz, $userid);
     }
@@ -454,12 +454,12 @@ function quiz_delete_attempt($attempt, $quiz) {
 /**
  * Delete all the preview attempts at a quiz, or possibly all the attempts belonging
  * to one user.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object.
  * @param int $userid (optional) if given, only delete the previews belonging to this user.
  */
 function quiz_delete_previews($quiz, $userid = null) {
     global $DB;
-    $conditions = array('quiz' => $quiz->id, 'preview' => 1);
+    $conditions = ['quiz' => $quiz->id, 'preview' => 1];
     if (!empty($userid)) {
         $conditions['userid'] = $userid;
     }
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ function quiz_delete_previews($quiz, $userid = null) {
  */
 function quiz_has_attempts($quizid) {
     global $DB;
-    return $DB->record_exists('quiz_attempts', array('quiz' => $quizid, 'preview' => 0));
+    return $DB->record_exists('quiz_attempts', ['quiz' => $quizid, 'preview' => 0]);
 }
 
 // Functions to do with quiz layout and pages //////////////////////////////////
@@ -489,8 +489,8 @@ function quiz_repaginate_questions($quizid, $slotsperpage) {
     global $DB;
     $trans = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();
 
-    $sections = $DB->get_records('quiz_sections', array('quizid' => $quizid), 'firstslot ASC');
-    $firstslots = array();
+    $sections = $DB->get_records('quiz_sections', ['quizid' => $quizid], 'firstslot ASC');
+    $firstslots = [];
     foreach ($sections as $section) {
         if ((int)$section->firstslot === 1) {
             continue;
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ function quiz_repaginate_questions($quizid, $slotsperpage) {
         $firstslots[] = $section->firstslot;
     }
 
-    $slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quizid),
+    $slots = $DB->get_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quizid],
             'slot');
     $currentpage = 1;
     $slotsonthispage = 0;
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ function quiz_repaginate_questions($quizid, $slotsperpage) {
             $slotsonthispage = 0;
         }
         if ($slot->page != $currentpage) {
-            $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'page', $currentpage, array('id' => $slot->id));
+            $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'page', $currentpage, ['id' => $slot->id]);
         }
         $slotsonthispage += 1;
     }
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ function quiz_repaginate_questions($quizid, $slotsperpage) {
  * grade for this quiz.
  *
  * @param float $rawgrade the unadjusted grade, fof example $attempt->sumgrades
- * @param object $quiz the quiz object. Only the fields grade, sumgrades and decimalpoints are used.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz object. Only the fields grade, sumgrades and decimalpoints are used.
  * @param bool|string $format whether to format the results for display
  *      or 'question' to format a question grade (different number of decimal places.
  * @return float|string the rescaled grade, or null/the lang string 'notyetgraded'
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ function quiz_rescale_grade($rawgrade, $quiz, $format = true) {
  * Get the feedback object for this grade on this quiz.
  *
  * @param float $grade a grade on this quiz.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  * @return false|stdClass the record object or false if there is not feedback for the given grade
  * @since  Moodle 3.1
  */
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ function quiz_feedback_record_for_grade($grade, $quiz) {
     $grade = max($grade, 0);
 
     $feedback = $DB->get_record_select('quiz_feedback',
-            'quizid = ? AND mingrade <= ? AND ? < maxgrade', array($quiz->id, $grade, $grade));
+            'quizid = ? AND mingrade <= ? AND ? < maxgrade', [$quiz->id, $grade, $grade]);
 
     return $feedback;
 }
@@ -611,17 +611,17 @@ function quiz_feedback_for_grade($grade, $quiz, $context) {
 }
 
 /**
- * @param object $quiz the quiz database row.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz database row.
  * @return bool Whether this quiz has any non-blank feedback text.
  */
 function quiz_has_feedback($quiz) {
     global $DB;
-    static $cache = array();
+    static $cache = [];
     if (!array_key_exists($quiz->id, $cache)) {
         $cache[$quiz->id] = quiz_has_grades($quiz) &&
                 $DB->record_exists_select('quiz_feedback', "quizid = ? AND " .
                     $DB->sql_isnotempty('quiz_feedback', 'feedbacktext', false, true),
-                array($quiz->id));
+                [$quiz->id]);
     }
     return $cache[$quiz->id];
 }
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ function quiz_has_feedback($quiz) {
  *
  * You should call {@link quiz_delete_previews()} before you call this function.
  *
- * @param object $quiz a quiz.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz a quiz.
  */
 function quiz_update_sumgrades($quiz) {
     global $DB;
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ function quiz_update_sumgrades($quiz) {
                 WHERE quizid = {quiz}.id
             ), 0)
             WHERE id = ?';
-    $DB->execute($sql, array($quiz->id));
-    $quiz->sumgrades = $DB->get_field('quiz', 'sumgrades', array('id' => $quiz->id));
+    $DB->execute($sql, [$quiz->id]);
+    $quiz->sumgrades = $DB->get_field('quiz', 'sumgrades', ['id' => $quiz->id]);
 
     if ($quiz->sumgrades < 0.000005 && quiz_has_attempts($quiz->id)) {
         // If the quiz has been attempted, and the sumgrades has been
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ function quiz_update_sumgrades($quiz) {
 /**
  * Update the sumgrades field of the attempts at a quiz.
  *
- * @param object $quiz a quiz.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz a quiz.
  */
 function quiz_update_all_attempt_sumgrades($quiz) {
     global $DB;
@@ -673,8 +673,8 @@ function quiz_update_all_attempt_sumgrades($quiz) {
                     {$dm->sum_usage_marks_subquery('uniqueid')}
                 )
             WHERE quiz = :quizid AND state = :finishedstate";
-    $DB->execute($sql, array('timenow' => $timenow, 'quizid' => $quiz->id,
-            'finishedstate' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED));
+    $DB->execute($sql, ['timenow' => $timenow, 'quizid' => $quiz->id,
+            'finishedstate' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED]);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ function quiz_update_all_attempt_sumgrades($quiz) {
  * quiz_update_grades.
  *
  * @param float $newgrade the new maximum grade for the quiz.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz we are updating. Passed by reference so its
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz we are updating. Passed by reference so its
  *      grade field can be updated too.
  * @return bool indicating success or failure.
  */
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ function quiz_set_grade($newgrade, $quiz) {
     $transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();
 
     // Update the quiz table.
-    $DB->set_field('quiz', 'grade', $newgrade, array('id' => $quiz->instance));
+    $DB->set_field('quiz', 'grade', $newgrade, ['id' => $quiz->instance]);
 
     if ($oldgrade < 1) {
         // If the old grade was zero, we cannot rescale, we have to recompute.
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ function quiz_set_grade($newgrade, $quiz) {
                 UPDATE {quiz_grades}
                 SET grade = ? * grade, timemodified = ?
                 WHERE quiz = ?
-        ", array($newgrade/$oldgrade, $timemodified, $quiz->id));
+        ", [$newgrade / $oldgrade, $timemodified, $quiz->id]);
     }
 
     if ($oldgrade > 1e-7) {
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ function quiz_set_grade($newgrade, $quiz) {
                 UPDATE {quiz_feedback}
                 SET mingrade = ? * mingrade, maxgrade = ? * maxgrade
                 WHERE quizid = ?
-        ", array($factor, $factor, $quiz->id));
+        ", [$factor, $factor, $quiz->id]);
     }
 
     // Update grade item and send all grades to gradebook.
@@ -755,14 +755,14 @@ function quiz_set_grade($newgrade, $quiz) {
 /**
  * Save the overall grade for a user at a quiz in the quiz_grades table
  *
- * @param object $quiz The quiz for which the best grade is to be calculated and then saved.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz for which the best grade is to be calculated and then saved.
  * @param int $userid The userid to calculate the grade for. Defaults to the current user.
  * @param array $attempts The attempts of this user. Useful if you are
  * looping through many users. Attempts can be fetched in one master query to
  * avoid repeated querying.
  * @return bool Indicates success or failure.
  */
-function quiz_save_best_grade($quiz, $userid = null, $attempts = array()) {
+function quiz_save_best_grade($quiz, $userid = null, $attempts = []) {
     global $DB, $OUTPUT, $USER;
 
     if (empty($userid)) {
@@ -780,10 +780,10 @@ function quiz_save_best_grade($quiz, $userid = null, $attempts = array()) {
 
     // Save the best grade in the database.
     if (is_null($bestgrade)) {
-        $DB->delete_records('quiz_grades', array('quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid));
+        $DB->delete_records('quiz_grades', ['quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid]);
 
     } else if ($grade = $DB->get_record('quiz_grades',
-            array('quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid))) {
+            ['quiz' => $quiz->id, 'userid' => $userid])) {
         $grade->grade = $bestgrade;
         $grade->timemodified = time();
         $DB->update_record('quiz_grades', $grade);
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ function quiz_save_best_grade($quiz, $userid = null, $attempts = array()) {
 /**
  * Calculate the overall grade for a quiz given a number of attempts by a particular user.
  *
- * @param object $quiz    the quiz settings object.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz    the quiz settings object.
  * @param array $attempts an array of all the user's attempts at this quiz in order.
  * @return float          the overall grade
  */
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ function quiz_calculate_best_grade($quiz, $attempts) {
  * This function is equivalent to calling quiz_save_best_grade for all
  * users, but much more efficient.
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  */
 function quiz_update_all_final_grades($quiz) {
     global $DB;
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ function quiz_update_all_final_grades($quiz) {
         return;
     }
 
-    $param = array('iquizid' => $quiz->id, 'istatefinished' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED);
+    $param = ['iquizid' => $quiz->id, 'istatefinished' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED];
     $firstlastattemptjoin = "JOIN (
             SELECT
                 iquiza.userid,
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ function quiz_update_all_final_grades($quiz) {
             $param);
 
     $timenow = time();
-    $todelete = array();
+    $todelete = [];
     foreach ($changedgrades as $changedgrade) {
 
         if (is_null($changedgrade->newgrade)) {
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ function quiz_update_all_final_grades($quiz) {
     if (!empty($todelete)) {
         list($test, $params) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($todelete);
         $DB->delete_records_select('quiz_grades', 'quiz = ? AND userid ' . $test,
-                array_merge(array($quiz->id), $params));
+                array_merge([$quiz->id], $params));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1075,13 +1075,13 @@ function quiz_update_open_attempts(array $conditions) {
 
     foreach ($conditions as &$value) {
         if (!is_array($value)) {
-            $value = array($value);
+            $value = [$value];
         }
     }
 
-    $params = array();
-    $wheres = array("quiza.state IN ('inprogress', 'overdue')");
-    $iwheres = array("iquiza.state IN ('inprogress', 'overdue')");
+    $params = [];
+    $wheres = ["quiza.state IN ('inprogress', 'overdue')"];
+    $iwheres = ["iquiza.state IN ('inprogress', 'overdue')"];
 
     if (isset($conditions['courseid'])) {
         list ($incond, $inparams) = $DB->get_in_or_equal($conditions['courseid'], SQL_PARAMS_NAMED, 'cid');
@@ -1218,8 +1218,8 @@ function quiz_get_attempt_usertime_sql($redundantwhereclauses = '') {
  *
  * Which attempt is the best depends on $quiz->grademethod. If the grade
  * method is GRADEAVERAGE then this function simply returns the last attempt.
- * @return object         The attempt with the best grade
- * @param object $quiz    The quiz for which the best grade is to be calculated
+ * @return stdClass         The attempt with the best grade
+ * @param stdClass $quiz    The quiz for which the best grade is to be calculated
  * @param array $attempts An array of all the attempts of the user at the quiz
  */
 function quiz_calculate_best_attempt($quiz, $attempts) {
@@ -1257,12 +1257,12 @@ function quiz_calculate_best_attempt($quiz, $attempts) {
  *      from the individual attempt grades.
  */
 function quiz_get_grading_options() {
-    return array(
+    return [
         QUIZ_GRADEHIGHEST => get_string('gradehighest', 'quiz'),
         QUIZ_GRADEAVERAGE => get_string('gradeaverage', 'quiz'),
         QUIZ_ATTEMPTFIRST => get_string('attemptfirst', 'quiz'),
         QUIZ_ATTEMPTLAST  => get_string('attemptlast', 'quiz')
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1280,11 +1280,11 @@ function quiz_get_grading_option_name($option) {
  *      attempts.
  */
 function quiz_get_overdue_handling_options() {
-    return array(
+    return [
         'autosubmit'  => get_string('overduehandlingautosubmit', 'quiz'),
         'graceperiod' => get_string('overduehandlinggraceperiod', 'quiz'),
         'autoabandon' => get_string('overduehandlingautoabandon', 'quiz'),
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1292,18 +1292,18 @@ function quiz_get_overdue_handling_options() {
  * @return array string => lang string the options for whether to display the user's picture.
  */
 function quiz_get_user_image_options() {
-    return array(
+    return [
         QUIZ_SHOWIMAGE_NONE  => get_string('shownoimage', 'quiz'),
         QUIZ_SHOWIMAGE_SMALL => get_string('showsmallimage', 'quiz'),
         QUIZ_SHOWIMAGE_LARGE => get_string('showlargeimage', 'quiz'),
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 /**
  * Return an user's timeclose for all quizzes in a course, hereby taking into account group and user overrides.
  *
  * @param int $courseid the course id.
- * @return object An object with of all quizids and close unixdates in this course, taking into account the most lenient
+ * @return stdClass An object with of all quizids and close unixdates in this course, taking into account the most lenient
  * overrides, if existing and 0 if no close date is set.
  */
 function quiz_get_user_timeclose($courseid) {
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ function quiz_get_user_timeclose($courseid) {
                   FROM {quiz} quiz
                  WHERE quiz.course = :courseid";
 
-        $results = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, array('courseid' => $courseid));
+        $results = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, ['courseid' => $courseid]);
         return $results;
     }
 
@@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@ function quiz_get_user_timeclose($courseid) {
    GROUP BY quiz.id) v
        JOIN {quiz} q ON q.id = v.quizid";
 
-    $results = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, array('userid' => $USER->id, 'useringroupid' => $USER->id, 'courseid' => $courseid));
+    $results = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, ['userid' => $USER->id, 'useringroupid' => $USER->id, 'courseid' => $courseid]);
     return $results;
 
 }
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@ function quiz_get_user_timeclose($courseid) {
  * @return array int => string.
  */
 function quiz_questions_per_page_options() {
-    $pageoptions = array();
+    $pageoptions = [];
     $pageoptions[0] = get_string('neverallononepage', 'quiz');
     $pageoptions[1] = get_string('everyquestion', 'quiz');
     for ($i = 2; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_QPP_OPTION; ++$i) {
@@ -1374,12 +1374,11 @@ function quiz_attempt_state_name($state) {
 // Other quiz functions ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 /**
- * @param object $quiz the quiz.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz.
  * @param int $cmid the course_module object for this quiz.
- * @param object $question the question.
+ * @param stdClass $question the question.
  * @param string $returnurl url to return to after action is done.
  * @param int $variant which question variant to preview (optional).
- * @param bool $random if question is random, true.
  * @return string html for a number of icons linked to action pages for a
  * question - preview and edit / view icons depending on user capabilities.
  */
@@ -1394,7 +1393,7 @@ function quiz_question_action_icons($quiz, $cmid, $question, $returnurl, $varian
 
 /**
  * @param int $cmid the course_module.id for this quiz.
- * @param object $question the question.
+ * @param stdClass $question the question.
  * @param string $returnurl url to return to after action is done.
  * @param string $contentbeforeicon some HTML content to be added inside the link, before the icon.
  * @return the HTML for an edit icon, view icon, or nothing for a question
@@ -1429,7 +1428,7 @@ function quiz_question_edit_button($cmid, $question, $returnurl, $contentafteric
         if ($returnurl instanceof moodle_url) {
             $returnurl = $returnurl->out_as_local_url(false);
         }
-        $questionparams = array('returnurl' => $returnurl, 'cmid' => $cmid, 'id' => $question->id);
+        $questionparams = ['returnurl' => $returnurl, 'cmid' => $cmid, 'id' => $question->id];
         $questionurl = new moodle_url("$CFG->wwwroot/question/bank/editquestion/question.php", $questionparams);
         return '<a title="' . $action . '" href="' . $questionurl->out() . '" class="questioneditbutton">' .
                 $OUTPUT->pix_icon($icon, $action) . $contentaftericon .
@@ -1442,8 +1441,8 @@ function quiz_question_edit_button($cmid, $question, $returnurl, $contentafteric
 }
 
 /**
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings
- * @param object $question the question
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings
+ * @param stdClass $question the question
  * @param int $variant which question variant to preview (optional).
  * @return moodle_url to preview this question with the options from this quiz.
  */
@@ -1463,8 +1462,8 @@ function quiz_question_preview_url($quiz, $question, $variant = null) {
 }
 
 /**
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings
- * @param object $question the question
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings
+ * @param stdClass $question the question
  * @param bool $label if true, show the preview question label after the icon
  * @param int $variant which question variant to preview (optional).
  * @param bool $random if question is random, true.
@@ -1479,8 +1478,8 @@ function quiz_question_preview_button($quiz, $question, $label = false, $variant
 }
 
 /**
- * @param object $attempt the attempt.
- * @param object $context the quiz context.
+ * @param stdClass $attempt the attempt.
+ * @param stdClass $context the quiz context.
  * @return int whether flags should be shown/editable to the current user for this attempt.
  */
 function quiz_get_flag_option($attempt, $context) {
@@ -1497,8 +1496,8 @@ function quiz_get_flag_option($attempt, $context) {
 /**
  * Work out what state this quiz attempt is in - in the sense used by
  * quiz_get_review_options, not in the sense of $attempt->state.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings
- * @param object $attempt the quiz_attempt database row.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings
+ * @param stdClass $attempt the quiz_attempt database row.
  * @return int one of the display_options::DURING,
  *      IMMEDIATELY_AFTER, LATER_WHILE_OPEN or AFTER_CLOSE constants.
  */
@@ -1530,7 +1529,7 @@ function quiz_get_review_options($quiz, $attempt, $context) {
     $options->flags = quiz_get_flag_option($attempt, $context);
     if (!empty($attempt->id)) {
         $options->questionreviewlink = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/reviewquestion.php',
-                array('attempt' => $attempt->id));
+                ['attempt' => $attempt->id]);
     }
 
     // Show a link to the comment box only for closed attempts.
@@ -1538,7 +1537,7 @@ function quiz_get_review_options($quiz, $attempt, $context) {
             !is_null($context) && has_capability('mod/quiz:grade', $context)) {
         $options->manualcomment = question_display_options::VISIBLE;
         $options->manualcommentlink = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/comment.php',
-                array('attempt' => $attempt->id));
+                ['attempt' => $attempt->id]);
     }
 
     if (!is_null($context) && !$attempt->preview &&
@@ -1569,7 +1568,7 @@ function quiz_get_review_options($quiz, $attempt, $context) {
  * funciton is:
  * list($someoptions, $alloptions) = quiz_get_combined_reviewoptions(...)
  *
- * @param object $quiz the quiz instance.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz instance.
  * @param array $attempts an array of attempt objects.
  *
  * @return array of two options objects, one showing which options are true for
@@ -1577,7 +1576,7 @@ function quiz_get_review_options($quiz, $attempt, $context) {
  *          for all attempts.
  */
 function quiz_get_combined_reviewoptions($quiz, $attempts) {
-    $fields = array('feedback', 'generalfeedback', 'rightanswer', 'overallfeedback');
+    $fields = ['feedback', 'generalfeedback', 'rightanswer', 'overallfeedback'];
     $someoptions = new stdClass();
     $alloptions = new stdClass();
     foreach ($fields as $field) {
@@ -1589,7 +1588,7 @@ function quiz_get_combined_reviewoptions($quiz, $attempts) {
 
     // This shouldn't happen, but we need to prevent reveal information.
     if (empty($attempts)) {
-        return array($someoptions, $someoptions);
+        return [$someoptions, $someoptions];
     }
 
     foreach ($attempts as $attempt) {
@@ -1602,7 +1601,7 @@ function quiz_get_combined_reviewoptions($quiz, $attempts) {
         $someoptions->marks = max($someoptions->marks, $attemptoptions->marks);
         $alloptions->marks = min($alloptions->marks, $attemptoptions->marks);
     }
-    return array($someoptions, $alloptions);
+    return [$someoptions, $alloptions];
 }
 
 // Functions for sending notification messages /////////////////////////////////
@@ -1610,7 +1609,8 @@ function quiz_get_combined_reviewoptions($quiz, $attempts) {
 /**
  * Sends a confirmation message to the student confirming that the attempt was processed.
  *
- * @param object $a lots of useful information that can be used in the message
+ * @param stdClass $recipient user object for the recipient.
+ * @param stdClass $a lots of useful information that can be used in the message
  *      subject and body.
  * @param bool $studentisonline is the student currently interacting with Moodle?
  *
@@ -1659,8 +1659,9 @@ function quiz_send_confirmation($recipient, $a, $studentisonline) {
 /**
  * Sends notification messages to the interested parties that assign the role capability
  *
- * @param object $recipient user object of the intended recipient
- * @param object $a associative array of replaceable fields for the templates
+ * @param stdClass $recipient user object of the intended recipient
+ * @param stdClass $submitter user object for the user who submitted the attempt.
+ * @param stdClass $a associative array of replaceable fields for the templates
  *
  * @return int|false as for {@link message_send()}.
  */
@@ -1706,11 +1707,11 @@ function quiz_send_notification($recipient, $submitter, $a) {
 /**
  * Send all the requried messages when a quiz attempt is submitted.
  *
- * @param object $course the course
- * @param object $quiz the quiz
- * @param object $attempt this attempt just finished
- * @param object $context the quiz context
- * @param object $cm the coursemodule for this quiz
+ * @param stdClass $course the course
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz
+ * @param stdClass $attempt this attempt just finished
+ * @param stdClass $context the quiz context
+ * @param stdClass $cm the coursemodule for this quiz
  * @param bool $studentisonline is the student currently interacting with Moodle?
  *
  * @return bool true if all necessary messages were sent successfully, else false.
@@ -1723,7 +1724,7 @@ function quiz_send_notification_messages($course, $quiz, $attempt, $context, $cm
         throw new coding_exception('$course, $quiz, $attempt, $context and $cm must all be set.');
     }
 
-    $submitter = $DB->get_record('user', array('id' => $attempt->userid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $submitter = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $attempt->userid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
     // Check for confirmation required.
     $sendconfirm = false;
@@ -1810,7 +1811,7 @@ function quiz_send_notification_messages($course, $quiz, $attempt, $context, $cm
 function quiz_send_overdue_message($attemptobj) {
     global $CFG, $DB;
 
-    $submitter = $DB->get_record('user', array('id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $submitter = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
     if (!$attemptobj->has_capability('mod/quiz:emailwarnoverdue', $submitter->id, false)) {
         return; // Message not required.
@@ -1824,7 +1825,7 @@ function quiz_send_overdue_message($attemptobj) {
     // the email message.
     $quizname = format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name());
 
-    $deadlines = array();
+    $deadlines = [];
     if ($attemptobj->get_quiz()->timelimit) {
         $deadlines[] = $attemptobj->get_attempt()->timestart + $attemptobj->get_quiz()->timelimit;
     }
@@ -1885,12 +1886,12 @@ function quiz_send_overdue_message($attemptobj) {
  *
  * This sends the confirmation and notification messages, if required.
  *
- * @param object $event the event object.
+ * @param stdClass $event the event object.
  */
 function quiz_attempt_submitted_handler($event) {
     global $DB;
 
-    $course  = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $event->courseid));
+    $course  = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $event->courseid]);
     $attempt = $event->get_record_snapshot('quiz_attempts', $event->objectid);
     $quiz    = $event->get_record_snapshot('quiz', $attempt->quiz);
     $cm      = get_coursemodule_from_id('quiz', $event->get_context()->instanceid, $event->courseid);
@@ -1916,7 +1917,7 @@ function quiz_attempt_submitted_handler($event) {
  * Send the notification message when a quiz attempt has been manual graded.
  *
  * @param quiz_attempt $attemptobj Some data about the quiz attempt.
- * @param object $userto
+ * @param stdClass $userto
  * @return int|false As for message_send.
  */
 function quiz_send_notify_manual_graded_message(quiz_attempt $attemptobj, object $userto): ?int {
@@ -1976,7 +1977,7 @@ function quiz_process_group_deleted_in_course($courseid) {
              WHERE quiz.course = :courseid
                AND o.groupid IS NOT NULL
                AND grp.id IS NULL";
-    $params = array('courseid' => $courseid);
+    $params = ['courseid' => $courseid];
     $records = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, $params);
     if (!$records) {
         return; // Nothing to do.
@@ -1996,26 +1997,26 @@ function quiz_process_group_deleted_in_course($courseid) {
 function quiz_get_js_module() {
     global $PAGE;
 
-    return array(
+    return [
         'name' => 'mod_quiz',
         'fullpath' => '/mod/quiz/module.js',
-        'requires' => array('base', 'dom', 'event-delegate', 'event-key',
-                'core_question_engine'),
-        'strings' => array(
-            array('cancel', 'moodle'),
-            array('flagged', 'question'),
-            array('functiondisabledbysecuremode', 'quiz'),
-            array('startattempt', 'quiz'),
-            array('timesup', 'quiz'),
-        ),
-    );
+        'requires' => ['base', 'dom', 'event-delegate', 'event-key',
+                'core_question_engine'],
+        'strings' => [
+            ['cancel', 'moodle'],
+            ['flagged', 'question'],
+            ['functiondisabledbysecuremode', 'quiz'],
+            ['startattempt', 'quiz'],
+            ['timesup', 'quiz'],
+        ],
+    ];
 }
 
 
 /**
  * Creates a textual representation of a question for display.
  *
- * @param object $question A question object from the database questions table
+ * @param stdClass $question A question object from the database questions table
  * @param bool $showicon If true, show the question's icon with the question. False by default.
  * @param bool $showquestiontext If true (default), show question text after question name.
  *       If false, show only question name.
@@ -2058,7 +2059,7 @@ function quiz_question_tostring($question, $showicon = false, $showquestiontext
     // Question text.
     if ($showquestiontext) {
         $questiontext = question_utils::to_plain_text($question->questiontext,
-                $question->questiontextformat, array('noclean' => true, 'para' => false));
+                $question->questiontextformat, ['noclean' => true, 'para' => false]);
         $questiontext = shorten_text($questiontext, 50);
         if ($questiontext) {
             $result .= ' ' . html_writer::span(s($questiontext), 'questiontext');
@@ -2075,7 +2076,7 @@ function quiz_question_tostring($question, $showicon = false, $showquestiontext
  */
 function quiz_require_question_use($questionid) {
     global $DB;
-    $question = $DB->get_record('question', array('id' => $questionid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $question = $DB->get_record('question', ['id' => $questionid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
     question_require_capability_on($question, 'use');
 }
 
@@ -2085,7 +2086,7 @@ function quiz_require_question_use($questionid) {
  * Adds a question to a quiz by updating $quiz as well as the
  * quiz and quiz_slots tables. It also adds a page break if required.
  * @param int $questionid The id of the question to be added
- * @param object $quiz The extended quiz object as used by edit.php
+ * @param stdClass $quiz The extended quiz object as used by edit.php
  *      This is updated by this function
  * @param int $page Which page in quiz to add the question on. If 0 (default),
  *      add at the end
@@ -2102,7 +2103,7 @@ function quiz_add_quiz_question($questionid, $quiz, $page = 0, $maxmark = null)
     }
 
     // Make sue the question is not of the "random" type.
-    $questiontype = $DB->get_field('question', 'qtype', array('id' => $questionid));
+    $questiontype = $DB->get_field('question', 'qtype', ['id' => $questionid]);
     if ($questiontype == 'random') {
         throw new coding_exception(
                 'Adding "random" questions via quiz_add_quiz_question() is deprecated. Please use quiz_add_random_questions().'
@@ -2153,7 +2154,7 @@ function quiz_add_quiz_question($questionid, $quiz, $page = 0, $maxmark = null)
     if ($maxmark !== null) {
         $slot->maxmark = $maxmark;
     } else {
-        $slot->maxmark = $DB->get_field('question', 'defaultmark', array('id' => $questionid));
+        $slot->maxmark = $DB->get_field('question', 'defaultmark', ['id' => $questionid]);
     }
 
     if (is_int($page) && $page >= 1) {
@@ -2161,7 +2162,7 @@ function quiz_add_quiz_question($questionid, $quiz, $page = 0, $maxmark = null)
         $lastslotbefore = 0;
         foreach (array_reverse($slots) as $otherslot) {
             if ($otherslot->page > $page) {
-                $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'slot', $otherslot->slot + 1, array('id' => $otherslot->id));
+                $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'slot', $otherslot->slot + 1, ['id' => $otherslot->id]);
             } else {
                 $lastslotbefore = $otherslot->slot;
                 break;
@@ -2333,10 +2334,10 @@ function quiz_add_random_questions($quiz, $addonpage, $categoryid, $number,
  */
 function quiz_view($quiz, $course, $cm, $context) {
 
-    $params = array(
+    $params = [
         'objectid' => $quiz->id,
         'context' => $context
-    );
+    ];
 
     $event = \mod_quiz\event\course_module_viewed::create($params);
     $event->add_record_snapshot('quiz', $quiz);
@@ -2376,7 +2377,7 @@ function quiz_validate_new_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, access_manager $acces
         // To force the creation of a new preview, we mark the current attempt (if any)
         // as abandoned. It will then automatically be deleted below.
         $DB->set_field('quiz_attempts', 'state', quiz_attempt::ABANDONED,
-                array('quiz' => $quizobj->get_quizid(), 'userid' => $USER->id));
+                ['quiz' => $quizobj->get_quizid(), 'userid' => $USER->id]);
     }
 
     // Look for an existing attempt.
@@ -2428,7 +2429,7 @@ function quiz_validate_new_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, access_manager $acces
             $page = 0;
         }
     }
-    return array($currentattemptid, $attemptnumber, $lastattempt, $messages, $page);
+    return [$currentattemptid, $attemptnumber, $lastattempt, $messages, $page];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -2436,14 +2437,14 @@ function quiz_validate_new_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, access_manager $acces
  *
  * @param quiz_settings $quizobj quiz object
  * @param int $attemptnumber the attempt number
- * @param object $lastattempt last attempt object
+ * @param stdClass $lastattempt last attempt object
  * @param bool $offlineattempt whether is an offline attempt or not
  * @param array $forcedrandomquestions slot number => question id. Used for random questions,
  *      to force the choice of a particular actual question. Intended for testing purposes only.
  * @param array $forcedvariants slot number => variant. Used for questions with variants,
  *      to force the choice of a particular variant. Intended for testing purposes only.
  * @param int $userid Specific user id to create an attempt for that user, null for current logged in user
- * @return object the new attempt
+ * @return stdClass the new attempt
  * @since  Moodle 3.1
  */
 function quiz_prepare_and_start_new_attempt(quiz_settings $quizobj, $attemptnumber, $lastattempt,
@@ -2538,7 +2539,7 @@ function quiz_create_attempt_handling_errors($attemptid, $cmid = null) {
     } catch (moodle_exception $e) {
         if (!empty($cmid)) {
             list($course, $cm) = get_course_and_cm_from_cmid($cmid, 'quiz');
-            $continuelink = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', array('id' => $cmid));
+            $continuelink = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', ['id' => $cmid]);
             $context = context_module::instance($cm->id);
             if (has_capability('mod/quiz:preview', $context)) {
                 throw new moodle_exception('attempterrorcontentchange', 'quiz', $continuelink);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/mod_form.php b/mod/quiz/mod_form.php
index a9fec29231b..44cff553ebd 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/mod_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/mod_form.php
@@ -39,29 +39,32 @@ use mod_quiz\question\display_options;
  */
 class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
     /** @var array options to be used with date_time_selector fields in the quiz. */
-    public static $datefieldoptions = array('optional' => true);
+    public static $datefieldoptions = ['optional' => true];
 
+    /** @var array caches the quiz overall feedback, for convenience. */
     protected $_feedbacks;
-    protected static $reviewfields = array(); // Initialised in the constructor.
+
+    /** @var array for convenience stores the list of types of review option. Initialised in the constructor. */
+    protected static $reviewfields = [];
 
     /** @var int the max number of attempts allowed in any user or group override on this quiz. */
     protected $maxattemptsanyoverride = null;
 
     public function __construct($current, $section, $cm, $course) {
-        self::$reviewfields = array(
-            'attempt'          => array('theattempt', 'quiz'),
-            'correctness'      => array('whethercorrect', 'question'),
-            'marks'            => array('marks', 'quiz'),
-            'specificfeedback' => array('specificfeedback', 'question'),
-            'generalfeedback'  => array('generalfeedback', 'question'),
-            'rightanswer'      => array('rightanswer', 'question'),
-            'overallfeedback'  => array('reviewoverallfeedback', 'quiz'),
-        );
+        self::$reviewfields = [
+            'attempt'          => ['theattempt', 'quiz'],
+            'correctness'      => ['whethercorrect', 'question'],
+            'marks'            => ['marks', 'quiz'],
+            'specificfeedback' => ['specificfeedback', 'question'],
+            'generalfeedback'  => ['generalfeedback', 'question'],
+            'rightanswer'      => ['rightanswer', 'question'],
+            'overallfeedback'  => ['reviewoverallfeedback', 'quiz'],
+        ];
         parent::__construct($current, $section, $cm, $course);
     }
 
     protected function definition() {
-        global $COURSE, $CFG, $DB, $PAGE;
+        global $CFG, $DB, $PAGE;
         $quizconfig = get_config('quiz');
         $mform = $this->_form;
 
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         $mform->addElement('header', 'general', get_string('general', 'form'));
 
         // Name.
-        $mform->addElement('text', 'name', get_string('name'), array('size'=>'64'));
+        $mform->addElement('text', 'name', get_string('name'), ['size' => '64']);
         if (!empty($CFG->formatstringstriptags)) {
             $mform->setType('name', PARAM_TEXT);
         } else {
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
 
         // Time limit.
         $mform->addElement('duration', 'timelimit', get_string('timelimit', 'quiz'),
-                array('optional' => true));
+                ['optional' => true]);
         $mform->addHelpButton('timelimit', 'timelimit', 'quiz');
 
         // What to do with overdue attempts.
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
 
         // Grace period time.
         $mform->addElement('duration', 'graceperiod', get_string('graceperiod', 'quiz'),
-                array('optional' => true));
+                ['optional' => true]);
         $mform->addHelpButton('graceperiod', 'graceperiod', 'quiz');
         $mform->hideIf('graceperiod', 'overduehandling', 'neq', 'graceperiod');
 
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         $mform->setType('grade', PARAM_FLOAT);
 
         // Number of attempts.
-        $attemptoptions = array('0' => get_string('unlimited'));
+        $attemptoptions = ['0' => get_string('unlimited')];
         for ($i = 1; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_ATTEMPT_OPTION; $i++) {
             $attemptoptions[$i] = $i;
         }
@@ -143,14 +146,14 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         $mform->addElement('header', 'layouthdr', get_string('layout', 'quiz'));
 
-        $pagegroup = array();
+        $pagegroup = [];
         $pagegroup[] = $mform->createElement('select', 'questionsperpage',
-                get_string('newpage', 'quiz'), quiz_questions_per_page_options(), array('id' => 'id_questionsperpage'));
+                get_string('newpage', 'quiz'), quiz_questions_per_page_options(), ['id' => 'id_questionsperpage']);
         $mform->setDefault('questionsperpage', $quizconfig->questionsperpage);
 
         if (!empty($this->_cm) && !quiz_has_attempts($this->_cm->instance)) {
             $pagegroup[] = $mform->createElement('checkbox', 'repaginatenow', '',
-                    get_string('repaginatenow', 'quiz'), array('id' => 'id_repaginatenow'));
+                    get_string('repaginatenow', 'quiz'), ['id' => 'id_repaginatenow']);
         }
 
         $mform->addGroup($pagegroup, 'questionsperpagegrp',
@@ -182,7 +185,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         $mform->addHelpButton('preferredbehaviour', 'howquestionsbehave', 'question');
 
         // Can redo completed questions.
-        $redochoices = array(0 => get_string('no'), 1 => get_string('canredoquestionsyes', 'quiz'));
+        $redochoices = [0 => get_string('no'), 1 => get_string('canredoquestionsyes', 'quiz')];
         $mform->addElement('select', 'canredoquestions', get_string('canredoquestions', 'quiz'), $redochoices);
         $mform->addHelpButton('canredoquestions', 'canredoquestions', 'quiz');
         foreach ($behaviours as $behaviour => $notused) {
@@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         $mform->addHelpButton('showuserpicture', 'showuserpicture', 'quiz');
 
         // Overall decimal points.
-        $options = array();
+        $options = [];
         for ($i = 0; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_DECIMAL_OPTION; $i++) {
             $options[$i] = $i;
         }
@@ -247,7 +250,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         $mform->addHelpButton('decimalpoints', 'decimalplaces', 'quiz');
 
         // Question decimal points.
-        $options = array(-1 => get_string('sameasoverall', 'quiz'));
+        $options = [-1 => get_string('sameasoverall', 'quiz')];
         for ($i = 0; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_Q_DECIMAL_OPTION; $i++) {
             $options[$i] = $i;
         }
@@ -274,14 +277,14 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
 
         // Enforced time delay between quiz attempts.
         $mform->addElement('duration', 'delay1', get_string('delay1st2nd', 'quiz'),
-                array('optional' => true));
+                ['optional' => true]);
         $mform->addHelpButton('delay1', 'delay1st2nd', 'quiz');
         if ($this->get_max_attempts_for_any_override() < 2) {
             $mform->hideIf('delay1', 'attempts', 'eq', 1);
         }
 
         $mform->addElement('duration', 'delay2', get_string('delaylater', 'quiz'),
-                array('optional' => true));
+                ['optional' => true]);
         $mform->addHelpButton('delay2', 'delaylater', 'quiz');
         if ($this->get_max_attempts_for_any_override() < 3) {
             $mform->hideIf('delay2', 'attempts', 'eq', 1);
@@ -313,22 +316,22 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
         $mform->addElement('static', 'gradeboundarystatic1',
                 get_string('gradeboundary', 'quiz'), '100%');
 
-        $repeatarray = array();
-        $repeatedoptions = array();
+        $repeatarray = [];
+        $repeatedoptions = [];
         $repeatarray[] = $mform->createElement('editor', 'feedbacktext',
-                get_string('feedback', 'quiz'), array('rows' => 3), array('maxfiles' => EDITOR_UNLIMITED_FILES,
-                        'noclean' => true, 'context' => $this->context));
+                get_string('feedback', 'quiz'), ['rows' => 3], ['maxfiles' => EDITOR_UNLIMITED_FILES,
+                        'noclean' => true, 'context' => $this->context]);
         $repeatarray[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'feedbackboundaries',
-                get_string('gradeboundary', 'quiz'), array('size' => 10));
+                get_string('gradeboundary', 'quiz'), ['size' => 10]);
         $repeatedoptions['feedbacktext']['type'] = PARAM_RAW;
         $repeatedoptions['feedbackboundaries']['type'] = PARAM_RAW;
 
         if (!empty($this->_instance)) {
             $this->_feedbacks = $DB->get_records('quiz_feedback',
-                    array('quizid' => $this->_instance), 'mingrade DESC');
+                    ['quizid' => $this->_instance], 'mingrade DESC');
             $numfeedbacks = count($this->_feedbacks);
         } else {
-            $this->_feedbacks = array();
+            $this->_feedbacks = [];
             $numfeedbacks = $quizconfig->initialnumfeedbacks;
         }
         $numfeedbacks = max($numfeedbacks, 1);
@@ -339,9 +342,9 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
 
         // Put some extra elements in before the button.
         $mform->insertElementBefore($mform->createElement('editor',
-                "feedbacktext[$nextel]", get_string('feedback', 'quiz'), array('rows' => 3),
-                array('maxfiles' => EDITOR_UNLIMITED_FILES, 'noclean' => true,
-                      'context' => $this->context)),
+                "feedbacktext[$nextel]", get_string('feedback', 'quiz'), ['rows' => 3],
+                ['maxfiles' => EDITOR_UNLIMITED_FILES, 'noclean' => true,
+                      'context' => $this->context]),
                 'boundary_add_fields');
         $mform->insertElementBefore($mform->createElement('static',
                 'gradeboundarystatic2', get_string('gradeboundary', 'quiz'), '0%'),
@@ -375,7 +378,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
             $when, $withhelp = false) {
         global $OUTPUT;
 
-        $group = array();
+        $group = [];
         foreach (self::$reviewfields as $field => $string) {
             list($identifier, $component) = $string;
 
@@ -602,20 +605,20 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
      */
     public function add_completion_rules() {
         $mform = $this->_form;
-        $items = array();
+        $items = [];
 
         $mform->addElement('advcheckbox', 'completionattemptsexhausted', null,
             get_string('completionattemptsexhausted', 'quiz'),
-            array('group' => 'cattempts'));
+            ['group' => 'cattempts']);
         $mform->disabledIf('completionattemptsexhausted', 'completionpassgrade', 'notchecked');
         $items[] = 'completionattemptsexhausted';
 
-        $group = array();
+        $group = [];
         $group[] = $mform->createElement('checkbox', 'completionminattemptsenabled', '',
             get_string('completionminattempts', 'quiz'));
-        $group[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'completionminattempts', '', array('size' => 3));
+        $group[] = $mform->createElement('text', 'completionminattempts', '', ['size' => 3]);
         $mform->setType('completionminattempts', PARAM_INT);
-        $mform->addGroup($group, 'completionminattemptsgroup', get_string('completionminattemptsgroup', 'quiz'), array(' '), false);
+        $mform->addGroup($group, 'completionminattemptsgroup', get_string('completionminattemptsgroup', 'quiz'), [' '], false);
         $mform->disabledIf('completionminattempts', 'completionminattemptsenabled', 'notchecked');
 
         $items[] = 'completionminattemptsgroup';
@@ -653,7 +656,7 @@ class mod_quiz_mod_form extends moodleform_mod {
                     SELECT MAX(CASE WHEN attempts = 0 THEN 1000 ELSE attempts END)
                       FROM {quiz_overrides}
                      WHERE quiz = ?",
-                    array($this->_instance));
+                    [$this->_instance]);
             if ($this->maxattemptsanyoverride < 1) {
                 // This happens when no override alters the number of attempts.
                 $this->maxattemptsanyoverride = 1;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/overridedelete.php b/mod/quiz/overridedelete.php
index fab6698ac3d..4b68d50f3fb 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/overridedelete.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/overridedelete.php
@@ -31,16 +31,16 @@ require_once($CFG->dirroot.'/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
 $overrideid = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);
 $confirm = optional_param('confirm', false, PARAM_BOOL);
 
-if (! $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', array('id' => $overrideid))) {
+if (! $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', ['id' => $overrideid])) {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidoverrideid', 'quiz');
 }
-if (! $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $override->quiz))) {
+if (! $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $override->quiz])) {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
 }
 if (! $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance("quiz", $quiz->id, $quiz->course)) {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
 }
-$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id'=>$cm->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $cm->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
 $context = context_module::instance($cm->id);
 
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ if ($override->groupid) {
     }
 }
 
-$url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overridedelete.php', array('id'=>$override->id));
-$confirmurl = new moodle_url($url, array('id'=>$override->id, 'confirm'=>1));
-$cancelurl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', array('cmid'=>$cm->id));
+$url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overridedelete.php', ['id' => $override->id]);
+$confirmurl = new moodle_url($url, ['id' => $override->id, 'confirm' => 1]);
+$cancelurl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', ['cmid' => $cm->id]);
 
 if (!empty($override->userid)) {
     $cancelurl->param('mode', 'user');
diff --git a/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php b/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php
index d8e419d8bdc..ef3b4082a31 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php
@@ -36,22 +36,22 @@ $reset = optional_param('reset', false, PARAM_BOOL);
 $override = null;
 if ($overrideid) {
 
-    if (! $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', array('id' => $overrideid))) {
+    if (! $override = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', ['id' => $overrideid])) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidoverrideid', 'quiz');
     }
-    if (! $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $override->quiz))) {
+    if (! $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $override->quiz])) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
     }
     list($course, $cm) = get_course_and_cm_from_instance($quiz, 'quiz');
 
 } else if ($cmid) {
     list($course, $cm) = get_course_and_cm_from_cmid($cmid, 'quiz');
-    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $cm->instance), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+    $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $cm->instance], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
 } else {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
 }
-$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id'=>$cm->course), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $cm->course], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
 $url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrideedit.php');
 if ($action) {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ if ($overrideid) {
 }
 
 // Merge quiz defaults with data.
-$keys = array('timeopen', 'timeclose', 'timelimit', 'attempts', 'password');
+$keys = ['timeopen', 'timeclose', 'timelimit', 'attempts', 'password'];
 foreach ($keys as $key) {
     if (!isset($data->{$key}) || $reset) {
         $data->{$key} = $quiz->{$key};
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ if ($action === 'duplicate') {
 // True if group-based override.
 $groupmode = !empty($data->groupid) || ($action === 'addgroup' && empty($overrideid));
 
-$overridelisturl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', array('cmid'=>$cm->id));
+$overridelisturl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/overrides.php', ['cmid' => $cm->id]);
 if (!$groupmode) {
     $overridelisturl->param('mode', 'user');
 }
@@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ if ($mform->is_cancelled()) {
     }
 
     if ($userorgroupchanged) {
-        $conditions = array(
+        $conditions = [
                 'quiz' => $quiz->id,
-                'userid' => empty($fromform->userid)? null : $fromform->userid,
-                'groupid' => empty($fromform->groupid)? null : $fromform->groupid);
+                'userid' => empty($fromform->userid) ? null : $fromform->userid,
+                'groupid' => empty($fromform->groupid) ? null : $fromform->groupid];
         if ($oldoverride = $DB->get_record('quiz_overrides', $conditions)) {
             // There is an old override, so we merge any new settings on top of
             // the older override.
@@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ if ($mform->is_cancelled()) {
     }
 
     // Set the common parameters for one of the events we may be triggering.
-    $params = array(
+    $params = [
         'context' => $context,
-        'other' => array(
+        'other' => [
             'quizid' => $quiz->id
-        )
-    );
+        ]
+    ];
     if (!empty($override->id)) {
         $fromform->id = $override->id;
         $DB->update_record('quiz_overrides', $fromform);
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ if ($mform->is_cancelled()) {
         $event->trigger();
     }
 
-    quiz_update_open_attempts(array('quizid'=>$quiz->id));
+    quiz_update_open_attempts(['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
     if ($groupmode) {
         // Priorities may have shifted, so we need to update all of the calendar events for group overrides.
         quiz_update_events($quiz);
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ $PAGE->add_body_class('limitedwidth');
 $PAGE->set_title($pagetitle);
 $PAGE->set_heading($course->fullname);
 $PAGE->activityheader->set_attrs([
-    "title" => format_string($quiz->name, true, array('context' => $context)),
+    "title" => format_string($quiz->name, true, ['context' => $context]),
     "description" => "",
     "hidecompletion" => true
 ]);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/repaginate.php b/mod/quiz/repaginate.php
index 4ccb37da705..8df50f696be 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/repaginate.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/repaginate.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ if (quiz_has_attempts($quizid)) {
     $reportlink = quiz_attempt_summary_link_to_reports($quizobj->get_quiz(),
                     $quizobj->get_cm(), $quizobj->get_context());
     throw new \moodle_exception('cannoteditafterattempts', 'quiz',
-            new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', array('cmid' => $quizobj->get_cmid())), $reportlink);
+            new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php', ['cmid' => $quizobj->get_cmid()]), $reportlink);
 }
 
 $slotnumber++;
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ $repage->repaginate_slots($slotnumber, $repagtype);
 $structure = $quizobj->get_structure();
 $slots = $structure->refresh_page_numbers_and_update_db();
 
-redirect(new moodle_url('edit.php', array('cmid' => $quizobj->get_cmid())));
+redirect(new moodle_url('edit.php', ['cmid' => $quizobj->get_cmid()]));
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report.php b/mod/quiz/report.php
index bb0eb8a5aee..15168bfb3cb 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report.php
@@ -36,18 +36,18 @@ if ($id) {
     if (!$cm = get_coursemodule_from_id('quiz', $id)) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
     }
-    if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $cm->course))) {
+    if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $cm->course])) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('coursemisconf');
     }
-    if (!$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $cm->instance))) {
+    if (!$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $cm->instance])) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
     }
 
 } else {
-    if (!$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $q))) {
+    if (!$quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $q])) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidquizid', 'quiz');
     }
-    if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $quiz->course))) {
+    if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $quiz->course])) {
         throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcourseid');
     }
     if (!$cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance("quiz", $quiz->id, $course->id)) {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ if ($id) {
     }
 }
 
-$url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', array('id' => $cm->id));
+$url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php', ['id' => $cm->id]);
 if ($mode !== '') {
     $url->param('mode', $mode);
 }
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ $report->display($quiz, $cm, $course);
 echo $OUTPUT->footer();
 
 // Log that this report was viewed.
-$params = array(
+$params = [
     'context' => $context,
-    'other' => array(
+    'other' => [
         'quizid' => $quiz->id,
         'reportname' => $mode
-    )
-);
+    ]
+];
 $event = \mod_quiz\event\report_viewed::create($params);
 $event->add_record_snapshot('course', $course);
 $event->add_record_snapshot('quiz', $quiz);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/grading/db/access.php b/mod/quiz/report/grading/db/access.php
index 9f50665e6a2..5eabb04a949 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/grading/db/access.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/grading/db/access.php
@@ -24,28 +24,28 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
-$capabilities = array(
+$capabilities = [
     // Is the user allowed to see the student's real names while grading?
-    'quiz/grading:viewstudentnames' => array(
+    'quiz/grading:viewstudentnames' => [
         'captype' => 'read',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'legacy' => array(
+        'legacy' => [
             'teacher' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        ),
+        ],
         'clonepermissionsfrom' => 'mod/quiz:viewreports'
-    ),
+    ],
 
     // Is the user allowed to see the student's identity fields while grading?
     // Note that the name of this capability is now out-of-date, but to preserve
     // backwards compatibility, the name was not changed when the functionality was updated.
-    'quiz/grading:viewidnumber' => array(
+    'quiz/grading:viewidnumber' => [
         'captype' => 'read',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'legacy' => array(
+        'legacy' => [
             'teacher' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW
-        ),
+        ],
         'clonepermissionsfrom' => 'mod/quiz:viewreports'
-    )
-);
+    ]
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/grading/gradingsettings_form.php b/mod/quiz/report/grading/gradingsettings_form.php
index f4b8a8afe24..49189ac30f7 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/grading/gradingsettings_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/grading/gradingsettings_form.php
@@ -35,9 +35,16 @@ require_once($CFG->libdir . '/formslib.php');
  * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
  */
 class quiz_grading_settings_form extends moodleform {
+    /** @var bool whether the user has asked to include automatically graded attempts. */
     protected $includeauto;
-    protected $hidden = array();
+
+    /** @var array extra hidden fields to add to the form. Things like cm id. */
+    protected $hidden = [];
+
+    /** @var stdClass data about how many attempts of each type their are. */
     protected $counts;
+
+    /** @var bool Whether the user has permission to see user names. */
     protected $shownames;
 
     /** @var bool $showcustomfields whether custom field values should be shown. */
@@ -71,8 +78,8 @@ class quiz_grading_settings_form extends moodleform {
 
         $mform->addElement('header', 'options', get_string('options', 'quiz_grading'));
 
-        $gradeoptions = array();
-        foreach (array('needsgrading', 'manuallygraded', 'autograded', 'all') as $type) {
+        $gradeoptions = [];
+        foreach (['needsgrading', 'manuallygraded', 'autograded', 'all'] as $type) {
             if (empty($this->counts->$type)) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -86,7 +93,7 @@ class quiz_grading_settings_form extends moodleform {
                 $gradeoptions);
 
         $mform->addElement('text', 'pagesize', get_string('questionsperpage', 'quiz_grading'),
-                array('size' => 3));
+                ['size' => 3]);
         $mform->addRule('pagesize', null, 'positiveint', null, 'client');
         $mform->setType('pagesize', PARAM_INT);
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/grading/renderer.php b/mod/quiz/report/grading/renderer.php
index 624c0a35f05..584dcc7ca6b 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/grading/renderer.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/grading/renderer.php
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ class quiz_grading_renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
     /**
      * Render no question notification.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz The quiz settings.
-     * @param object $cm The course-module for this quiz.
-     * @param object $context The quiz context.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm The course-module for this quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $context The quiz context.
      * @return string The HTML for the no questions message.
      */
     public function render_quiz_no_question_notification($quiz, $cm, $context) {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class quiz_grading_renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
     /**
      * Render grade link for question.
      *
-     * @param object $counts
+     * @param stdClass $counts
      * @param string $type Type of grade.
      * @param string $gradestring Lang string.
      * @param moodle_url $gradequestionurl Url to grade question.
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ class quiz_grading_renderer extends plugin_renderer_base {
     /**
      * Render grading page.
      *
-     * @param object $questioninfo Information of a question.
+     * @param stdClass $questioninfo Information of a question.
      * @param moodle_url $listquestionsurl Url of the page that list all questions.
      * @param quiz_grading_settings_form $filterform Question filter form.
-     * @param object $paginginfo Pagination information.
-     * @param object $pagingbar Pagination bar information.
+     * @param stdClass $paginginfo Pagination information.
+     * @param stdClass $pagingbar Pagination bar information.
      * @param moodle_url $formaction Form submit url.
      * @param array $hiddeninputs List of hidden input fields.
      * @param string $gradequestioncontent HTML string of question content.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/grading/report.php b/mod/quiz/report/grading/report.php
index 9192a8179e5..e70ab423ef4 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/grading/report.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/grading/report.php
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class quiz_grading_report extends report_base {
         $grade = optional_param('grade', null, PARAM_ALPHA);
 
         $includeauto = optional_param('includeauto', false, PARAM_BOOL);
-        if (!in_array($grade, array('all', 'needsgrading', 'autograded', 'manuallygraded'))) {
+        if (!in_array($grade, ['all', 'needsgrading', 'autograded', 'manuallygraded'])) {
             $grade = null;
         }
         $pagesize = optional_param('pagesize',
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class quiz_grading_report extends report_base {
                 PARAM_ALPHAEXT);
 
         // Assemble the options required to reload this page.
-        $optparams = array('includeauto', 'page');
+        $optparams = ['includeauto', 'page'];
         foreach ($optparams as $param) {
             if ($$param) {
                 $this->viewoptions[$param] = $$param;
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ class quiz_grading_report extends report_base {
         // Get the group, and the list of significant users.
         $this->currentgroup = $this->get_current_group($cm, $course, $this->context);
         if ($this->currentgroup == self::NO_GROUPS_ALLOWED) {
-            $this->userssql = array();
+            $this->userssql = [];
         } else {
             $this->userssql = get_enrolled_sql($this->context,
-                    array('mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'), $this->currentgroup);
+                    ['mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'], $this->currentgroup);
         }
 
         $hasquestions = quiz_has_questions($this->quiz->id);
@@ -199,15 +199,15 @@ class quiz_grading_report extends report_base {
         $where = "quiza.quiz = :mangrquizid AND
                 quiza.preview = 0 AND
                 quiza.state = :statefinished";
-        $params = array('mangrquizid' => $this->cm->instance, 'statefinished' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED);
+        $params = ['mangrquizid' => $this->cm->instance, 'statefinished' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED];
 
         $usersjoin = '';
         $currentgroup = groups_get_activity_group($this->cm, true);
         $enrolleduserscount = count_enrolled_users($this->context,
-                array('mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'), $currentgroup);
+                ['mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'], $currentgroup);
         if ($currentgroup) {
             $userssql = get_enrolled_sql($this->context,
-                    array('mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'), $currentgroup);
+                    ['mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'], $currentgroup);
             if ($enrolleduserscount < 1) {
                 $where .= ' AND quiza.userid = 0';
             } else {
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class quiz_grading_report extends report_base {
                 WHERE quiza.uniqueid $asql AND quiza.state = ? AND quiza.quiz = ?",
                 $params);
 
-        $attempts = array();
+        $attempts = [];
         foreach ($attemptsbyid as $attempt) {
             $attempts[$attempt->uniqueid] = $attempt;
         }
@@ -672,9 +672,9 @@ class quiz_grading_report extends report_base {
     /**
      * Initialise some parts of $PAGE and start output.
      *
-     * @param object $cm the course_module information.
-     * @param object $course the course settings.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course_module information.
+     * @param stdClass $course the course settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param string $reportmode the report name.
      */
     public function print_header_and_tabs($cm, $course, $quiz, $reportmode = 'overview') {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_options.php b/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_options.php
index 8a3a16bd650..67d9590cbca 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_options.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_options.php
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class quiz_overview_options extends attempts_report_options {
         // We only want to show the checkbox to delete attempts
         // if the user has permissions and if the report mode is showing attempts.
         $this->checkboxcolumn = has_any_capability(
-                array('mod/quiz:regrade', 'mod/quiz:deleteattempts'), context_module::instance($this->cm->id))
+                ['mod/quiz:regrade', 'mod/quiz:deleteattempts'], context_module::instance($this->cm->id))
                 && ($this->attempts != attempts_report::ENROLLED_WITHOUT);
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_table.php b/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_table.php
index f1ab1da042b..5e96f27baf4 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_table.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/overview/overview_table.php
@@ -25,11 +25,12 @@ use mod_quiz\quiz_attempt;
  */
 class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
 
-    protected $regradedqs = array();
+    /** @var array used to store information about which questoins have been regraded. */
+    protected $regradedqs = [];
 
     /**
      * Constructor
-     * @param object $quiz
+     * @param stdClass $quiz
      * @param context $context
      * @param string $qmsubselect
      * @param quiz_overview_options $options
@@ -109,12 +110,12 @@ class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
         } else {
             $namekey = 'fullname';
         }
-        $averagerow = array(
+        $averagerow = [
             $namekey       => $label,
             'sumgrades'    => $this->format_average($record),
             'feedbacktext' => strip_tags(quiz_report_feedback_for_grade(
                                          $record->grade, $this->quiz->id, $this->context))
-        );
+        ];
 
         if ($this->options->slotmarks) {
             $dm = new question_engine_data_mapper();
@@ -150,10 +151,10 @@ class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
      * @return array the (partial) row of data.
      */
     protected function format_average_grade_for_questions($gradeaverages) {
-        $row = array();
+        $row = [];
 
         if (!$gradeaverages) {
-            $gradeaverages = array();
+            $gradeaverages = [];
         }
 
         foreach ($this->questions as $question) {
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
 
     /**
      * Format an entry in an average row.
-     * @param object $record with fields grade and numaveraged.
+     * @param stdClass $record with fields grade and numaveraged.
      * @param bool $question true if this is a question score, false if it is an overall score.
      * @return string HTML fragment for an average score (with number of things included in the average).
      */
@@ -193,12 +194,12 @@ class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
             return $average;
         } else if (is_null($record->numaveraged) || $record->numaveraged == 0) {
             return html_writer::tag('span', html_writer::tag('span',
-                    $average, array('class' => 'average')), array('class' => 'avgcell'));
+                    $average, ['class' => 'average']), ['class' => 'avgcell']);
         } else {
             return html_writer::tag('span', html_writer::tag('span',
-                    $average, array('class' => 'average')) . ' ' . html_writer::tag('span',
-                    '(' . $record->numaveraged . ')', array('class' => 'count')),
-                    array('class' => 'avgcell'));
+                    $average, ['class' => 'average']) . ' ' . html_writer::tag('span',
+                    '(' . $record->numaveraged . ')', ['class' => 'count']),
+                    ['class' => 'avgcell']);
         }
     }
 
@@ -251,13 +252,13 @@ class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
                     html_writer::empty_tag('br') . $newsumgrade;
         }
         return html_writer::link(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php',
-                array('attempt' => $attempt->attempt)), $grade,
-                array('title' => get_string('reviewattempt', 'quiz')));
+                ['attempt' => $attempt->attempt]), $grade,
+                ['title' => get_string('reviewattempt', 'quiz')]);
     }
 
     /**
      * @param string $colname the name of the column.
-     * @param object $attempt the row of data - see the SQL in display() in
+     * @param stdClass $attempt the row of data - see the SQL in display() in
      * mod/quiz/report/overview/report.php to see what fields are present,
      * and what they are called.
      * @return string the contents of the cell.
@@ -368,6 +369,6 @@ class quiz_overview_table extends attempts_report_table {
         $qubaids = $this->get_qubaids_condition();
         $regradedqs = $DB->get_records_select('quiz_overview_regrades',
                 'questionusageid ' . $qubaids->usage_id_in(), $qubaids->usage_id_in_params());
-        return quiz_report_index_by_keys($regradedqs, array('questionusageid', 'slot'));
+        return quiz_report_index_by_keys($regradedqs, ['questionusageid', 'slot']);
     }
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/overview/report.php b/mod/quiz/report/overview/report.php
index 83c41a4dda6..0feea206cce 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/overview/report.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/overview/report.php
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
         $questions = quiz_report_get_significant_questions($quiz);
         // Prepare for downloading, if applicable.
         $courseshortname = format_string($course->shortname, true,
-                array('context' => context_course::instance($course->id)));
+                ['context' => context_course::instance($course->id)]);
         $table = new quiz_overview_table($quiz, $this->context, $this->qmsubselect,
                 $options, $groupstudentsjoins, $studentsjoins, $questions, $options->get_url());
         $filename = quiz_report_download_filename(get_string('overviewfilename', 'quiz_overview'),
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
                         $regradealllabel =
                                 get_string('regradeall', 'quiz_overview');
                     }
-                    $displayurl = new moodle_url($options->get_url(), array('sesskey' => sesskey()));
+                    $displayurl = new moodle_url($options->get_url(), ['sesskey' => sesskey()]);
                     echo '<div class="mdl-align">';
                     echo '<form action="'.$displayurl->out_omit_querystring().'">';
                     echo '<div>';
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
             }
 
             // Define table columns.
-            $columns = array();
-            $headers = array();
+            $columns = [];
+            $headers = [];
 
             if (!$table->is_downloading() && $options->checkboxcolumn) {
                 $columnname = 'checkbox';
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
                 }
             }
 
-            if ($DB->record_exists('quiz_grades', array('quiz'=> $quiz->id))) {
+            if ($DB->record_exists('quiz_grades', ['quiz' => $quiz->id])) {
                 $data = quiz_report_grade_bands($bandwidth, $bands, $quiz->id, new \core\dml\sql_join());
                 $chart = self::get_chart($labels, $data);
                 $graphname = get_string('overviewreportgraph', 'quiz_overview');
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
     /**
      * Extends parent function processing any submitted actions.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz
-     * @param object $cm
+     * @param stdClass $quiz
+     * @param stdClass $cm
      * @param int $currentgroup
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins (joins, wheres, params)
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $allowedjoins (joins, wheres, params)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
 
         if (empty($currentgroup) || $this->hasgroupstudents) {
             if (optional_param('regrade', 0, PARAM_BOOL) && confirm_sesskey()) {
-                if ($attemptids = optional_param_array('attemptid', array(), PARAM_INT)) {
+                if ($attemptids = optional_param_array('attemptid', [], PARAM_INT)) {
                     $this->start_regrade($quiz, $cm);
                     $this->regrade_attempts($quiz, false, $groupstudentsjoins, $attemptids);
                     $this->finish_regrade($redirecturl);
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
 
     /**
      * Check necessary capabilities, and start the display of the regrade progress page.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
-     * @param object $cm the cm object for the quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the cm object for the quiz.
      */
     protected function start_regrade($quiz, $cm) {
         require_capability('mod/quiz:regrade', $this->context);
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
      * Note, $attempt is not upgraded in the database. The caller needs to do that.
      * However, $attempt->sumgrades is updated, if this is not a dry run.
      *
-     * @param object $attempt the quiz attempt to regrade.
+     * @param stdClass $attempt the quiz attempt to regrade.
      * @param bool $dryrun if true, do a pretend regrade, otherwise do it for real.
      * @param array $slots if null, regrade all questions, otherwise, just regrade
      *      the questions with those slots.
@@ -381,14 +381,14 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
         if (!$dryrun) {
             question_engine::save_questions_usage_by_activity($quba);
 
-            $params = array(
+            $params = [
               'objectid' => $attempt->id,
               'relateduserid' => $attempt->userid,
               'context' => $this->context,
-              'other' => array(
+              'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $attempt->quiz
-              )
-            );
+              ]
+            ];
             $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_regraded::create($params);
             $event->trigger();
         }
@@ -452,15 +452,16 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
     /**
      * Regrade attempts for this quiz, exactly which attempts are regraded is
      * controlled by the parameters.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     *
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param bool $dryrun if true, do a pretend regrade, otherwise do it for real.
-     * @param \core\dml\sql_join|array $groupstudentsjoins empty for all attempts, otherwise regrade attempts
+     * @param \core\dml\sql_join|null $groupstudentsjoins empty for all attempts, otherwise regrade attempts
      * for these users.
      * @param array $attemptids blank for all attempts, otherwise only regrade
      * attempts whose id is in this list.
      */
     protected function regrade_attempts($quiz, $dryrun = false,
-            \core\dml\sql_join$groupstudentsjoins = null, $attemptids = array()) {
+            core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins = null, $attemptids = []) {
         global $DB;
         $this->unlock_session();
 
@@ -469,7 +470,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
                   FROM {quiz_attempts} quiza
                   JOIN {user} u ON u.id = quiza.userid";
         $where = "quiz = :qid AND preview = 0";
-        $params = array('qid' => $quiz->id);
+        $params = ['qid' => $quiz->id];
 
         if ($this->hasgroupstudents && !empty($groupstudentsjoins->joins)) {
             $sql .= "\n{$groupstudentsjoins->joins}";
@@ -495,7 +496,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
     /**
      * Regrade those questions in those attempts that are marked as needing regrading
      * in the quiz_overview_regrades table.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins empty for all attempts, otherwise regrade attempts
      * for these users.
      */
@@ -505,7 +506,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
 
         $join = '{quiz_overview_regrades} qqr ON qqr.questionusageid = quiza.uniqueid';
         $where = "quiza.quiz = :qid AND quiza.preview = 0 AND qqr.regraded = 0";
-        $params = array('qid' => $quiz->id);
+        $params = ['qid' => $quiz->id];
 
         // Fetch all attempts that need regrading.
         if ($this->hasgroupstudents && !empty($groupstudentsjoins->joins)) {
@@ -521,7 +522,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
                   JOIN $join
                  WHERE $where", $params);
 
-        $attemptquestions = array();
+        $attemptquestions = [];
         foreach ($toregrade as $row) {
             $attemptquestions[$row->uniqueid][] = $row->slot;
         }
@@ -557,7 +558,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
      * In addition, if $attempt->regradeonlyslots is set, then only those slots
      * are regraded, otherwise all slots are regraded.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param array $attempts of data from the quiz_attempts table, with extra data as above.
      * @param bool $dryrun if true, do a pretend regrade, otherwise do it for real.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins empty for all attempts, otherwise regrade attempts
@@ -568,10 +569,10 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
         $this->clear_regrade_table($quiz, $groupstudentsjoins);
 
         $progressbar = new progress_bar('quiz_overview_regrade', 500, true);
-        $a = array(
+        $a = [
             'count' => count($attempts),
             'done'  => 0,
-        );
+        ];
         foreach ($attempts as $attempt) {
             $a['done']++;
             $a['attemptnum'] = $attempt->attempt;
@@ -605,7 +606,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
     /**
      * Count the number of attempts in need of a regrade.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins (joins, wheres, params) If this is given, only data relating
      * to these users is cleared.
      * @return int the number of attempts.
@@ -615,7 +616,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
 
         $userjoin = '';
         $usertest = '';
-        $params = array();
+        $params = [];
         if ($this->hasgroupstudents) {
             $userjoin = "JOIN {user} u ON u.id = quiza.userid
                     {$groupstudentsjoins->joins}";
@@ -654,7 +655,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
 
     /**
      * Remove all information about pending/complete regrades from the database.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins (joins, wheres, params). If this is given, only data relating
      * to these users is cleared.
      */
@@ -666,7 +667,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
                     SELECT uniqueid
                       FROM {quiz_attempts} quiza";
         $where = "WHERE quiza.quiz = :qid";
-        $params = array('qid' => $quiz->id);
+        $params = ['qid' => $quiz->id];
         if ($this->hasgroupstudents && !empty($groupstudentsjoins->joins)) {
             $select .= "\nJOIN {user} u ON u.id = quiza.userid
                     {$groupstudentsjoins->joins}";
@@ -679,11 +680,9 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Update the final grades for all attempts. This method is used following
-     * a regrade.
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
-     * @param array $userids only update scores for these userids.
-     * @param array $attemptids attemptids only update scores for these attempt ids.
+     * Update the final grades for all attempts. This method is used following a regrade.
+     *
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
      */
     protected function update_overall_grades($quiz) {
         quiz_update_all_attempt_sumgrades($quiz);
@@ -698,7 +697,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
      * a chart based on the maximum grade to be given on a quiz. The width of
      * a band is the number of grade points it encapsulates.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
      * @return array Contains the number of bands, and their width.
      */
     public static function get_bands_count_and_width($quiz) {
@@ -725,7 +724,7 @@ class quiz_overview_report extends attempts_report {
      *
      * @param int $bands The number of bands.
      * @param int $bandwidth The band width.
-     * @param object $quiz The quiz object.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz The quiz object.
      * @return string[] The labels.
      */
     public static function get_bands_labels($bands, $bandwidth, $quiz) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/helpers.php b/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/helpers.php
index 3400f44df17..8e9f7daa965 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/helpers.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/helpers.php
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ class testable_quiz_attempts_report extends attempts_report {
 
     /**
      * Override this function to displays the report.
-     * @param object $cm the course-module for this quiz.
-     * @param object $course the course we are in.
-     * @param object $quiz this quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $cm the course-module for this quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $course the course we are in.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz this quiz.
      */
     public function display($cm, $course, $quiz) {
 
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class testable_quiz_attempts_report extends attempts_report {
     /**
      * Testable delete_selected_attempts function.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz
-     * @param object $cm
+     * @param stdClass $quiz
+     * @param stdClass $cm
      * @param array $attemptids
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $allowedjoins
      */
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/report_test.php b/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/report_test.php
index 1d0e583d56b..92d58c9ca93 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/report_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/overview/tests/report_test.php
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ class report_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $generator = $this->getDataGenerator();
         $course = $generator->create_course();
         $quizgenerator = $generator->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $course->id,
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $course->id,
                 'grademethod' => QUIZ_GRADEHIGHEST, 'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 10.0,
-                'attempts' => 10));
+                'attempts' => 10]);
 
         // Add one question.
         /** @var core_question_generator $questiongenerator */
@@ -104,18 +104,18 @@ class report_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // The test data.
         $timestamp = 1234567890;
-        $attempts = array(
-            array($quiz, $student1, 1, 0.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED),
-            array($quiz, $student1, 2, 5.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED),
-            array($quiz, $student1, 3, 8.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED),
-            array($quiz, $student1, 4, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED),
-            array($quiz, $student1, 5, null, quiz_attempt::IN_PROGRESS),
-            array($quiz, $student2, 1, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED),
-            array($quiz, $student2, 2, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED),
-            array($quiz, $student2, 3, 7.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED),
-            array($quiz, $student2, 4, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED),
-            array($quiz, $student2, 5, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED),
-        );
+        $attempts = [
+            [$quiz, $student1, 1, 0.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED],
+            [$quiz, $student1, 2, 5.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED],
+            [$quiz, $student1, 3, 8.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED],
+            [$quiz, $student1, 4, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED],
+            [$quiz, $student1, 5, null, quiz_attempt::IN_PROGRESS],
+            [$quiz, $student2, 1, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED],
+            [$quiz, $student2, 2, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED],
+            [$quiz, $student2, 3, 7.0,  quiz_attempt::FINISHED],
+            [$quiz, $student2, 4, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED],
+            [$quiz, $student2, 5, null, quiz_attempt::ABANDONED],
+        ];
 
         // Load it in to quiz attempts table.
         foreach ($attempts as $attemptdata) {
@@ -170,22 +170,22 @@ class report_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_id('quiz', $quiz->cmid);
         $qmsubselect = quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz);
         $studentsjoins = get_enrolled_with_capabilities_join($context, '',
-                array('mod/quiz:attempt', 'mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts'));
+                ['mod/quiz:attempt', 'mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts']);
         $empty = new \core\dml\sql_join();
 
         // Set the options.
         $reportoptions = new quiz_overview_options('overview', $quiz, $cm, null);
         $reportoptions->attempts = attempts_report::ENROLLED_ALL;
         $reportoptions->onlygraded = true;
-        $reportoptions->states = array(quiz_attempt::IN_PROGRESS, quiz_attempt::OVERDUE, quiz_attempt::FINISHED);
+        $reportoptions->states = [quiz_attempt::IN_PROGRESS, quiz_attempt::OVERDUE, quiz_attempt::FINISHED];
 
         // Now do a minimal set-up of the table class.
         $q->slot = 1;
         $q->maxmark = 10;
         $table = new quiz_overview_table($quiz, $context, $qmsubselect, $reportoptions,
-                $empty, $studentsjoins, array(1 => $q), null);
+                $empty, $studentsjoins, [1 => $q], null);
         $table->download = $isdownloading; // Cannot call the is_downloading API, because it gives errors.
-        $table->define_columns(array('fullname'));
+        $table->define_columns(['fullname']);
         $table->sortable(true, 'uniqueid');
         $table->define_baseurl(new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/report.php'));
         $table->setup();
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/reportlib.php b/mod/quiz/report/reportlib.php
index 53ba5ed622b..592b41b37ad 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/reportlib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/reportlib.php
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ use mod_quiz\question\display_options;
  */
 function quiz_report_index_by_keys($datum, $keys, $keysunique = true) {
     if (!$datum) {
-        return array();
+        return [];
     }
     $key = array_shift($keys);
-    $datumkeyed = array();
+    $datumkeyed = [];
     foreach ($datum as $data) {
         if ($keys || !$keysunique) {
             $datumkeyed[$data->{$key}][]= $data;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ function quiz_report_unindex($datum) {
     if (!$datum) {
         return $datum;
     }
-    $datumunkeyed = array();
+    $datumunkeyed = [];
     foreach ($datum as $value) {
         if (is_array($value)) {
             $datumunkeyed = array_merge($datumunkeyed, quiz_report_unindex($value));
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ function quiz_report_unindex($datum) {
  */
 function quiz_has_questions($quizid) {
     global $DB;
-    return $DB->record_exists('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quizid));
+    return $DB->record_exists('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quizid]);
 }
 
 /**
  * Get the slots of real questions (not descriptions) in this quiz, in order.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz.
  * @return array of slot => objects with fields
  *      ->slot, ->id, ->qtype, ->length, ->number, ->maxmark, ->category (for random questions).
  */
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ function quiz_report_get_significant_questions($quiz) {
 }
 
 /**
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  * @return bool whether, for this quiz, it is possible to filter attempts to show
  *      only those that gave the final grade.
  */
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ function quiz_report_can_filter_only_graded($quiz) {
  * This is a wrapper for {@link quiz_report_grade_method_sql} that takes the whole quiz object instead of just the grading method
  * as a param. See definition for {@link quiz_report_grade_method_sql} below.
  *
- * @param object $quiz
+ * @param stdClass $quiz
  * @param string $quizattemptsalias sql alias for 'quiz_attempts' table
  * @return string sql to test if this is an attempt that will contribute towards the grade of the user
  */
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ function quiz_report_grade_bands($bandwidth, $bands, $quizid, \core\dml\sql_join
     } else {
         $userjoin = '';
         $usertest = '1=1';
-        $params = array();
+        $params = [];
     }
     $sql = "
 SELECT band, COUNT(1)
@@ -280,10 +280,10 @@ function quiz_report_highlighting_grading_method($quiz, $qmsubselect, $qmfilter)
 function quiz_report_feedback_for_grade($grade, $quizid, $context) {
     global $DB;
 
-    static $feedbackcache = array();
+    static $feedbackcache = [];
 
     if (!isset($feedbackcache[$quizid])) {
-        $feedbackcache[$quizid] = $DB->get_records('quiz_feedback', array('quizid' => $quizid));
+        $feedbackcache[$quizid] = $DB->get_records('quiz_feedback', ['quizid' => $quizid]);
     }
 
     // With CBM etc, it is possible to get -ve grades, which would then not match
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ function quiz_report_feedback_for_grade($grade, $quizid, $context) {
 /**
  * Format a number as a percentage out of $quiz->sumgrades
  * @param number $rawgrade the mark to format.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings
  * @param bool $round whether to round the results ot $quiz->decimalpoints.
  */
 function quiz_report_scale_summarks_as_percentage($rawmark, $quiz, $round = true) {
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ function quiz_report_list($context) {
     $reportdirs = core_component::get_plugin_list('quiz');
 
     // Order the reports tab in descending order of displayorder.
-    $reportcaps = array();
+    $reportcaps = [];
     foreach ($reports as $key => $report) {
         if (array_key_exists($report->name, $reportdirs)) {
             $reportcaps[$report->name] = $report->capability;
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ function quiz_report_list($context) {
             $reportcaps[$reportname] = null;
         }
     }
-    $reportlist = array();
+    $reportlist = [];
     foreach ($reportcaps as $name => $capability) {
         if (empty($capability)) {
             $capability = 'mod/quiz:viewreports';
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ function quiz_report_download_filename($report, $courseshortname, $quizname) {
 
 /**
  * Get the default report for the current user.
- * @param object $context the quiz context.
+ * @param stdClass $context the quiz context.
  */
 function quiz_report_default_report($context) {
     $reports = quiz_report_list($context);
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ function quiz_report_default_report($context) {
 /**
  * Generate a message saying that this quiz has no questions, with a button to
  * go to the edit page, if the user has the right capability.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
- * @param object $cm the course_module object.
- * @param object $context the quiz context.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $cm the course_module object.
+ * @param stdClass $context the quiz context.
  * @return string HTML to output.
  */
 function quiz_no_questions_message($quiz, $cm, $context) {
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ function quiz_no_questions_message($quiz, $cm, $context) {
     $output .= $OUTPUT->notification(get_string('noquestions', 'quiz'));
     if (has_capability('mod/quiz:manage', $context)) {
         $output .= $OUTPUT->single_button(new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/edit.php',
-        array('cmid' => $cm->id)), get_string('editquiz', 'quiz'), 'get');
+        ['cmid' => $cm->id]), get_string('editquiz', 'quiz'), 'get');
     }
 
     return $output;
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ function quiz_no_questions_message($quiz, $cm, $context) {
 /**
  * Should the grades be displayed in this report. That depends on the quiz
  * display options, and whether the quiz is graded.
- * @param object $quiz the quiz settings.
+ * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings.
  * @param context $context the quiz context.
  * @return bool
  */
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/responses/first_or_all_responses_table.php b/mod/quiz/report/responses/first_or_all_responses_table.php
index b9787cf8af3..39ec9f6ccb6 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/responses/first_or_all_responses_table.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/responses/first_or_all_responses_table.php
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
         $this->questionusagesbyactivity = $dm->load_questions_usages_by_activity($qubaids);
 
         // Insert an extra field in attempt data and extra rows where necessary.
-        $newrawdata = array();
+        $newrawdata = [];
         foreach ($this->rawdata as $attempt) {
             if (!isset($this->questionusagesbyactivity[$attempt->usageid])) {
                 // This is a user without attempts.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * Find the state for $slot given after this try.
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow row data
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow row data
      * @param int $slot Slot number.
      * @return question_state The question state after the attempt.
      */
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * Get the summary of the response after the try.
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow row data
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow row data
      * @param int $slot Slot number.
      * @return string summary for the question after this try.
      */
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * The grade for this slot after this try.
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow attempt data from db.
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow attempt data from db.
      * @param int $slot Slot number.
      * @return float The fraction.
      */
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * Is this the last try in the question attempt?
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow attempt data from db.
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow attempt data from db.
      * @param int $slot Slot number
      * @param int $tryno try no
      * @return bool Is it the last try?
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * How many tries were attempted at this question in this slot, during this usage?
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow attempt data from db.
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow attempt data from db.
      * @param int $slot Slot number
      * @return int the number of tries in the question attempt for slot $slot.
      */
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * Cell value function for email column. This extracts the contents for any cell in the email column from the row data.
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow Row data.
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow Row data.
      * @return string   What to put in the cell for this column, for this row data.
      */
     public function col_email($tablerow) {
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class quiz_first_or_all_responses_table extends quiz_last_responses_table {
     /**
      * Cell value function for sumgrades column. This extracts the contents for any cell in the sumgrades column from the row data.
      *
-     * @param object $tablerow Row data.
+     * @param stdClass $tablerow Row data.
      * @return string   What to put in the cell for this column, for this row data.
      */
     public function col_sumgrades($tablerow) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/responses/last_responses_table.php b/mod/quiz/report/responses/last_responses_table.php
index 033de2a9311..5d2868ba1f4 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/responses/last_responses_table.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/responses/last_responses_table.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class quiz_last_responses_table extends attempts_report_table {
 
     /**
      * Constructor
-     * @param object $quiz
+     * @param stdClass $quiz
      * @param context $context
      * @param string $qmsubselect
      * @param quiz_responses_options $options
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class quiz_last_responses_table extends attempts_report_table {
     /**
      * Column text from the extra data loaded in load_extra_data(), before html formatting etc.
      *
-     * @param object $attempt
+     * @param stdClass $attempt
      * @param int $slot
      * @param string $field
      * @return string
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/responses/report.php b/mod/quiz/report/responses/report.php
index 6662e4d4328..b77a86e5c83 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/responses/report.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/responses/report.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class quiz_responses_report extends attempts_report {
 
         // Prepare for downloading, if applicable.
         $courseshortname = format_string($course->shortname, true,
-                array('context' => context_course::instance($course->id)));
+                ['context' => context_course::instance($course->id)]);
         if ($options->whichtries === question_attempt::LAST_TRY) {
             $tableclassname = 'quiz_last_responses_table';
         } else {
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ class quiz_responses_report extends attempts_report {
             }
 
             // Define table columns.
-            $columns = array();
-            $headers = array();
+            $columns = [];
+            $headers = [];
 
             if (!$table->is_downloading() && $options->checkboxcolumn) {
                 $columnname = 'checkbox';
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/responses/responses_form.php b/mod/quiz/report/responses/responses_form.php
index ca86d93b608..2a6391741ec 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/responses/responses_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/responses/responses_form.php
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ use mod_quiz\local\reports\attempts_report_options_form;
 class quiz_responses_settings_form extends attempts_report_options_form {
 
     protected function other_preference_fields(MoodleQuickForm $mform) {
-        $mform->addGroup(array(
+        $mform->addGroup([
             $mform->createElement('advcheckbox', 'qtext', '',
                 get_string('questiontext', 'quiz_responses')),
             $mform->createElement('advcheckbox', 'resp', '',
                 get_string('response', 'quiz_responses')),
             $mform->createElement('advcheckbox', 'right', '',
                 get_string('rightanswer', 'quiz_responses')),
-        ), 'coloptions', get_string('showthe', 'quiz_responses'), array(' '), false);
+        ], 'coloptions', get_string('showthe', 'quiz_responses'), [' '], false);
         $mform->disabledIf('qtext', 'attempts', 'eq', attempts_report::ENROLLED_WITHOUT);
         $mform->disabledIf('resp',  'attempts', 'eq', attempts_report::ENROLLED_WITHOUT);
         $mform->disabledIf('right', 'attempts', 'eq', attempts_report::ENROLLED_WITHOUT);
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ class quiz_responses_settings_form extends attempts_report_options_form {
     protected function other_attempt_fields(MoodleQuickForm $mform) {
         parent::other_attempt_fields($mform);
         if (quiz_allows_multiple_tries($this->_customdata['quiz'])) {
-            $mform->addElement('select', 'whichtries', get_string('whichtries', 'question'), array(
+            $mform->addElement('select', 'whichtries', get_string('whichtries', 'question'), [
                                            question_attempt::FIRST_TRY    => get_string('firsttry', 'question'),
                                            question_attempt::LAST_TRY     => get_string('lasttry', 'question'),
-                                           question_attempt::ALL_TRIES    => get_string('alltries', 'question'))
+                                           question_attempt::ALL_TRIES    => get_string('alltries', 'question')]
             );
             $mform->setDefault('whichtries', question_attempt::LAST_TRY);
             $mform->disabledIf('whichtries', 'attempts', 'eq', attempts_report::ENROLLED_WITHOUT);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/responses/tests/responses_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php b/mod/quiz/report/responses/tests/responses_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php
index 909c706241c..07c06df8cc9 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/responses/tests/responses_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/responses/tests/responses_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ class responses_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthroug
         return  __DIR__."/fixtures/{$setname}{$test}.csv";
     }
 
-    protected $files = array('questions', 'steps', 'responses');
+    /**
+     * @var string[] names of the files which contain the test data.
+     */
+    protected $files = ['questions', 'steps', 'responses'];
 
     /**
      * Create a quiz add questions to it, walk through quiz attempts and then check results.
@@ -89,7 +92,7 @@ class responses_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthroug
                 throw new \coding_exception("There is no step no {$responses['submittedstepno']} ".
                                            "for slot $slot in quizattempt {$responses['quizattempt']}!");
             }
-            foreach (array('responsesummary', 'fraction', 'state') as $column) {
+            foreach (['responsesummary', 'fraction', 'state'] as $column) {
                 if (isset($tests[$column]) && $tests[$column] != '') {
                     switch($column) {
                         case 'responsesummary' :
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculated.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculated.php
index 223589bb814..efba5f4d9e6 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculated.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculated.php
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class calculated {
     public function get_formatted_quiz_info_data($course, $cm, $quiz) {
 
         // You can edit this array to control which statistics are displayed.
-        $todisplay = array('firstattemptscount' => 'number',
+        $todisplay = ['firstattemptscount' => 'number',
                            'allattemptscount' => 'number',
                            'firstattemptsavg' => 'summarks_as_percentage',
                            'allattemptsavg' => 'summarks_as_percentage',
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ class calculated {
                            'kurtosis' => 'number_format',
                            'cic' => 'number_format_percent',
                            'errorratio' => 'number_format_percent',
-                           'standarderror' => 'summarks_as_percentage');
+                           'standarderror' => 'summarks_as_percentage'];
 
         // General information about the quiz.
-        $quizinfo = array();
+        $quizinfo = [];
         $quizinfo[get_string('quizname', 'quiz_statistics')] = format_string($quiz->name);
         $quizinfo[get_string('coursename', 'quiz_statistics')] = format_string($course->fullname);
         if ($cm->idnumber) {
@@ -195,10 +195,10 @@ class calculated {
     /**
      * @var array of names of properties of this class that are cached in db record.
      */
-    protected $fieldsindb = array('whichattempts', 'firstattemptscount', 'allattemptscount', 'firstattemptsavg', 'allattemptsavg',
+    protected $fieldsindb = ['whichattempts', 'firstattemptscount', 'allattemptscount', 'firstattemptsavg', 'allattemptsavg',
                                     'lastattemptscount', 'highestattemptscount', 'lastattemptsavg', 'highestattemptsavg',
                                     'median', 'standarddeviation', 'skewness',
-                                    'kurtosis', 'cic', 'errorratio', 'standarderror');
+                                    'kurtosis', 'cic', 'errorratio', 'standarderror'];
 
     /**
      * Cache the stats contained in this class.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculator.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculator.php
index e6ff9567a69..514669e7087 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculator.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/classes/calculator.php
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class calculator {
 
         $timemodified = time() - self::TIME_TO_CACHE;
         $fromdb = $DB->get_record_select('quiz_statistics', 'hashcode = ? AND timemodified > ?',
-                                         array($qubaids->get_hash_code(), $timemodified));
+                                         [$qubaids->get_hash_code(), $timemodified]);
         $stats = new calculated();
         $stats->populate_from_record($fromdb);
         return $stats;
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class calculator {
 
         $timemodified = time() - self::TIME_TO_CACHE;
         return $DB->get_field_select('quiz_statistics', 'timemodified', 'hashcode = ? AND timemodified > ?',
-                                         array($qubaids->get_hash_code(), $timemodified));
+                                         [$qubaids->get_hash_code(), $timemodified]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class calculator {
      * @param $fromqa
      * @param $whereqa
      * @param $qaparams
-     * @return object with properties power2, power3, power4
+     * @return stdClass with properties power2, power3, power4
      */
     protected function sum_of_powers_of_difference_to_mean($mean, $fromqa, $whereqa, $qaparams) {
         global $DB;
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class calculator {
                     SUM(POWER((quiza.sumgrades - $mean), 4)) AS power4
                   FROM $fromqa
                  WHERE $whereqa";
-        $params = array('mean1' => $mean, 'mean2' => $mean, 'mean3' => $mean) + $qaparams;
+        $params = ['mean1' => $mean, 'mean2' => $mean, 'mean3' => $mean] + $qaparams;
 
         return $DB->get_record_sql($sql, $params, MUST_EXIST);
     }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/db/access.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/db/access.php
index cadcfc3aa61..53dfe46732c 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/db/access.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/db/access.php
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
-$capabilities = array(
-    'quiz/statistics:view' => array(
+$capabilities = [
+    'quiz/statistics:view' => [
         'captype' => 'read',
         'contextlevel' => CONTEXT_MODULE,
-        'archetypes' => array(
+        'archetypes' => [
             'teacher' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'editingteacher' => CAP_ALLOW,
             'manager' => CAP_ALLOW
-        ),
+        ],
         'clonepermissionsfrom' =>  'mod/quiz:viewreports'
-    )
-);
+    ]
+];
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/lib.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/lib.php
index 8fe0c19da93..2ff1c7585f7 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/lib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/lib.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
  * @param array $options additional options affecting the file serving.
  */
 function quiz_statistics_question_preview_pluginfile($previewcontext, $questionid,
-        $filecontext, $filecomponent, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload, $options = array()) {
+        $filecontext, $filecomponent, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload, $options = []) {
     global $CFG;
     require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/report.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/report.php
index 96162615bf8..ddd52a9e82c 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/report.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/report.php
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
         $whichattempts = optional_param('whichattempts', $quiz->grademethod, PARAM_INT);
         $whichtries = optional_param('whichtries', question_attempt::LAST_TRY, PARAM_ALPHA);
 
-        $pageoptions = array();
+        $pageoptions = [];
         $pageoptions['id'] = $cm->id;
         $pageoptions['mode'] = 'statistics';
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
 
         $mform = new quiz_statistics_settings_form($reporturl, compact('quiz'));
 
-        $mform->set_data(array('whichattempts' => $whichattempts, 'whichtries' => $whichtries));
+        $mform->set_data(['whichattempts' => $whichattempts, 'whichtries' => $whichtries]);
 
         if ($whichattempts != $quiz->grademethod) {
             $reporturl->param('whichattempts', $whichattempts);
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
         } else {
             // All users who can attempt quizzes and who are in the currently selected group.
             $groupstudentsjoins = get_enrolled_with_capabilities_join($this->context, '',
-                    array('mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'), $currentgroup);
+                    ['mod/quiz:reviewmyattempts', 'mod/quiz:attempt'], $currentgroup);
             if (!empty($groupstudentsjoins->joins)) {
                 $sql = "SELECT DISTINCT u.id
                     FROM {user} u
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
             $report = get_string('questionstatsfilename', 'quiz_statistics');
         }
         $courseshortname = format_string($course->shortname, true,
-                array('context' => context_course::instance($course->id)));
+                ['context' => context_course::instance($course->id)]);
         $filename = quiz_report_download_filename($report, $courseshortname, $quiz->name);
         $this->table->is_downloading($download, $filename,
                 get_string('quizstructureanalysis', 'quiz_statistics'));
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
                     $number = $questionstats->for_slot($slot)->question->number;
                     echo $OUTPUT->heading(get_string('slotstructureanalysis', 'quiz_statistics', $number), 3);
                 }
-                $this->table->define_baseurl(new moodle_url($reporturl, array('slot' => $slot)));
+                $this->table->define_baseurl(new moodle_url($reporturl, ['slot' => $slot]));
                 $this->table->format_and_add_array_of_rows($questionstats->structure_analysis_for_one_slot($slot));
             } else {
                 $this->output_individual_question_data($quiz, $questionstats->for_slot($slot, $variantno));
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
      * Display the statistical and introductory information about a question.
      * Only called when not downloading.
      *
-     * @param object                                         $quiz         the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass                                         $quiz         the quiz settings.
      * @param \core_question\statistics\questions\calculated $questionstat the question to report on.
      */
     protected function output_individual_question_data($quiz, $questionstat) {
@@ -296,29 +296,29 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
 
         // Set up the question info table.
         $questioninfotable = new html_table();
-        $questioninfotable->align = array('center', 'center');
+        $questioninfotable->align = ['center', 'center'];
         $questioninfotable->width = '60%';
         $questioninfotable->attributes['class'] = 'generaltable titlesleft';
 
-        $questioninfotable->data = array();
-        $questioninfotable->data[] = array(get_string('modulename', 'quiz'), $quiz->name);
-        $questioninfotable->data[] = array(get_string('questionname', 'quiz_statistics'),
-                $questionstat->question->name.'&nbsp;'.$datumfromtable['actions']);
+        $questioninfotable->data = [];
+        $questioninfotable->data[] = [get_string('modulename', 'quiz'), $quiz->name];
+        $questioninfotable->data[] = [get_string('questionname', 'quiz_statistics'),
+                $questionstat->question->name.'&nbsp;'.$datumfromtable['actions']];
 
         if ($questionstat->variant !== null) {
-            $questioninfotable->data[] = array(get_string('variant', 'quiz_statistics'), $questionstat->variant);
+            $questioninfotable->data[] = [get_string('variant', 'quiz_statistics'), $questionstat->variant];
 
         }
-        $questioninfotable->data[] = array(get_string('questiontype', 'quiz_statistics'),
+        $questioninfotable->data[] = [get_string('questiontype', 'quiz_statistics'),
                 $datumfromtable['icon'] . '&nbsp;' .
                 question_bank::get_qtype($questionstat->question->qtype, false)->menu_name() . '&nbsp;' .
-                $datumfromtable['icon']);
-        $questioninfotable->data[] = array(get_string('positions', 'quiz_statistics'),
-                $questionstat->positions);
+                $datumfromtable['icon']];
+        $questioninfotable->data[] = [get_string('positions', 'quiz_statistics'),
+                $questionstat->positions];
 
         // Set up the question statistics table.
         $questionstatstable = new html_table();
-        $questionstatstable->align = array('center', 'center');
+        $questionstatstable->align = ['center', 'center'];
         $questionstatstable->width = '60%';
         $questionstatstable->attributes['class'] = 'generaltable titlesleft';
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
         $actions = $datumfromtable['actions'];
         unset($datumfromtable['actions']);
         unset($datumfromtable['name']);
-        $labels = array(
+        $labels = [
             's' => get_string('attempts', 'quiz_statistics'),
             'facility' => get_string('facility', 'quiz_statistics'),
             'sd' => get_string('standarddeviationq', 'quiz_statistics'),
@@ -337,9 +337,9 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
             'discrimination_index' => get_string('discrimination_index', 'quiz_statistics'),
             'discriminative_efficiency' =>
                                 get_string('discriminative_efficiency', 'quiz_statistics')
-        );
+        ];
         foreach ($datumfromtable as $item => $value) {
-            $questionstatstable->data[] = array($labels[$item], $value);
+            $questionstatstable->data[] = [$labels[$item], $value];
         }
 
         // Display the various bits.
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
     /**
      * Output question text in a box with urls appropriate for a preview of the question.
      *
-     * @param object $question question data.
+     * @param stdClass $question question data.
      * @return string HTML of question text, ready for display.
      */
     protected function render_question_text($question) {
@@ -364,14 +364,14 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
                 $this->context->id, 'quiz_statistics');
 
         return $OUTPUT->box(format_text($text, $question->questiontextformat,
-                array('noclean' => true, 'para' => false, 'overflowdiv' => true)),
+                ['noclean' => true, 'para' => false, 'overflowdiv' => true]),
                 'questiontext boxaligncenter generalbox boxwidthnormal mdl-align');
     }
 
     /**
      * Display the response analysis for a question.
      *
-     * @param object           $question  the question to report on.
+     * @param stdClass           $question  the question to report on.
      * @param int|null         $variantno the variant
      * @param int              $s
      * @param moodle_url       $reporturl the URL to redisplay this report.
@@ -491,13 +491,13 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
     protected function output_quiz_info_table($quizinfo) {
 
         $quizinfotable = new html_table();
-        $quizinfotable->align = array('center', 'center');
+        $quizinfotable->align = ['center', 'center'];
         $quizinfotable->width = '60%';
         $quizinfotable->attributes['class'] = 'generaltable titlesleft';
-        $quizinfotable->data = array();
+        $quizinfotable->data = [];
 
         foreach ($quizinfo as $heading => $value) {
-             $quizinfotable->data[] = array($heading, $value);
+             $quizinfotable->data[] = [$heading, $value];
         }
 
         return html_writer::table($quizinfotable);
@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
         }
 
         // Reformat the data ready for output.
-        $headers = array();
-        $row = array();
+        $headers = [];
+        $row = [];
         foreach ($quizinfo as $heading => $value) {
             $headers[] = $heading;
             $row[] = $value;
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
 
         $quiz = $quizorid;
         if (!is_object($quiz)) {
-            $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('id' => $quizorid), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+            $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['id' => $quizorid], '*', MUST_EXIST);
         }
 
         // Load the rest of the required data.
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
      * Get the quiz and question statistics, either by loading the cached results,
      * or by recomputing them.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz               the quiz settings.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz               the quiz settings.
      * @param string $whichattempts      which attempts to use, represented internally as one of the constants as used in
      *                                   $quiz->grademethod ie.
      *                                   QUIZ_GRADEAVERAGE, QUIZ_GRADEHIGHEST, QUIZ_ATTEMPTLAST or QUIZ_ATTEMPTFIRST
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
         $progress->progress(3);
         $progress->end_progress();
 
-        return array($quizstats, $questionstats);
+        return [$quizstats, $questionstats];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -694,8 +694,8 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
     /**
      * Analyse responses for all questions and sub questions in this quiz.
      *
-     * @param object[] $questions as returned by self::load_and_initialise_questions_for_calculations
-     * @param object[] $subquestions full question objects.
+     * @param stdClass[] $questions as returned by self::load_and_initialise_questions_for_calculations
+     * @param stdClass[] $subquestions full question objects.
      * @param qubaid_condition $qubaids the question usages whose responses to analyse.
      * @param string $whichtries which tries to analyse \question_attempt::FIRST_TRY, LAST_TRY or ALL_TRIES.
      * @param null|\core\progress\base $progress Used to indicate progress of task.
@@ -720,17 +720,17 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
     /**
      * Analyse responses for an array of questions or sub questions.
      *
-     * @param object[] $questions  as returned by self::load_and_initialise_questions_for_calculations.
+     * @param stdClass[] $questions  as returned by self::load_and_initialise_questions_for_calculations.
      * @param qubaid_condition $qubaids the question usages whose responses to analyse.
      * @param string $whichtries which tries to analyse \question_attempt::FIRST_TRY, LAST_TRY or ALL_TRIES.
      * @param null|\core\progress\base $progress Used to indicate progress of task.
      * @param int[] $done array keys are ids of questions that have been analysed before calling method.
      * @return array array keys are ids of questions that were analysed after this method call.
      */
-    protected function analyse_responses_for_questions($questions, $qubaids, $whichtries, $progress = null, $done = array()) {
+    protected function analyse_responses_for_questions($questions, $qubaids, $whichtries, $progress = null, $done = []) {
         $countquestions = count($questions);
         if (!$countquestions) {
-            return array();
+            return [];
         }
         if ($progress === null) {
             $progress = new \core\progress\none();
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
     protected function everything_download_options(moodle_url $reporturl) {
         global $OUTPUT;
         return $OUTPUT->download_dataformat_selector(get_string('downloadeverything', 'quiz_statistics'),
-            $reporturl->out_omit_querystring(), 'download', $reporturl->params() + array('everything' => 1));
+            $reporturl->out_omit_querystring(), 'download', $reporturl->params() + ['everything' => 1]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
         $a->count = $count;
 
         $recalcualteurl = new moodle_url($reporturl,
-                array('recalculate' => 1, 'sesskey' => sesskey()));
+                ['recalculate' => 1, 'sesskey' => sesskey()]);
         $output = '';
         $output .= $OUTPUT->box_start(
                 'boxaligncenter generalbox boxwidthnormal mdl-align', 'cachingnotice');
@@ -821,15 +821,15 @@ class quiz_statistics_report extends report_base {
      */
     public function clear_cached_data($qubaids) {
         global $DB;
-        $DB->delete_records('quiz_statistics', array('hashcode' => $qubaids->get_hash_code()));
-        $DB->delete_records('question_statistics', array('hashcode' => $qubaids->get_hash_code()));
-        $DB->delete_records('question_response_analysis', array('hashcode' => $qubaids->get_hash_code()));
+        $DB->delete_records('quiz_statistics', ['hashcode' => $qubaids->get_hash_code()]);
+        $DB->delete_records('question_statistics', ['hashcode' => $qubaids->get_hash_code()]);
+        $DB->delete_records('question_response_analysis', ['hashcode' => $qubaids->get_hash_code()]);
     }
 
     /**
      * Load the questions in this quiz and add some properties to the objects needed in the reports.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz.
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz.
      * @return array of questions for this quiz.
      */
     public function load_and_initialise_questions_for_calculations($quiz) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_form.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_form.php
index 0ca216fa889..91882d38b52 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_form.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_form.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_settings_form extends moodleform {
 
         $mform->addElement('header', 'preferencespage', get_string('reportsettings', 'quiz_statistics'));
 
-        $options = array();
+        $options = [];
         foreach (array_keys(quiz_get_grading_options()) as $which) {
             $options[$which] = \quiz_statistics\calculator::using_attempts_lang_string($which);
         }
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class quiz_statistics_settings_form extends moodleform {
         $mform->addElement('select', 'whichattempts', get_string('calculatefrom', 'quiz_statistics'), $options);
 
         if (quiz_allows_multiple_tries($this->_customdata['quiz'])) {
-            $mform->addElement('select', 'whichtries', get_string('whichtries', 'quiz_statistics'), array(
+            $mform->addElement('select', 'whichtries', get_string('whichtries', 'quiz_statistics'), [
                                            question_attempt::FIRST_TRY    => get_string('firsttry', 'question'),
                                            question_attempt::LAST_TRY     => get_string('lasttry', 'question'),
-                                           question_attempt::ALL_TRIES    => get_string('alltries', 'question'))
+                                           question_attempt::ALL_TRIES    => get_string('alltries', 'question')]
             );
             $mform->setDefault('whichtries', question_attempt::LAST_TRY);
         }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_question_table.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_question_table.php
index bd899421246..99bbe470a45 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_question_table.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_question_table.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ require_once($CFG->libdir . '/tablelib.php');
  * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
  */
 class quiz_statistics_question_table extends flexible_table {
-    /** @var object full question object for this question. */
+    /** @var stdClass full question object for this question. */
     protected $questiondata;
 
     /** @var  int no of attempts. */
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_question_table extends flexible_table {
      * Set up columns and column names and other table settings.
      *
      * @param moodle_url $reporturl
-     * @param object     $questiondata
+     * @param stdClass     $questiondata
      * @param integer    $s             number of attempts on this question.
      * @param \core_question\statistics\responses\analysis_for_question $responseanalysis
      */
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ class quiz_statistics_question_table extends flexible_table {
         $this->set_attribute('class', 'generaltable generalbox boxaligncenter quizresponseanalysis');
 
         // Define the table columns.
-        $columns = array();
-        $headers = array();
+        $columns = [];
+        $headers = [];
 
         if ($responseanalysis->has_subparts()) {
             $columns[] = 'part';
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_question_table extends flexible_table {
 
     /**
      * The mark fraction that this response earns.
-     * @param object $response containst the data to display.
+     * @param stdClass $response containst the data to display.
      * @return string contents of this table cell.
      */
     protected function col_fraction($response) {
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_question_table extends flexible_table {
 
     /**
      * The frequency with which this response was given.
-     * @param object $response contains the data to display.
+     * @param stdClass $response contains the data to display.
      * @return string contents of this table cell.
      */
     protected function col_frequency($response) {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_question_table extends flexible_table {
      * then this is the output for this cell of the table.
      *
      * @param string $colname  The name of this column.
-     * @param object $response The raw data for this row.
+     * @param stdClass $response The raw data for this row.
      * @return string|null The value for this cell of the table or null means use raw data.
      */
     public function other_cols($colname, $response) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_table.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_table.php
index 04538b0e9c8..f0f3e1a6174 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_table.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_table.php
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ use \core_question\statistics\questions\calculated_question_summary;
  * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
  */
 class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
-    /** @var object the quiz settings. */
+    /** @var stdClass the quiz settings. */
     protected $quiz;
 
     /** @var integer the quiz course_module id. */
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
      * Set up the columns and headers and other properties of the table and then
      * call flexible_table::setup() method.
      *
-     * @param object $quiz the quiz settings
+     * @param stdClass $quiz the quiz settings
      * @param int $cmid the quiz course_module id
      * @param moodle_url $reporturl the URL to redisplay this report.
      * @param int $s number of attempts included in the statistics.
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
         $this->cmid = $cmid;
 
         // Define the table columns.
-        $columns = array();
-        $headers = array();
+        $columns = [];
+        $headers = [];
 
         $columns[] = 'number';
         $headers[] = get_string('questionnumber', 'quiz_statistics');
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
     public function  wrap_html_start() {
         // Horrible Moodle 2.0 wide-content work-around.
         if (!$this->is_downloading()) {
-            echo html_writer::start_tag('div', array('id' => 'tablecontainer',
-                    'class' => 'statistics-tablecontainer'));
+            echo html_writer::start_tag('div', ['id' => 'tablecontainer',
+                    'class' => 'statistics-tablecontainer']);
         }
     }
 
@@ -245,28 +245,28 @@ class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
         if (!is_null($questionstat->variant)) {
             if ($questionstat->subquestion) {
                 // Variant of a sub-question.
-                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, array('qid' => $questionstat->questionid, 'variant' => $questionstat->variant));
-                $name = html_writer::link($url, $name, array('title' => get_string('detailedanalysisforvariant',
+                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, ['qid' => $questionstat->questionid, 'variant' => $questionstat->variant]);
+                $name = html_writer::link($url, $name, ['title' => get_string('detailedanalysisforvariant',
                                                                                    'quiz_statistics',
-                                                                                   $questionstat->variant)));
+                                                                                   $questionstat->variant)]);
             } else if ($questionstat->slot) {
                 // Variant of a question in a slot.
-                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, array('slot' => $questionstat->slot, 'variant' => $questionstat->variant));
-                $name = html_writer::link($url, $name, array('title' => get_string('detailedanalysisforvariant',
+                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, ['slot' => $questionstat->slot, 'variant' => $questionstat->variant]);
+                $name = html_writer::link($url, $name, ['title' => get_string('detailedanalysisforvariant',
                                                                                    'quiz_statistics',
-                                                                                   $questionstat->variant)));
+                                                                                   $questionstat->variant)]);
             }
         } else {
             if ($questionstat->subquestion && !$questionstat->get_variants()) {
                 // Sub question without variants.
-                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, array('qid' => $questionstat->questionid));
-                $name = html_writer::link($url, $name, array('title' => get_string('detailedanalysis', 'quiz_statistics')));
+                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, ['qid' => $questionstat->questionid]);
+                $name = html_writer::link($url, $name, ['title' => get_string('detailedanalysis', 'quiz_statistics')]);
             } else if ($baseurl->param('slot') === null && $questionstat->slot) {
                 // Question in a slot, we are not on a page showing structural analysis of one slot,
                 // we don't want linking on those pages.
                 $number = $questionstat->question->number;
                 $israndomquestion = $questionstat->question->qtype == 'random';
-                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, array('slot' => $questionstat->slot));
+                $url = new moodle_url($baseurl, ['slot' => $questionstat->slot]);
 
                 if ($this->is_calculated_question_summary($questionstat)) {
                     // Only make the random question summary row name link to the slot structure
@@ -278,14 +278,14 @@ class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
                     // Question cannot be broken down into sub-questions or variants. Link will show response analysis page.
                     $name = html_writer::link($url,
                                               $name,
-                                              array('title' => get_string('detailedanalysis', 'quiz_statistics')));
+                                              ['title' => get_string('detailedanalysis', 'quiz_statistics')]);
                 }
             }
         }
 
 
         if ($this->is_dubious_question($questionstat)) {
-            $name = html_writer::tag('div', $name, array('class' => 'dubious'));
+            $name = html_writer::tag('div', $name, ['class' => 'dubious']);
         }
 
         if ($this->is_calculated_question_summary($questionstat)) {
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ class quiz_statistics_table extends flexible_table {
             if (!$this->is_downloading()) {
                 $negcovar = html_writer::tag('div',
                         $negcovar . $OUTPUT->help_icon('negcovar', 'quiz_statistics'),
-                        array('class' => 'negcovar'));
+                        ['class' => 'negcovar']);
             }
 
             return $negcovar;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statisticslib.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statisticslib.php
index fa0cf2cb5c6..c4accc2232e 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statisticslib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/statisticslib.php
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ function quiz_statistics_attempts_sql($quizid, \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudents
         $whichattempts = QUIZ_GRADEAVERAGE, $includeungraded = false) {
     $fromqa = "{quiz_attempts} quiza ";
     $whereqa = 'quiza.quiz = :quizid AND quiza.preview = 0 AND quiza.state = :quizstatefinished';
-    $qaparams = array('quizid' => (int)$quizid, 'quizstatefinished' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED);
+    $qaparams = ['quizid' => (int)$quizid, 'quizstatefinished' => quiz_attempt::FINISHED];
 
     if (!empty($groupstudentsjoins->joins)) {
         $fromqa .= "\nJOIN {user} u ON u.id = quiza.userid
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ function quiz_statistics_attempts_sql($quizid, \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudents
         $whereqa .= ' AND quiza.sumgrades IS NOT NULL';
     }
 
-    return array($fromqa, $whereqa, $qaparams);
+    return [$fromqa, $whereqa, $qaparams];
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/statistics_test.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/statistics_test.php
index 0706c6d3931..ed9655fb980 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/statistics_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/statistics_test.php
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class testable_all_calculated_for_qubaid_condition extends \core_question\statis
 class testable_question_statistics extends \core_question\statistics\questions\calculator {
 
     /**
-     * @var object[]
+     * @var stdClass[]
      */
     protected $lateststeps;
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class testable_question_statistics extends \core_question\statistics\questions\c
      *              - $summarks    array of total marks for each usage, indexed by usage id
      */
     protected function get_latest_steps($qubaids) {
-        $summarks = array();
+        $summarks = [];
         $fakeusageid = 0;
         foreach ($this->lateststeps as $step) {
             // The same 'sumgrades' field is available in step data for every slot, we will ignore all slots but slot 1.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class testable_question_statistics extends \core_question\statistics\questions\c
             $step->questionusageid = $fakeusageid;
         }
 
-        return array($this->lateststeps, $summarks);
+        return [$this->lateststeps, $summarks];
     }
 
     protected function cache_stats($qubaids) {
@@ -118,27 +118,27 @@ class statistics_test extends \basic_testcase {
         $this->qstats = $calculator->calculate(null);
 
         // Values expected are taken from contrib/tools/quiz_tools/stats.xls.
-        $facility = array(0, 0, 0, 0, null, null, null, 41.19318182, 81.36363636,
+        $facility = [0, 0, 0, 0, null, null, null, 41.19318182, 81.36363636,
             71.36363636, 65.45454545, 65.90909091, 36.36363636, 59.09090909, 50,
-            59.09090909, 63.63636364, 45.45454545, 27.27272727, 50);
+            59.09090909, 63.63636364, 45.45454545, 27.27272727, 50];
         $this->qstats_q_fields('facility', $facility, 100);
-        $sd = array(0, 0, 0, 0, null, null, null, 1912.733589, 251.2738111,
+        $sd = [0, 0, 0, 0, null, null, null, 1912.733589, 251.2738111,
             322.6312277, 333.4199022, 337.5811591, 492.3659639, 503.2362797,
-            511.7663157, 503.2362797, 492.3659639, 509.6471914, 455.8423058, 511.7663157);
+            511.7663157, 503.2362797, 492.3659639, 509.6471914, 455.8423058, 511.7663157];
         $this->qstats_q_fields('sd', $sd, 1000);
-        $effectiveweight = array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 26.58464457, 3.368456046,
+        $effectiveweight = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 26.58464457, 3.368456046,
             3.253955259, 7.584083694, 3.79658376, 3.183278505, 4.532356904,
-            7.78856243, 10.08351572, 8.381139345, 8.727645713, 7.946277111, 4.769500946);
+            7.78856243, 10.08351572, 8.381139345, 8.727645713, 7.946277111, 4.769500946];
         $this->qstats_q_fields('effectiveweight', $effectiveweight);
-        $discriminationindex = array(null, null, null, null, null, null, null,
+        $discriminationindex = [null, null, null, null, null, null, null,
             25.88327077, 1.170256965, -4.207816809, 28.16930644, -2.513606859,
             -12.99017581, -8.900638238, 8.670004606, 29.63337745, 15.18945843,
-            16.21079629, 15.52451404, -8.396734802);
+            16.21079629, 15.52451404, -8.396734802];
         $this->qstats_q_fields('discriminationindex', $discriminationindex);
-        $discriminativeefficiency = array(null, null, null, null, null, null, null,
+        $discriminativeefficiency = [null, null, null, null, null, null, null,
             27.23492723, 1.382386552, -4.691171307, 31.12404354, -2.877487579,
             -17.5074184, -10.27568922, 10.86956522, 34.58997279, 17.4790556,
-            20.14359793, 22.06477733, -10);
+            20.14359793, 22.06477733, -10];
         $this->qstats_q_fields('discriminativeefficiency', $discriminativeefficiency);
     }
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class statistics_test extends \basic_testcase {
 
     public function get_records_from_csv($filename) {
         $filecontents = file($filename, FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES);
-        $records = array();
+        $records = [];
         // Skip the first line containing field names.
         $keys = $this->get_fields_from_csv(array_shift($filecontents));
         while (null !== ($line = array_shift($filecontents))) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php
index b467bbfe00e..2f95f61674b 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/report/statistics/tests/stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test.php
@@ -57,7 +57,10 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
         return  __DIR__."/fixtures/{$setname}{$test}.csv";
     }
 
-    protected $files = array('questions', 'steps', 'results', 'qstats', 'responsecounts');
+    /**
+     * @var string[] names of the files which contain the test data.
+     */
+    protected $files = ['questions', 'steps', 'results', 'qstats', 'responsecounts'];
 
     /**
      * Create a quiz add questions to it, walk through quiz attempts and then check results.
@@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
     protected function check_question_stats($qstats, $questionstats) {
         foreach ($qstats as $slotqstats) {
             foreach ($slotqstats as $statname => $slotqstat) {
-                if (!in_array($statname, array('slot', 'subqname'))  && $slotqstat !== '') {
+                if (!in_array($statname, ['slot', 'subqname'])  && $slotqstat !== '') {
                     $this->assert_stat_equals($slotqstat,
                                               $questionstats,
                                               $slotqstats['slot'],
@@ -202,19 +205,19 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
         $subpartid = $possibleresponsesubpartids[$subpart - 1];
 
         if ($modelresponse == '[NO RESPONSE]') {
-            return array($subpartid, null);
+            return [$subpartid, null];
 
         } else if ($modelresponse == '[NO MATCH]') {
-            return array($subpartid, 0);
+            return [$subpartid, 0];
         }
 
-        $modelresponses = array();
+        $modelresponses = [];
         foreach ($possibleresponses[$subpartid] as $responseclassid => $subpartpossibleresponse) {
             $modelresponses[$responseclassid] = $subpartpossibleresponse->responseclass;
         }
         $this->assertContains($modelresponse, $modelresponses);
         $responseclassid = array_search($modelresponse, $modelresponses);
-        return array($subpartid, $responseclassid);
+        return [$subpartid, $responseclassid];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -225,7 +228,7 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
      */
     protected function check_response_counts($responsecounts, $qubaids, $questions, $whichtries) {
         foreach ($responsecounts as $expected) {
-            $defaultsforexpected = array('randq' => '', 'variant' => '1', 'subpart' => '1');
+            $defaultsforexpected = ['randq' => '', 'variant' => '1', 'subpart' => '1'];
             foreach ($defaultsforexpected as $key => $expecteddefault) {
                 if (!isset($expected[$key])) {
                     $expected[$key] = $expecteddefault;
@@ -248,13 +251,13 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
      * @param $qubaids
      */
     protected function check_variants_count_for_quiz_00($questions, $questionstats, $whichtries, $qubaids) {
-        $expectedvariantcounts = array(2 => array(1  => 6,
+        $expectedvariantcounts = [2 => [1  => 6,
                                                   4  => 4,
                                                   5  => 3,
                                                   6  => 4,
                                                   7  => 2,
                                                   8  => 5,
-                                                  10 => 1));
+                                                  10 => 1]];
 
         foreach ($questions as $slot => $question) {
             if (!question_bank::get_qtype($question->qtype, false)->can_analyse_responses()) {
@@ -268,15 +271,15 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
                 // Compare contents, ignore ordering of array, using canonicalize parameter of assertEquals.
                 $this->assertEqualsCanonicalizing(array_keys($expectedvariantcounts[$slot]), $variantsnos);
             } else {
-                $this->assertEquals(array(1), $variantsnos);
+                $this->assertEquals([1], $variantsnos);
             }
-            $totalspervariantno = array();
+            $totalspervariantno = [];
             foreach ($variantsnos as $variantno) {
 
                 $subpartids = $analysis->get_subpart_ids($variantno);
                 foreach ($subpartids as $subpartid) {
                     if (!isset($totalspervariantno[$subpartid])) {
-                        $totalspervariantno[$subpartid] = array();
+                        $totalspervariantno[$subpartid] = [];
                     }
                     $totalspervariantno[$subpartid][$variantno] = 0;
 
@@ -326,7 +329,7 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
      * @param $quizstats
      */
     protected function check_quiz_stats_for_quiz_00($quizstats) {
-        $quizstatsexpected = array(
+        $quizstatsexpected = [
             'median'             => 4.5,
             'firstattemptsavg'   => 4.617333332,
             'allattemptsavg'     => 4.617333332,
@@ -338,7 +341,7 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
             'cic'                => -87.2230935542,
             'errorratio'         => 136.8294900795,
             'standarderror'      => 1.1106813066
-        );
+        ];
 
         foreach ($quizstatsexpected as $statname => $statvalue) {
             $this->assertEqualsWithDelta($statvalue, $quizstats->$statname, abs($statvalue) * 1.5e-5, $quizstats->$statname);
@@ -352,7 +355,7 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
      * @param string $whichattempts
      * @param string $whichtries
      * @param \core\dml\sql_join $groupstudentsjoins
-     * @return array with contents 0 => $questions, 1 => $quizstats, 2=> $questionstats, 3=> $qubaids Might be needed for further
+     * @return array with contents 0 => $questions, 1 => $quizstats, 2 => $questionstats, 3 => $qubaids Might be needed for further
      *               testing.
      */
     protected function check_stats_calculations_and_response_analysis($csvdata, $whichattempts, $whichtries,
@@ -381,9 +384,9 @@ class stats_from_steps_walkthrough_test extends \mod_quiz\attempt_walkthrough_fr
         }
         if (isset($csvdata['qstats'])) {
             $this->check_question_stats($csvdata['qstats'], $questionstats);
-            return array($questions, $quizstats, $questionstats, $qubaids);
+            return [$questions, $quizstats, $questionstats, $qubaids];
         }
-        return array($questions, $quizstats, $questionstats, $qubaids);
+        return [$questions, $quizstats, $questionstats, $qubaids];
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/mod/quiz/review.php b/mod/quiz/review.php
index 0c907c1f421..74667e8cbe6 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/review.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/review.php
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ $page      = optional_param('page', 0, PARAM_INT);
 $showall   = optional_param('showall', null, PARAM_BOOL);
 $cmid      = optional_param('cmid', null, PARAM_INT);
 
-$url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt'=>$attemptid));
+$url = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $attemptid]);
 if ($page !== 0) {
     $url->param('page', $page);
 } else if ($showall) {
@@ -135,58 +135,58 @@ if ($attempt->state == quiz_attempt::FINISHED) {
 }
 
 // Prepare summary informat about the whole attempt.
-$summarydata = array();
+$summarydata = [];
 if (!$attemptobj->get_quiz()->showuserpicture && $attemptobj->get_userid() != $USER->id) {
     // If showuserpicture is true, the picture is shown elsewhere, so don't repeat it.
-    $student = $DB->get_record('user', array('id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()));
+    $student = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()]);
     $userpicture = new user_picture($student);
     $userpicture->courseid = $attemptobj->get_courseid();
-    $summarydata['user'] = array(
+    $summarydata['user'] = [
         'title'   => $userpicture,
-        'content' => new action_link(new moodle_url('/user/view.php', array(
-                                'id' => $student->id, 'course' => $attemptobj->get_courseid())),
+        'content' => new action_link(new moodle_url('/user/view.php', [
+                                'id' => $student->id, 'course' => $attemptobj->get_courseid()]),
                           fullname($student, true)),
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 if ($attemptobj->has_capability('mod/quiz:viewreports')) {
     $attemptlist = $attemptobj->links_to_other_attempts($attemptobj->review_url(null, $page,
             $showall));
     if ($attemptlist) {
-        $summarydata['attemptlist'] = array(
+        $summarydata['attemptlist'] = [
             'title'   => get_string('attempts', 'quiz'),
             'content' => $attemptlist,
-        );
+        ];
     }
 }
 
 // Timing information.
-$summarydata['startedon'] = array(
+$summarydata['startedon'] = [
     'title'   => get_string('startedon', 'quiz'),
     'content' => userdate($attempt->timestart),
-);
+];
 
-$summarydata['state'] = array(
+$summarydata['state'] = [
     'title'   => get_string('attemptstate', 'quiz'),
     'content' => quiz_attempt::state_name($attempt->state),
-);
+];
 
 if ($attempt->state == quiz_attempt::FINISHED) {
-    $summarydata['completedon'] = array(
+    $summarydata['completedon'] = [
         'title'   => get_string('completedon', 'quiz'),
         'content' => userdate($attempt->timefinish),
-    );
-    $summarydata['timetaken'] = array(
+    ];
+    $summarydata['timetaken'] = [
         'title'   => get_string('timetaken', 'quiz'),
         'content' => $timetaken,
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 if (!empty($overtime)) {
-    $summarydata['overdue'] = array(
+    $summarydata['overdue'] = [
         'title'   => get_string('overdue', 'quiz'),
         'content' => $overtime,
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 // Show marks (if the user is allowed to see marks at the moment).
@@ -197,10 +197,10 @@ if ($options->marks >= question_display_options::MARK_AND_MAX && quiz_has_grades
         // Cannot display grade.
 
     } else if (is_null($grade)) {
-        $summarydata['grade'] = array(
+        $summarydata['grade'] = [
             'title'   => get_string('grade', 'quiz'),
             'content' => quiz_format_grade($quiz, $grade),
-        );
+        ];
 
     } else {
         // Show raw marks only if they are different from the grade (like on the view page).
@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ if ($options->marks >= question_display_options::MARK_AND_MAX && quiz_has_grades
             $a = new stdClass();
             $a->grade = quiz_format_grade($quiz, $attempt->sumgrades);
             $a->maxgrade = quiz_format_grade($quiz, $quiz->sumgrades);
-            $summarydata['marks'] = array(
+            $summarydata['marks'] = [
                 'title'   => get_string('marks', 'quiz'),
                 'content' => get_string('outofshort', 'quiz', $a),
-            );
+            ];
         }
 
         // Now the scaled grade.
@@ -228,10 +228,10 @@ if ($options->marks >= question_display_options::MARK_AND_MAX && quiz_has_grades
         } else {
             $formattedgrade = get_string('outof', 'quiz', $a);
         }
-        $summarydata['grade'] = array(
+        $summarydata['grade'] = [
             'title'   => get_string('grade', 'quiz'),
             'content' => $formattedgrade,
-        );
+        ];
     }
 }
 
@@ -241,10 +241,10 @@ $summarydata = array_merge($summarydata, $attemptobj->get_additional_summary_dat
 // Feedback if there is any, and the user is allowed to see it now.
 $feedback = $attemptobj->get_overall_feedback($grade);
 if ($options->overallfeedback && $feedback) {
-    $summarydata['feedback'] = array(
+    $summarydata['feedback'] = [
         'title'   => get_string('feedback', 'quiz'),
         'content' => $feedback,
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 // Summary table end. ==============================================================================
diff --git a/mod/quiz/reviewquestion.php b/mod/quiz/reviewquestion.php
index 9bdb904dc00..f09a15c3a0d 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/reviewquestion.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/reviewquestion.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ $seq = optional_param('step', null, PARAM_INT);
 $cmid = optional_param('cmid', null, PARAM_INT);
 
 $baseurl = new moodle_url('/mod/quiz/reviewquestion.php',
-        array('attempt' => $attemptid, 'slot' => $slot));
+        ['attempt' => $attemptid, 'slot' => $slot]);
 $currenturl = new moodle_url($baseurl);
 if (!is_null($seq)) {
     $currenturl->param('step', $seq);
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ $attemptobj->preload_all_attempt_step_users();
 // Check login.
 require_login($attemptobj->get_course(), false, $attemptobj->get_cm());
 $attemptobj->check_review_capability();
-$student = $DB->get_record('user', array('id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()));
+$student = $DB->get_record('user', ['id' => $attemptobj->get_userid()]);
 
 $accessmanager = $attemptobj->get_access_manager(time());
 $options = $attemptobj->get_display_options(true);
 
 $PAGE->set_pagelayout('popup');
-$PAGE->set_title(get_string('reviewofquestion', 'quiz', array(
+$PAGE->set_title(get_string('reviewofquestion', 'quiz', [
         'question' => format_string($attemptobj->get_question_name($slot)),
-        'quiz' => format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name()), 'user' => fullname($student))));
+        'quiz' => format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name()), 'user' => fullname($student)]));
 $PAGE->set_heading($attemptobj->get_course()->fullname);
 $output = $PAGE->get_renderer('mod_quiz');
 
@@ -75,48 +75,48 @@ if ($attemptobj->is_own_attempt()) {
 }
 
 // Prepare summary informat about this question attempt.
-$summarydata = array();
+$summarydata = [];
 
 // Student name.
 $userpicture = new user_picture($student);
 $userpicture->courseid = $attemptobj->get_courseid();
-$summarydata['user'] = array(
+$summarydata['user'] = [
     'title'   => $userpicture,
-    'content' => new action_link(new moodle_url('/user/view.php', array(
-            'id' => $student->id, 'course' => $attemptobj->get_courseid())),
+    'content' => new action_link(new moodle_url('/user/view.php', [
+            'id' => $student->id, 'course' => $attemptobj->get_courseid()]),
             fullname($student, true)),
-);
+];
 
 // Quiz name.
-$summarydata['quizname'] = array(
+$summarydata['quizname'] = [
     'title'   => get_string('modulename', 'quiz'),
     'content' => format_string($attemptobj->get_quiz_name()),
-);
+];
 
 // Question name.
-$summarydata['questionname'] = array(
+$summarydata['questionname'] = [
     'title'   => get_string('question', 'quiz'),
     'content' => $attemptobj->get_question_name($slot),
-);
+];
 
 // Other attempts at the quiz.
 if ($attemptobj->has_capability('mod/quiz:viewreports')) {
     $attemptlist = $attemptobj->links_to_other_attempts($baseurl);
     if ($attemptlist) {
-        $summarydata['attemptlist'] = array(
+        $summarydata['attemptlist'] = [
             'title'   => get_string('attempts', 'quiz'),
             'content' => $attemptlist,
-        );
+        ];
     }
 }
 
 // Timestamp of this action.
 $timestamp = $attemptobj->get_question_action_time($slot);
 if ($timestamp) {
-    $summarydata['timestamp'] = array(
+    $summarydata['timestamp'] = [
         'title'   => get_string('completedon', 'quiz'),
         'content' => userdate($timestamp),
-    );
+    ];
 }
 
 echo $output->review_question_page($attemptobj, $slot, $seq,
diff --git a/mod/quiz/settings.php b/mod/quiz/settings.php
index 8c166053ff4..94f3f080b90 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/settings.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/settings.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/lib.php');
 // First get a list of quiz reports with there own settings pages. If there none,
 // we use a simpler overall menu structure.
 $reports = core_component::get_plugin_list_with_file('quiz', 'settings.php', false);
-$reportsbyname = array();
+$reportsbyname = [];
 foreach ($reports as $report => $reportdir) {
     $strreportname = get_string($report . 'report', 'quiz_'.$report);
     $reportsbyname[$strreportname] = $report;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ core_collator::ksort($reportsbyname);
 // First get a list of quiz reports with there own settings pages. If there none,
 // we use a simpler overall menu structure.
 $rules = core_component::get_plugin_list_with_file('quizaccess', 'settings.php', false);
-$rulesbyname = array();
+$rulesbyname = [];
 foreach ($rules as $rule => $ruledir) {
     $strrulename = get_string('pluginname', 'quizaccess_' . $rule);
     $rulesbyname[$strrulename] = $rule;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     // What to do with overdue attempts.
     $setting = new \mod_quiz\admin\overdue_handling_setting('quiz/overduehandling',
             get_string('overduehandling', 'quiz'), get_string('overduehandling_desc', 'quiz'),
-            array('value' => 'autosubmit', 'adv' => false), null);
+            ['value' => 'autosubmit', 'adv' => false], null);
     $setting->set_locked_flag_options(admin_setting_flag::ENABLED, false);
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
             60, 1));
 
     // Number of attempts.
-    $options = array(get_string('unlimited'));
+    $options = [get_string('unlimited')];
     for ($i = 1; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_ATTEMPT_OPTION; $i++) {
         $options[$i] = $i;
     }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     // Grading method.
     $setting = new \mod_quiz\admin\grade_method_setting('quiz/grademethod',
             get_string('grademethod', 'quiz'), get_string('configgrademethod', 'quiz'),
-            array('value' => QUIZ_GRADEHIGHEST, 'adv' => false), null);
+            ['value' => QUIZ_GRADEHIGHEST, 'adv' => false], null);
     $setting->set_locked_flag_options(admin_setting_flag::ENABLED, false);
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
 
     // Questions per page.
-    $perpage = array();
+    $perpage = [];
     $perpage[0] = get_string('never');
     $perpage[1] = get_string('aftereachquestion', 'quiz');
     for ($i = 2; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_QPP_OPTION; ++$i) {
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     $setting = new admin_setting_configselect('quiz/canredoquestions',
             get_string('canredoquestions', 'quiz'), get_string('canredoquestions_desc', 'quiz'),
             0,
-            array(0 => get_string('no'), 1 => get_string('canredoquestionsyes', 'quiz')));
+            [0 => get_string('no'), 1 => get_string('canredoquestionsyes', 'quiz')]);
     $setting->set_advanced_flag_options(admin_setting_flag::ENABLED, true);
     $setting->set_locked_flag_options(admin_setting_flag::ENABLED, false);
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
@@ -191,12 +191,12 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     // Show the user's picture.
     $setting = new \mod_quiz\admin\user_image_setting('quiz/showuserpicture',
             get_string('showuserpicture', 'quiz'), get_string('configshowuserpicture', 'quiz'),
-            array('value' => 0, 'adv' => false), null);
+            ['value' => 0, 'adv' => false], null);
     $setting->set_locked_flag_options(admin_setting_flag::ENABLED, false);
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
 
     // Decimal places for overall grades.
-    $options = array();
+    $options = [];
     for ($i = 0; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_DECIMAL_OPTION; $i++) {
         $options[$i] = $i;
     }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
 
     // Decimal places for question grades.
-    $options = array(-1 => get_string('sameasoverall', 'quiz'));
+    $options = [-1 => get_string('sameasoverall', 'quiz')];
     for ($i = 0; $i <= QUIZ_MAX_Q_DECIMAL_OPTION; $i++) {
         $options[$i] = $i;
     }
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ if ($ADMIN->fulltree) {
     // Browser security.
     $setting = new \mod_quiz\admin\browser_security_setting('quiz/browsersecurity',
             get_string('showinsecurepopup', 'quiz'), get_string('configpopup', 'quiz'),
-            array('value' => '-', 'adv' => true), null);
+            ['value' => '-', 'adv' => true], null);
     $setting->set_locked_flag_options(admin_setting_flag::ENABLED, false);
     $quizsettings->add($setting);
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/startattempt.php b/mod/quiz/startattempt.php
index b4a132f7ccc..6ea52df6da4 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/startattempt.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/startattempt.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ $page = optional_param('page', -1, PARAM_INT); // Page to jump to in the attempt
 if (!$cm = get_coursemodule_from_id('quiz', $id)) {
     throw new \moodle_exception('invalidcoursemodule');
 }
-if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', array('id' => $cm->course))) {
+if (!$course = $DB->get_record('course', ['id' => $cm->course])) {
     throw new \moodle_exception("coursemisconf");
 }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/summary.php b/mod/quiz/summary.php
index f3c22ac05df..1e530682bdd 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/summary.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/summary.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
 $attemptid = required_param('attempt', PARAM_INT); // The attempt to summarise.
 $cmid = optional_param('cmid', null, PARAM_INT);
 
-$PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/summary.php', array('attempt' => $attemptid));
+$PAGE->set_url('/mod/quiz/summary.php', ['attempt' => $attemptid]);
 // During quiz attempts, the browser back/forwards buttons should force a reload.
 $PAGE->set_cacheable(false);
 $PAGE->set_secondary_active_tab("modulepage");
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_test.php
index 7dbf1128c84..c769db1fe28 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_test.php
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class attempt_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
         $student2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student', [], 'manual', 0, 0, ENROL_USER_SUSPENDED);
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
         $quizobj = quiz_settings::create($quiz->id);
 
         // Login as student.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test.php
index 987195e8107..86a801d442c 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test.php
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
  */
 class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
-    protected $files = array('questions', 'steps', 'results');
+    /**
+     * @var string[] names of the files which contain the test data.
+     */
+    protected $files = ['questions', 'steps', 'results'];
 
     /**
      * @var stdClass the quiz record we create.
@@ -69,18 +72,18 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         /** @var core_question_generator $questiongenerator */
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
-        $slots = array();
-        $qidsbycat = array();
+        $slots = [];
+        $qidsbycat = [];
         $sumofgrades = 0;
         foreach ($qs as $qsrow) {
             $q = $this->explode_dot_separated_keys_to_make_subindexs($qsrow);
 
-            $catname = array('name' => $q['cat']);
-            if (!$cat = $DB->get_record('question_categories', array('name' => $q['cat']))) {
+            $catname = ['name' => $q['cat']];
+            if (!$cat = $DB->get_record('question_categories', ['name' => $q['cat']])) {
                 $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category($catname);
             }
             $q['catid'] = $cat->id;
-            foreach (array('which' => null, 'overrides' => array()) as $key => $default) {
+            foreach (['which' => null, 'overrides' => []] as $key => $default) {
                 if (empty($q[$key])) {
                     $q[$key] = $default;
                 }
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
             if ($q['type'] !== 'random') {
                 // Don't actually create random questions here.
-                $overrides = array('category' => $cat->id, 'defaultmark' => $q['mark']) + $q['overrides'];
+                $overrides = ['category' => $cat->id, 'defaultmark' => $q['mark']] + $q['overrides'];
                 if ($q['type'] === 'truefalse') {
                     // True/false question can never have hints, but sometimes we need to put them
                     // in the CSV file, to keep it rectangular.
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
                 $q['id'] = $question->id;
 
                 if (!isset($qidsbycat[$q['cat']])) {
-                    $qidsbycat[$q['cat']] = array();
+                    $qidsbycat[$q['cat']] = [];
                 }
                 if (!empty($q['which'])) {
                     $name = $q['type'].'_'.$q['which'];
@@ -119,14 +122,14 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
         // Settings from param override defaults.
-        $aggregratedsettings = $quizsettings + array('course' => $SITE->id,
+        $aggregratedsettings = $quizsettings + ['course' => $SITE->id,
                                                      'questionsperpage' => 0,
                                                      'grade' => 100.0,
-                                                     'sumgrades' => $sumofgrades);
+                                                     'sumgrades' => $sumofgrades];
 
         $this->quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance($aggregratedsettings);
 
-        $this->randqids = array();
+        $this->randqids = [];
         foreach ($slots as $slotno => $slotquestion) {
             if ($slotquestion['type'] !== 'random') {
                 quiz_add_quiz_question($slotquestion['id'], $this->quiz, 0, $slotquestion['mark']);
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      * @return array
      */
     protected function load_csv_data_file(string $setname, string $test = ''): array {
-        $files = array($setname => $this->get_full_path_of_csv_file($setname, $test));
+        $files = [$setname => $this->get_full_path_of_csv_file($setname, $test)];
         return $this->dataset_from_files($files)->get_rows([$setname]);
     }
 
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      * @return array the row with each part of the field name following a '.' being a separate sub array's index.
      */
     protected function explode_dot_separated_keys_to_make_subindexs(array $row): array {
-        $parts = array();
+        $parts = [];
         foreach ($row as $columnkey => $value) {
             $newkeys = explode('.', trim($columnkey));
             $placetoputvalue =& $parts;
@@ -195,7 +198,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
                 } else {
                     // Going deeper down.
                     if (!isset($placetoputvalue[$newkey])) {
-                        $placetoputvalue[$newkey] = array();
+                        $placetoputvalue[$newkey] = [];
                     }
                     $placetoputvalue =& $placetoputvalue[$newkey];
                 }
@@ -212,15 +215,15 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      */
     public function get_data_for_walkthrough(): array {
         $quizzes = $this->load_csv_data_file('quizzes')['quizzes'];
-        $datasets = array();
+        $datasets = [];
         foreach ($quizzes as $quizsettings) {
-            $dataset = array();
+            $dataset = [];
             foreach ($this->files as $file) {
                 if (file_exists($this->get_full_path_of_csv_file($file, $quizsettings['testnumber']))) {
                     $dataset[$file] = $this->load_csv_data_file($file, $quizsettings['testnumber'])[$file];
                 }
             }
-            $datasets[] = array($quizsettings, $dataset);
+            $datasets[] = [$quizsettings, $dataset];
         }
         return $datasets;
     }
@@ -231,13 +234,13 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      */
     protected function walkthrough_attempts(array $steps): array {
         global $DB;
-        $attemptids = array();
+        $attemptids = [];
         foreach ($steps as $steprow) {
 
             $step = $this->explode_dot_separated_keys_to_make_subindexs($steprow);
             // Find existing user or make a new user to do the quiz.
-            $username = array('firstname' => $step['firstname'],
-                              'lastname'  => $step['lastname']);
+            $username = ['firstname' => $step['firstname'],
+                              'lastname'  => $step['lastname']];
 
             if (!$user = $DB->get_record('user', $username)) {
                 $user = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user($username);
@@ -255,7 +258,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
                 $attempt = quiz_create_attempt($quizobj, $attemptnumber, null, $timenow, false, $user->id);
                 // Select variant and / or random sub question.
                 if (!isset($step['variants'])) {
-                    $step['variants'] = array();
+                    $step['variants'] = [];
                 }
                 if (isset($step['randqs'])) {
                     // Replace 'names' with ids.
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_from_csv_test extends \advanced_testcase {
                         $step['randqs'][$slotno] = $this->randqids[$slotno][$randqname];
                     }
                 } else {
-                    $step['randqs'] = array();
+                    $step['randqs'] = [];
                 }
 
                 quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, $attemptnumber, $timenow, $step['randqs'], $step['variants']);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_test.php
index b30236c97f5..ad5794d1d3c 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/attempt_walkthrough_test.php
@@ -48,15 +48,15 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Make a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course'=>$SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0, 'grade' => 100.0,
-                                                      'sumgrades' => 3));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0, 'grade' => 100.0,
+                                                      'sumgrades' => 3]);
 
         // Create a couple of questions.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         $matchq = $questiongenerator->create_question('match', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         // Add them to the quiz.
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // The student has not answered any questions.
         $this->assertEquals(3, $attemptobj->get_number_of_unanswered_questions());
 
-        $tosubmit = array(1 => array('answer' => 'frog'),
-                          2 => array('answer' => '3.14'));
+        $tosubmit = [1 => ['answer' => 'frog'],
+                          2 => ['answer' => '3.14']];
 
         $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions($timenow, false, $tosubmit);
         // The student has answered two questions, and only one remaining.
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         /** @var \core_question_generator $questiongenerator */
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         // Add them to the quiz.
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz, 0, 1);
@@ -275,34 +275,34 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Make a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 2, 'grade' => 100.0,
-                                                      'sumgrades' => 4));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 2, 'grade' => 100.0,
+                                                      'sumgrades' => 4]);
 
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         // Add two questions to question category.
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         // Add random question to the quiz.
         quiz_add_random_questions($quiz, 0, $cat->id, 1, false);
 
         // Make another category.
         $cat2 = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $match = $questiongenerator->create_question('match', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $match = $questiongenerator->create_question('match', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($match->id, $quiz, 0);
 
-        $multichoicemulti = $questiongenerator->create_question('multichoice', 'two_of_four', array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $multichoicemulti = $questiongenerator->create_question('multichoice', 'two_of_four', ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($multichoicemulti->id, $quiz, 0);
 
-        $multichoicesingle = $questiongenerator->create_question('multichoice', 'one_of_four', array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $multichoicesingle = $questiongenerator->create_question('multichoice', 'one_of_four', ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($multichoicesingle->id, $quiz, 0);
 
-        foreach (array($saq->id => 'frog', $numq->id => '3.14') as $randomqidtoselect => $randqanswer) {
+        foreach ([$saq->id => 'frog', $numq->id => '3.14'] as $randomqidtoselect => $randqanswer) {
             // Make a new user to do the quiz each loop.
             $user1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user();
             $this->setUser($user1);
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
             $timenow = time();
             $attempt = quiz_create_attempt($quizobj, 1, false, $timenow);
 
-            quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 1, $timenow, array(1 => $randomqidtoselect));
+            quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 1, $timenow, [1 => $randomqidtoselect]);
             $this->assertEquals('1,2,0,3,4,0', $attempt->layout);
 
             quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt);
@@ -326,15 +326,15 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
             $this->assertFalse($attemptobj->has_response_to_at_least_one_graded_question());
             $this->assertEquals(4, $attemptobj->get_number_of_unanswered_questions());
 
-            $tosubmit = array();
+            $tosubmit = [];
             $selectedquestionid = $quba->get_question_attempt(1)->get_question_id();
-            $tosubmit[1] = array('answer' => $randqanswer);
-            $tosubmit[2] = array(
+            $tosubmit[1] = ['answer' => $randqanswer];
+            $tosubmit[2] = [
                 'frog' => 'amphibian',
                 'cat'  => 'mammal',
-                'newt' => 'amphibian');
-            $tosubmit[3] = array('One' => '1', 'Two' => '0', 'Three' => '1', 'Four' => '0'); // First and third choice.
-            $tosubmit[4] = array('answer' => 'One'); // The first choice.
+                'newt' => 'amphibian'];
+            $tosubmit[3] = ['One' => '1', 'Two' => '0', 'Three' => '1', 'Four' => '0']; // First and third choice.
+            $tosubmit[4] = ['answer' => 'One']; // The first choice.
 
             $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions($timenow, false, $tosubmit);
 
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
 
     public function get_correct_response_for_variants() {
-        return array(array(1, 9.9), array(2, 8.5), array(5, 14.2), array(10, 6.8, true));
+        return [[1, 9.9], [2, 8.5], [5, 14.2], [10, 6.8, true]];
     }
 
     protected $quizwithvariants = null;
@@ -392,15 +392,15 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
             // Make a quiz.
             $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
-            $this->quizwithvariants = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course'=>$SITE->id,
+            $this->quizwithvariants = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id,
                                                                             'questionsperpage' => 0,
                                                                             'grade' => 100.0,
-                                                                            'sumgrades' => 1));
+                                                                            'sumgrades' => 1]);
 
             $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
             $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-            $calc = $questiongenerator->create_question('calculatedsimple', 'sumwithvariants', array('category' => $cat->id));
+            $calc = $questiongenerator->create_question('calculatedsimple', 'sumwithvariants', ['category' => $cat->id]);
             quiz_add_quiz_question($calc->id, $this->quizwithvariants, 0);
         }
 
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $attempt = quiz_create_attempt($quizobj, 1, false, $timenow);
 
         // Select variant.
-        quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 1, $timenow, array(), array(1 => $variantno));
+        quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 1, $timenow, [], [1 => $variantno]);
         $this->assertEquals('1,0', $attempt->layout);
         quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt);
 
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class attempt_walkthrough_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertFalse($attemptobj->has_response_to_at_least_one_graded_question());
         $this->assertEquals(1, $attemptobj->get_number_of_unanswered_questions());
 
-        $tosubmit = array(1 => array('answer' => $correctresponse));
+        $tosubmit = [1 => ['answer' => $correctresponse]];
         $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions($timenow, false, $tosubmit);
 
         // Finish the attempt.
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/backup/restore_date_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/backup/restore_date_test.php
index 621ee50a3d8..76dcc08c7f6 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/backup/restore_date_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/backup/restore_date_test.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class restore_date_test extends \restore_date_testcase {
         // Create questions.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         // Add to the quiz.
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz);
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/behat/behat_mod_quiz.php b/mod/quiz/tests/behat/behat_mod_quiz.php
index aa402076f61..a919d49b44e 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/behat/behat_mod_quiz.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/behat/behat_mod_quiz.php
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
      */
     protected function get_quiz_by_name(string $name): stdClass {
         global $DB;
-        return $DB->get_record('quiz', array('name' => $name), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        return $DB->get_record('quiz', ['name' => $name], '*', MUST_EXIST);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
         $firstrow = $data->getRow(0);
         if (!in_array('question', $firstrow) && !in_array('page', $firstrow)) {
             if (count($firstrow) == 2) {
-                $headings = array('question', 'page');
+                $headings = ['question', 'page'];
             } else if (count($firstrow) == 3) {
-                $headings = array('question', 'page', 'maxmark');
+                $headings = ['question', 'page', 'maxmark'];
             } else {
                 throw new ExpectationException('When adding questions to a quiz, you should give 2 or three 3 things: ' .
                         ' the question name, the page number, and optionally the maximum mark. ' .
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
             // Require previous.
             if (array_key_exists('requireprevious', $questiondata)) {
                 if ($questiondata['requireprevious'] === '1') {
-                    $slot = $DB->get_field('quiz_slots', 'MAX(slot)', array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+                    $slot = $DB->get_field('quiz_slots', 'MAX(slot)', ['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
                     $DB->set_field('quiz_slots', 'requireprevious', 1,
-                            array('quizid' => $quiz->id, 'slot' => $slot));
+                            ['quizid' => $quiz->id, 'slot' => $slot]);
                 } else if ($questiondata['requireprevious'] !== '' && $questiondata['requireprevious'] !== '0') {
                     throw new ExpectationException('Require previous for question "' .
                             $questiondata['question'] . '" should be 0, 1 or blank.',
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
     public function quiz_contains_the_following_sections($quizname, TableNode $data) {
         global $DB;
 
-        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', array('name' => $quizname), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+        $quiz = $DB->get_record('quiz', ['name' => $quizname], '*', MUST_EXIST);
 
         // Add the sections.
         $previousfirstslot = 0;
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
             }
 
             if ($rownumber == 0) {
-                $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', array('quizid' => $quiz->id), '*', MUST_EXIST);
+                $section = $DB->get_record('quiz_sections', ['quizid' => $quiz->id], '*', MUST_EXIST);
             } else {
                 $section = new stdClass();
                 $section->quizid = $quiz->id;
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
             }
         }
 
-        if ($section->firstslot > $DB->count_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quiz->id))) {
+        if ($section->firstslot > $DB->count_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quiz->id])) {
             throw new ExpectationException('The section firstslot must be less than the total number of slots in the quiz.',
                     $this->getSession());
         }
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
         ]);
 
         if ($this->running_javascript()) {
-            $this->execute("behat_action_menu::i_open_the_action_menu_in", array('.slots', "css_element"));
-            $this->execute("behat_action_menu::i_choose_in_the_open_action_menu", array($addaquestion));
+            $this->execute("behat_action_menu::i_open_the_action_menu_in", ['.slots', "css_element"]);
+            $this->execute("behat_action_menu::i_choose_in_the_open_action_menu", [$addaquestion]);
         } else {
             $this->execute('behat_general::click_link', $addaquestion);
         }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
     public function i_set_the_max_mark_for_quiz_question($questionname, $newmark) {
         $this->execute('behat_general::click_link', $this->escape(get_string('editmaxmark', 'quiz')));
 
-        $this->execute('behat_general::wait_until_exists', array("li input[name=maxmark]", "css_element"));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::wait_until_exists', ["li input[name=maxmark]", "css_element"]);
 
         $this->execute('behat_general::assert_page_contains_text', $this->escape(get_string('edittitleinstructions')));
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
             "')][./preceding-sibling::li[contains(@class, 'pagenumber')][1][contains(., 'Page " .
             $pagenumber . "')]]";
 
-        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', array($xpath, 'xpath_element'));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', [$xpath, 'xpath_element']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
                 "')][./preceding-sibling::li[contains(@class, 'pagenumber')][1][contains(., 'Page " .
                 $pagenumber . "')]]";
 
-        $this->execute('behat_general::should_not_exist', array($xpath, 'xpath_element'));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::should_not_exist', [$xpath, 'xpath_element']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
                 "')]/following-sibling::li" .
                 "[contains(., '" . $this->escape($secondquestionname) . "')]";
 
-        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', array($xpath, 'xpath_element'));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', [$xpath, 'xpath_element']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
         }
         $xpath = "//li[contains(@class, 'slot') and contains(., '" . $this->escape($questionname) .
                 "')]//span[contains(@class, 'slotnumber') and normalize-space(.) = '" . $this->escape($number) . "']";
-        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', array($xpath, 'xpath_element'));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', [$xpath, 'xpath_element']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
     public function i_click_on_the_page_break_icon_after_question($addorremoves, $questionname) {
         $xpath = $this->get_xpath_page_break_icon_after_question($addorremoves, $questionname);
 
-        $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", array($xpath, "xpath_element"));
+        $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", [$xpath, "xpath_element"]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
     public function the_page_break_icon_after_question_should_exist($addorremoves, $questionname) {
         $xpath = $this->get_xpath_page_break_icon_after_question($addorremoves, $questionname);
 
-        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', array($xpath, 'xpath_element'));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::should_exist', [$xpath, 'xpath_element']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
     public function the_page_break_icon_after_question_should_not_exist($addorremoves, $questionname) {
         $xpath = $this->get_xpath_page_break_icon_after_question($addorremoves, $questionname);
 
-        $this->execute('behat_general::should_not_exist', array($xpath, 'xpath_element'));
+        $this->execute('behat_general::should_not_exist', [$xpath, 'xpath_element']);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
     public function the_page_break_link_after_question_should_contain($addorremoves, $questionname, $paramdata) {
         $xpath = $this->get_xpath_page_break_icon_after_question($addorremoves, $questionname);
 
-        $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", array($xpath, "xpath_element"));
+        $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", [$xpath, "xpath_element"]);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
                 "[contains(., '" . $this->escape($target) . "')]";
 
         $this->execute('behat_general::i_drag_and_i_drop_it_in',
-            array($iconxpath, 'xpath_element', $destinationxpath, 'xpath_element')
+            [$iconxpath, 'xpath_element', $destinationxpath, 'xpath_element']
         );
     }
 
@@ -677,10 +677,10 @@ class behat_mod_quiz extends behat_question_base {
                 "')]";
         $deletexpath = "//a[contains(@class, 'editing_delete')]";
 
-        $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", array($slotxpath . $deletexpath, "xpath_element"));
+        $this->execute("behat_general::i_click_on", [$slotxpath . $deletexpath, "xpath_element"]);
 
         $this->execute('behat_general::i_click_on_in_the',
-            array('Yes', "button", "Confirm", "dialogue")
+            ['Yes', "button", "Confirm", "dialogue"]
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/custom_completion_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/custom_completion_test.php
index bf4c6085c5d..08b87c306c2 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/custom_completion_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/custom_completion_test.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use grade_item;
 use mod_quiz\completion\custom_completion;
 use question_engine;
 use mod_quiz\quiz_settings;
+use stdClass;
 
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
@@ -462,14 +463,15 @@ class custom_completion_test extends advanced_testcase {
     /**
      * Set up moduleinfo object sample data for quiz instance.
      *
-     * @param object $cm course-module instance
-     * @param object $quiz quiz instance data.
-     * @param object $course Course related data.
+     * @param cm_info $cm course-module instance
+     * @param stdClass $quiz quiz instance data.
+     * @param stdClass $course Course related data.
      * @param int $gradepass Grade to pass and completed completion.
      * @param string $grademethod grade attempt method.
-     * @return \stdClass
+     * @return stdClass
      */
-    private function prepare_module_info(object $cm, object $quiz, object $course, int $gradepass, string $grademethod): \stdClass {
+    private function prepare_module_info(cm_info $cm, stdClass $quiz, stdClass $course,
+            int $gradepass, string $grademethod): \stdClass {
         $grouping = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_grouping(['courseid' => $course->id]);
         // Module test values.
         $moduleinfo = new \stdClass();
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/event/events_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/event/events_test.php
index 3ef65c3cf30..ae5dab4d5f7 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/event/events_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/event/events_test.php
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Make a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $course->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0,
-                'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 2));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $course->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0,
+                'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 2]);
 
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id, $course->id);
 
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         // Add them to the quiz.
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 1, $timenow);
         quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt);
 
-        return array($quizobj, $quba, $attempt);
+        return [$quizobj, $quba, $attempt];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals('quiz_attempt_started', $event->get_legacy_eventname());
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quizobj->get_cmid()), $event->get_context());
         // Check legacy log data.
-        $expected = array($quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'attempt', 'review.php?attempt=' . $attempt->id,
-            $quizobj->get_quizid(), $quizobj->get_cmid());
+        $expected = [$quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'attempt', 'review.php?attempt=' . $attempt->id,
+            $quizobj->get_quizid(), $quizobj->get_cmid()];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         // Check legacy event data.
         $legacydata = new \stdClass();
@@ -369,15 +369,15 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'courseid' => $course->id,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\edit_page_viewed::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\edit_page_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'editquestions', 'view.php?id=' . $quiz->cmid, $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'editquestions', 'view.php?id=' . $quiz->cmid, $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -409,8 +409,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_deleted', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quizobj->get_cmid()), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'delete attempt', 'report.php?id=' . $quizobj->get_cmid(),
-            $attempt->id, $quizobj->get_cmid());
+        $expected = [$quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'delete attempt', 'report.php?id=' . $quizobj->get_cmid(),
+            $attempt->id, $quizobj->get_cmid()];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -441,15 +441,15 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'context' => $context = \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id,
                 'reportname' => 'overview'
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\report_viewed::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -461,8 +461,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\report_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'report', 'report.php?id=' . $quiz->cmid . '&mode=overview',
-            $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'report', 'report.php?id=' . $quiz->cmid . '&mode=overview',
+            $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -478,17 +478,17 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'relateduserid' => 2,
             'courseid' => $course->id,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_reviewed::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_reviewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'review', 'review.php?attempt=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'review', 'review.php?attempt=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -516,17 +516,17 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'relateduserid' => 2,
             'courseid' => $course->id,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_summary_viewed::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_summary_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'view summary', 'summary.php?attempt=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'view summary', 'summary.php?attempt=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -554,16 +554,16 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'relateduserid' => 2,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\user_override_created::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -589,16 +589,16 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id,
                 'groupid' => 2
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\group_override_created::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -624,16 +624,16 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'relateduserid' => 2,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\user_override_updated::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\user_override_updated', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -661,16 +661,16 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id,
                 'groupid' => 2
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\group_override_updated::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\group_override_updated', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'edit override', 'overrideedit.php?id=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
         // Create an override.
         $override = new \stdClass();
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\user_override_deleted', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $quiz->cmid, $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $quiz->cmid, $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
         // Create an override.
         $override = new \stdClass();
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\group_override_deleted', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $quiz->cmid, $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'delete override', 'overrides.php?cmid=' . $quiz->cmid, $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -762,18 +762,18 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'relateduserid' => 2,
             'courseid' => $course->id,
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quiz->id,
                 'page' => 0
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_viewed::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($course->id, 'quiz', 'continue attempt', 'review.php?attempt=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid);
+        $expected = [$course->id, 'quiz', 'continue attempt', 'review.php?attempt=1', $quiz->id, $quiz->cmid];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -812,8 +812,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_preview_started', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quizobj->get_cmid()), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'preview', 'view.php?id=' . $quizobj->get_cmid(),
-            $quizobj->get_quizid(), $quizobj->get_cmid());
+        $expected = [$quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'preview', 'view.php?id=' . $quizobj->get_cmid(),
+            $quizobj->get_quizid(), $quizobj->get_cmid()];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -827,16 +827,16 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     public function test_question_manually_graded() {
         list($quizobj, $quba, $attempt) = $this->prepare_quiz_data();
 
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'objectid' => 1,
             'courseid' => $quizobj->get_courseid(),
             'context' => \context_module::instance($quizobj->get_cmid()),
-            'other' => array(
+            'other' => [
                 'quizid' => $quizobj->get_quizid(),
                 'attemptid' => 2,
                 'slot' => 3
-            )
-        );
+            ]
+        ];
         $event = \mod_quiz\event\question_manually_graded::create($params);
 
         // Trigger and capture the event.
@@ -848,8 +848,8 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Check that the event data is valid.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\question_manually_graded', $event);
         $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quizobj->get_cmid()), $event->get_context());
-        $expected = array($quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'manualgrade', 'comment.php?attempt=2&slot=3',
-            $quizobj->get_quizid(), $quizobj->get_cmid());
+        $expected = [$quizobj->get_courseid(), 'quiz', 'manualgrade', 'comment.php?attempt=2&slot=3',
+            $quizobj->get_quizid(), $quizobj->get_cmid()];
         $this->assertEventLegacyLogData($expected, $event);
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
@@ -861,33 +861,33 @@ class events_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      * create and trigger the event and ensure the event data is returned as expected.
      */
     public function test_attempt_regraded() {
-      $this->resetAfterTest();
+        $this->resetAfterTest();
 
-      $this->setAdminUser();
-      $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-      $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $this->setAdminUser();
+        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
-      $params = array(
-        'objectid' => 1,
-        'relateduserid' => 2,
-        'courseid' => $course->id,
-        'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
-        'other' => array(
-          'quizid' => $quiz->id
-        )
-      );
-      $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_regraded::create($params);
+        $params = [
+            'objectid' => 1,
+            'relateduserid' => 2,
+            'courseid' => $course->id,
+            'context' => \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid),
+            'other' => [
+                'quizid' => $quiz->id
+            ]
+        ];
+        $event = \mod_quiz\event\attempt_regraded::create($params);
 
-      // Trigger and capture the event.
-      $sink = $this->redirectEvents();
-      $event->trigger();
-      $events = $sink->get_events();
-      $event = reset($events);
+        // Trigger and capture the event.
+        $sink = $this->redirectEvents();
+        $event->trigger();
+        $events = $sink->get_events();
+        $event = reset($events);
 
-      // Check that the event data is valid.
-      $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_regraded', $event);
-      $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
-      $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
+        // Check that the event data is valid.
+        $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_regraded', $event);
+        $this->assertEquals(\context_module::instance($quiz->cmid), $event->get_context());
+        $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/external/external_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/external/external_test.php
index 381894dbd6f..ce3f7859925 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/external/external_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/external/external_test.php
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Setup test data.
         $this->course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
-        $this->quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $this->course->id));
+        $this->quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $this->course->id]);
         $this->context = \context_module::instance($this->quiz->cmid);
         $this->cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $this->quiz->id);
 
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $this->teacher = self::getDataGenerator()->create_user();
 
         // Users enrolments.
-        $this->studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
-        $this->teacherrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'editingteacher'));
+        $this->studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
+        $this->teacherrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'editingteacher']);
         // Allow student to receive messages.
         $coursecontext = \context_course::instance($this->course->id);
         assign_capability('mod/quiz:emailnotifysubmission', CAP_ALLOW, $this->teacherrole->id, $coursecontext, true);
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a new quiz with attempts.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $data = array('course' => $this->course->id,
+        $data = ['course' => $this->course->id,
                       'sumgrades' => 2,
-                      'preferredbehaviour' => $behaviour);
+                      'preferredbehaviour' => $behaviour];
         $data = array_merge($data, $extraoptions);
         $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance($data);
         $context = \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid);
@@ -139,22 +139,22 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
         if ($includeqattachments) {
-            $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, array('category' => $cat->id, 'attachments' => 1,
-                'attachmentsrequired' => 1));
+            $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, ['category' => $cat->id, 'attachments' => 1,
+                'attachmentsrequired' => 1]);
             quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
         }
 
         $quizobj = quiz_settings::create($quiz->id, $this->student->id);
 
         // Set grade to pass.
-        $item = \grade_item::fetch(array('courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
-                                        'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null));
+        $item = \grade_item::fetch(['courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
+                                        'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null]);
         $item->gradepass = 80;
         $item->update();
 
@@ -171,15 +171,15 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
             if ($finishattempt) {
                 // Process some responses from the student.
-                $tosubmit = array(1 => array('answer' => '3.14'));
+                $tosubmit = [1 => ['answer' => '3.14']];
                 $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions(time(), false, $tosubmit);
 
                 // Finish the attempt.
                 $attemptobj->process_finish(time(), false);
             }
-            return array($quiz, $context, $quizobj, $attempt, $attemptobj, $quba);
+            return [$quiz, $context, $quizobj, $attempt, $attemptobj, $quba];
         } else {
-            return array($quiz, $context, $quizobj);
+            return [$quiz, $context, $quizobj];
         }
 
     }
@@ -216,17 +216,17 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create what we expect to be returned when querying the two courses.
         // First for the student user.
-        $allusersfields = array('id', 'coursemodule', 'course', 'name', 'intro', 'introformat', 'introfiles', 'lang',
+        $allusersfields = ['id', 'coursemodule', 'course', 'name', 'intro', 'introformat', 'introfiles', 'lang',
                                 'timeopen', 'timeclose', 'grademethod', 'section', 'visible', 'groupmode', 'groupingid',
                                 'attempts', 'timelimit', 'grademethod', 'decimalpoints', 'questiondecimalpoints', 'sumgrades',
-                                'grade', 'preferredbehaviour', 'hasfeedback');
-        $userswithaccessfields = array('attemptonlast', 'reviewattempt', 'reviewcorrectness', 'reviewmarks',
+                                'grade', 'preferredbehaviour', 'hasfeedback'];
+        $userswithaccessfields = ['attemptonlast', 'reviewattempt', 'reviewcorrectness', 'reviewmarks',
                                         'reviewspecificfeedback', 'reviewgeneralfeedback', 'reviewrightanswer',
                                         'reviewoverallfeedback', 'questionsperpage', 'navmethod',
                                         'browsersecurity', 'delay1', 'delay2', 'showuserpicture', 'showblocks',
                                         'completionattemptsexhausted', 'completionpass', 'autosaveperiod', 'hasquestions',
-                                        'overduehandling', 'graceperiod', 'canredoquestions', 'allowofflineattempts');
-        $managerfields = array('shuffleanswers', 'timecreated', 'timemodified', 'password', 'subnet');
+                                        'overduehandling', 'graceperiod', 'canredoquestions', 'allowofflineattempts'];
+        $managerfields = ['shuffleanswers', 'timecreated', 'timemodified', 'password', 'subnet'];
 
         // Add expected coursemodule and other data.
         $quiz1 = $this->quiz;
@@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
             $expected2[$field] = $quiz2->{$field};
         }
 
-        $expectedquizzes = array($expected2, $expected1);
+        $expectedquizzes = [$expected2, $expected1];
 
         // Call the external function passing course ids.
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quizzes_by_courses(array($course2->id, $this->course->id));
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quizzes_by_courses([$course2->id, $this->course->id]);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue($returndescription, $result);
 
         $this->assertEquals($expectedquizzes, $result['quizzes']);
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals($expectedquizzes, $result['quizzes']);
 
         // Call for the second course we unenrolled the user from, expected warning.
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quizzes_by_courses(array($course2->id));
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quizzes_by_courses([$course2->id]);
         $this->assertCount(1, $result['warnings']);
         $this->assertEquals('1', $result['warnings'][0]['warningcode']);
         $this->assertEquals($course2->id, $result['warnings'][0]['itemid']);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // Admin also should get all the information.
         self::setAdminUser();
 
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quizzes_by_courses(array($this->course->id));
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quizzes_by_courses([$this->course->id]);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue($returndescription, $result);
         $this->assertEquals($expectedquizzes, $result['quizzes']);
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // Checking that the event contains the expected values.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\course_module_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals($this->context, $event->get_context());
-        $moodlequiz = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', array('id' => $this->cm->id));
+        $moodlequiz = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', ['id' => $this->cm->id]);
         $this->assertEquals($moodlequiz, $event->get_url());
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
         $this->assertNotEmpty($event->get_name());
@@ -690,22 +690,22 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a new quiz with attempts.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $data = array('course' => $this->course->id,
-                      'sumgrades' => 1);
+        $data = ['course' => $this->course->id,
+                      'sumgrades' => 1];
         $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance($data);
 
         // Create a couple of questions.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
         $quizobj = quiz_settings::create($quiz->id, $this->student->id);
 
         // Set grade to pass.
-        $item = \grade_item::fetch(array('courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
-                                        'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null));
+        $item = \grade_item::fetch(['courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
+                                        'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null]);
         $item->gradepass = 80;
         $item->update();
 
@@ -724,23 +724,23 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::get_combined_review_options_returns(), $result);
 
         // Expected values.
-        $expected = array(
-            "someoptions" => array(
-                array("name" => "feedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 0),
-                array("name" => "marks", "value" => 2),
-            ),
-            "alloptions" => array(
-                array("name" => "feedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 0),
-                array("name" => "marks", "value" => 2),
-            ),
+        $expected = [
+            "someoptions" => [
+                ["name" => "feedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 0],
+                ["name" => "marks", "value" => 2],
+            ],
+            "alloptions" => [
+                ["name" => "feedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 0],
+                ["name" => "marks", "value" => 2],
+            ],
             "warnings" => [],
-        );
+        ];
 
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
 
@@ -748,23 +748,23 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $attemptobj = quiz_attempt::create($attempt->id);
         $attemptobj->process_finish($timenow, false);
 
-        $expected = array(
-            "someoptions" => array(
-                array("name" => "feedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "marks", "value" => 2),
-            ),
-            "alloptions" => array(
-                array("name" => "feedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "marks", "value" => 2),
-            ),
+        $expected = [
+            "someoptions" => [
+                ["name" => "feedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "marks", "value" => 2],
+            ],
+            "alloptions" => [
+                ["name" => "feedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "marks", "value" => 2],
+            ],
             "warnings" => [],
-        );
+        ];
 
         // We should see now the overall feedback.
         $result = mod_quiz_external::get_combined_review_options($quiz->id);
@@ -779,23 +779,23 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 1, $timenow);
         quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt);
 
-        $expected = array(
-            "someoptions" => array(
-                array("name" => "feedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "marks", "value" => 2),
-            ),
-            "alloptions" => array(
-                array("name" => "feedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1),
-                array("name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 0),
-                array("name" => "marks", "value" => 2),
-            ),
+        $expected = [
+            "someoptions" => [
+                ["name" => "feedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "marks", "value" => 2],
+            ],
+            "alloptions" => [
+                ["name" => "feedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "generalfeedback", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "rightanswer", "value" => 1],
+                ["name" => "overallfeedback", "value" => 0],
+                ["name" => "marks", "value" => 2],
+            ],
             "warnings" => [],
-        );
+        ];
 
         $result = mod_quiz_external::get_combined_review_options($quiz->id);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::get_combined_review_options_returns(), $result);
@@ -846,14 +846,14 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $DB->update_record('quiz', $quiz);
 
         try {
-            mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'bad')));
+            mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'bad']]);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due to invalid passwod.');
         } catch (moodle_exception $e) {
             $this->assertEquals(get_string('passworderror', 'quizaccess_password'), $e->errorcode);
         }
 
         // Now, try everything correct.
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abc')));
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abc']]);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::start_attempt_returns(), $result);
 
         $this->assertEquals(1, $result['attempt']['attempt']);
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // We are good, try to start a new attempt now.
 
         try {
-            mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abc')));
+            mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abc']]);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due to attempt not finished.');
         } catch (moodle_exception $e) {
             $this->assertEquals('attemptstillinprogress', $e->errorcode);
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // Process some responses from the student.
         $timenow = time();
         $attemptobj = quiz_attempt::create($attemptid);
-        $tosubmit = array(1 => array('answer' => '3.14'));
+        $tosubmit = [1 => ['answer' => '3.14']];
         $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions($timenow, false, $tosubmit);
 
         // Finish the attempt.
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $attemptobj->process_finish($timenow, false);
 
         // We should be able to start a new attempt.
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abc')));
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::start_attempt($quiz->id, [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abc']]);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::start_attempt_returns(), $result);
 
         $this->assertEquals(2, $result['attempt']['attempt']);
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Invalid attempt.
         try {
-            $params = array('attemptid' => -1, 'page' => 0);
+            $params = ['attemptid' => -1, 'page' => 0];
             testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt($params);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due to invalid attempt id.');
         } catch (\dml_missing_record_exception $e) {
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         }
 
         // Test OK case.
-        $params = array('attemptid' => $attempt->id, 'page' => 0);
+        $params = ['attemptid' => $attempt->id, 'page' => 0];
         $result = testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt($params);
         $this->assertEquals($attempt->id, $result[0]->get_attempt()->id);
         $this->assertEquals([], $result[1]);
@@ -940,8 +940,8 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $DB->update_record('quiz', $quiz);
 
         try {
-            $params = array('attemptid' => $attempt->id, 'page' => 0,
-                            'preflightdata' => array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'bad')));
+            $params = ['attemptid' => $attempt->id, 'page' => 0,
+                            'preflightdata' => [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'bad']]];
             testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt($params);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due to invalid passwod.');
         } catch (moodle_exception $e) {
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         list($quiz, $context, $quizobj, $attempt, $attemptobj) = $this->create_quiz_with_questions(true);
 
         // Set correctness mask so questions state can be fetched only after finishing the attempt.
-        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'reviewcorrectness', display_options::IMMEDIATELY_AFTER, array('id' => $quiz->id));
+        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'reviewcorrectness', display_options::IMMEDIATELY_AFTER, ['id' => $quiz->id]);
 
         $quizobj = $attemptobj->get_quizobj();
         $quizobj->preload_questions();
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertCount(4, (array) json_decode($result['questions'][0]['settings']));
 
         // Submit a response for the first question.
-        $tosubmit = array(1 => array('answer' => '3.14'));
+        $tosubmit = [1 => ['answer' => '3.14']];
         $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions(time(), false, $tosubmit);
         $result = mod_quiz_external::get_attempt_summary($attempt->id);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::get_attempt_summary_returns(), $result);
@@ -1234,12 +1234,12 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Response for slot 1.
         $prefix = $quba->get_field_prefix(1);
-        $data = array(
-            array('name' => 'slots', 'value' => 1),
-            array('name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
-                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1),
-        );
+        $data = [
+            ['name' => 'slots', 'value' => 1],
+            ['name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
+                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1],
+        ];
 
         $this->setUser($this->student);
 
@@ -1269,12 +1269,12 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Now, second slot.
         $prefix = $quba->get_field_prefix(2);
-        $data = array(
-            array('name' => 'slots', 'value' => 2),
-            array('name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
-                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1),
-        );
+        $data = [
+            ['name' => 'slots', 'value' => 2],
+            ['name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
+                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1],
+        ];
 
         $result = mod_quiz_external::save_attempt($attempt->id, $data);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::save_attempt_returns(), $result);
@@ -1305,12 +1305,12 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Response for slot 1.
         $prefix = $quba->get_field_prefix(1);
-        $data = array(
-            array('name' => 'slots', 'value' => 1),
-            array('name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
-                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1),
-        );
+        $data = [
+            ['name' => 'slots', 'value' => 1],
+            ['name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
+                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1],
+        ];
 
         $this->setUser($this->student);
 
@@ -1342,13 +1342,13 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Now, second slot.
         $prefix = $quba->get_field_prefix(2);
-        $data = array(
-            array('name' => 'slots', 'value' => 2),
-            array('name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
-                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1),
-            array('name' => $prefix . ':flagged', 'value' => 1),
-        );
+        $data = [
+            ['name' => 'slots', 'value' => 2],
+            ['name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
+                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 1],
+            ['name' => $prefix . ':flagged', 'value' => 1],
+        ];
 
         $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, $data);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::process_attempt_returns(), $result);
@@ -1366,27 +1366,27 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Add files in the attachment response.
         $draftitemid = file_get_unused_draft_itemid();
-        $filerecordinline = array(
+        $filerecordinline = [
             'contextid' => \context_user::instance($this->student->id)->id,
             'component' => 'user',
             'filearea'  => 'draft',
             'itemid'    => $draftitemid,
             'filepath'  => '/',
             'filename'  => 'faketxt.txt',
-        );
+        ];
         $fs = get_file_storage();
         $fs->create_file_from_string($filerecordinline, 'fake txt contents 1.');
 
         // Last slot.
         $prefix = $quba->get_field_prefix(3);
-        $data = array(
-            array('name' => 'slots', 'value' => 3),
-            array('name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
-                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 'Some test'),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'answerformat', 'value' => FORMAT_HTML),
-            array('name' => $prefix . 'attachments', 'value' => $draftitemid),
-        );
+        $data = [
+            ['name' => 'slots', 'value' => 3],
+            ['name' => $prefix . ':sequencecheck',
+                    'value' => $attemptobj->get_question_attempt(1)->get_sequence_check_count()],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'answer', 'value' => 'Some test'],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'answerformat', 'value' => FORMAT_HTML],
+            ['name' => $prefix . 'attachments', 'value' => $draftitemid],
+        ];
 
         $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, $data);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::process_attempt_returns(), $result);
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Finish the attempt.
         $sink = $this->redirectMessages();
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, array(), true);
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, [], true);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::process_attempt_returns(), $result);
         $this->assertEquals(quiz_attempt::FINISHED, $result['state']);
         $messages = $sink->get_messages();
@@ -1441,7 +1441,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $quiz->overduehandling = 'graceperiod';
         $DB->update_record('quiz', $quiz);
 
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, array());
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, []);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::process_attempt_returns(), $result);
         $this->assertEquals(quiz_attempt::OVERDUE, $result['state']);
 
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         quiz_start_new_attempt($quizobj, $quba, $attempt, 2, $timenow - 10);
         quiz_attempt_save_started($quizobj, $quba, $attempt);
 
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, array());
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, []);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::process_attempt_returns(), $result);
         $this->assertEquals(quiz_attempt::OVERDUE, $result['state']);
 
@@ -1475,7 +1475,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $quiz->timeclose = $timenow - HOURSECS;
         $DB->update_record('quiz', $quiz);
 
-        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, array());
+        $result = mod_quiz_external::process_attempt($attempt->id, []);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::process_attempt_returns(), $result);
         $this->assertEquals(quiz_attempt::ABANDONED, $result['state']);
 
@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Invalid attempt, invalid id.
         try {
-            $params = array('attemptid' => -1);
+            $params = ['attemptid' => -1];
             testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt_review($params);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due invalid id.');
         } catch (\dml_missing_record_exception $e) {
@@ -1503,7 +1503,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Invalid attempt, not closed.
         try {
-            $params = array('attemptid' => $attempt->id);
+            $params = ['attemptid' => $attempt->id];
             testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt_review($params);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due not closed attempt.');
         } catch (moodle_exception $e) {
@@ -1513,7 +1513,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // Test ok case (finished attempt).
         list($quiz, $context, $quizobj, $attempt, $attemptobj) = $this->create_quiz_with_questions(true, true);
 
-        $params = array('attemptid' => $attempt->id);
+        $params = ['attemptid' => $attempt->id];
         testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt_review($params);
 
         // Teacher should be able to view the review of one student's attempt.
@@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setUser($anotherstudent);
         try {
-            $params = array('attemptid' => $attempt->id);
+            $params = ['attemptid' => $attempt->id];
             testable_mod_quiz_external::validate_attempt_review($params);
             $this->fail('Exception expected due missing permissions.');
         } catch (moodle_exception $e) {
@@ -1627,10 +1627,10 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertNotEmpty($event->get_name());
 
         // Now, force the quiz with QUIZ_NAVMETHOD_SEQ (sequential) navigation method.
-        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'navmethod', QUIZ_NAVMETHOD_SEQ, array('id' => $quiz->id));
+        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'navmethod', QUIZ_NAVMETHOD_SEQ, ['id' => $quiz->id]);
         // Quiz requiring preflightdata.
-        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'password', 'abcdef', array('id' => $quiz->id));
-        $preflightdata = array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abcdef'));
+        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'password', 'abcdef', ['id' => $quiz->id]);
+        $preflightdata = [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abcdef']];
 
         // See next page.
         $result = mod_quiz_external::view_attempt($attempt->id, 1, $preflightdata);
@@ -1676,14 +1676,14 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // Checking that the event contains the expected values.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_summary_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals($context, $event->get_context());
-        $moodlequiz = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/summary.php', array('attempt' => $attempt->id));
+        $moodlequiz = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/summary.php', ['attempt' => $attempt->id]);
         $this->assertEquals($moodlequiz, $event->get_url());
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
         $this->assertNotEmpty($event->get_name());
 
         // Quiz requiring preflightdata.
-        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'password', 'abcdef', array('id' => $quiz->id));
-        $preflightdata = array(array("name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abcdef'));
+        $DB->set_field('quiz', 'password', 'abcdef', ['id' => $quiz->id]);
+        $preflightdata = [["name" => "quizpassword", "value" => 'abcdef']];
 
         $result = mod_quiz_external::view_attempt_summary($attempt->id, $preflightdata);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::view_attempt_summary_returns(), $result);
@@ -1717,7 +1717,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         // Checking that the event contains the expected values.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\attempt_reviewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals($context, $event->get_context());
-        $moodlequiz = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', array('attempt' => $attempt->id));
+        $moodlequiz = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/review.php', ['attempt' => $attempt->id]);
         $this->assertEquals($moodlequiz, $event->get_url());
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
         $this->assertNotEmpty($event->get_name());
@@ -1740,14 +1740,14 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $feedback->id = $DB->insert_record('quiz_feedback', $feedback);
         // Add a fake inline image to the feedback text.
         $filename = 'shouldbeanimage.jpg';
-        $filerecordinline = array(
+        $filerecordinline = [
             'contextid' => $this->context->id,
             'component' => 'mod_quiz',
             'filearea'  => 'feedback',
             'itemid'    => $feedback->id,
             'filepath'  => '/',
             'filename'  => $filename,
-        );
+        ];
         $fs = get_file_storage();
         $fs->create_file_from_string($filerecordinline, 'image contents (not really)');
 
@@ -1782,7 +1782,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a new quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $data = array('course' => $this->course->id);
+        $data = ['course' => $this->course->id];
         $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance($data);
 
         $this->setUser($this->student);
@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quiz_access_information($quiz->id);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::get_quiz_access_information_returns(), $result);
 
-        $expected = array(
+        $expected = [
             'canattempt' => true,
             'canmanage' => false,
             'canpreview' => false,
@@ -1802,7 +1802,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
             'activerulenames' => ['quizaccess_openclosedate'],
             'preventaccessreasons' => [],
             'warnings' => []
-        );
+        ];
 
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
 
@@ -1847,31 +1847,31 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a new quiz with attempts.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $data = array('course' => $this->course->id,
-                      'sumgrades' => 2);
+        $data = ['course' => $this->course->id,
+                      'sumgrades' => 2];
         $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance($data);
 
         // Create some questions.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
         // Add new question types in the category (for the random one).
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_random_questions($quiz, 0, $cat->id, 1, false);
 
         $quizobj = quiz_settings::create($quiz->id, $this->student->id);
 
         // Set grade to pass.
-        $item = \grade_item::fetch(array('courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
-                                        'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null));
+        $item = \grade_item::fetch(['courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
+                                        'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null]);
         $item->gradepass = 80;
         $item->update();
 
@@ -1881,11 +1881,11 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $result = mod_quiz_external::get_attempt_access_information($quiz->id);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::get_attempt_access_information_returns(), $result);
 
-        $expected = array(
+        $expected = [
             'isfinished' => false,
             'preventnewattemptreasons' => [],
             'warnings' => []
-        );
+        ];
 
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
 
@@ -1904,7 +1904,7 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Process some responses from the student.
         $attemptobj = quiz_attempt::create($attempt->id);
-        $tosubmit = array(1 => array('answer' => '3.14'));
+        $tosubmit = [1 => ['answer' => '3.14']];
         $attemptobj->process_submitted_actions($timenow, false, $tosubmit);
 
         // Finish the attempt.
@@ -1931,23 +1931,23 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a new quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $data = array('course' => $this->course->id);
+        $data = ['course' => $this->course->id];
         $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance($data);
 
         // Create some questions.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
 
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
         $this->setUser($this->student);
@@ -1955,10 +1955,10 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
         $result = mod_quiz_external::get_quiz_required_qtypes($quiz->id);
         $result = external_api::clean_returnvalue(mod_quiz_external::get_quiz_required_qtypes_returns(), $result);
 
-        $expected = array(
+        $expected = [
             'questiontypes' => ['essay', 'numerical', 'shortanswer', 'truefalse'],
             'warnings' => []
-        );
+        ];
 
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
 
@@ -2115,8 +2115,8 @@ class external_test extends externallib_advanced_testcase {
 
         $quizobj = quiz_settings::create($quiz->id, $this->student->id);
         // Set grade to pass.
-        $item = \grade_item::fetch(array('courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
-            'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null));
+        $item = \grade_item::fetch(['courseid' => $this->course->id, 'itemtype' => 'mod',
+            'itemmodule' => 'quiz', 'iteminstance' => $quiz->id, 'outcomeid' => null]);
         $item->gradepass = 80;
         $item->update();
         return $quizobj;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/generator/lib.php b/mod/quiz/tests/generator/lib.php
index 416000b1239..9e175f958cf 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/generator/lib.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/generator/lib.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class mod_quiz_generator extends testing_module_generator {
         require_once($CFG->dirroot.'/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
         $record = (object)(array)$record;
 
-        $defaultquizsettings = array(
+        $defaultquizsettings = [
             'timeopen'               => 0,
             'timeclose'              => 0,
             'preferredbehaviour'     => 'deferredfeedback',
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class mod_quiz_generator extends testing_module_generator {
             'showuserpicture'        => 0,
             'showblocks'             => 0,
             'navmethod'              => QUIZ_NAVMETHOD_FREE,
-        );
+        ];
 
         foreach ($defaultquizsettings as $name => $value) {
             if (!isset($record->{$name})) {
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/generator_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/generator_test.php
index 6d8c0ead5e3..76435349233 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/generator_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/generator_test.php
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ class generator_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertInstanceOf('mod_quiz_generator', $generator);
         $this->assertEquals('quiz', $generator->get_modulename());
 
-        $generator->create_instance(array('course'=>$SITE->id));
-        $generator->create_instance(array('course'=>$SITE->id));
+        $generator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id]);
+        $generator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id]);
         $createtime = time();
-        $quiz = $generator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'timecreated' => 0));
+        $quiz = $generator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'timecreated' => 0]);
         $this->assertEquals(3, $DB->count_records('quiz'));
 
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/lib_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/lib_test.php
index a4826dd8845..b11be05e4b1 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/lib_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/lib_test.php
@@ -101,35 +101,35 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Setup a quiz with 1 standard and 1 random question.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
 
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $standardq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $standardq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($standardq->id, $quiz);
         quiz_add_random_questions($quiz, 0, $cat->id, 1, false);
 
         // Get the random question.
-        $randomq = $DB->get_record('question', array('qtype' => 'random'));
+        $randomq = $DB->get_record('question', ['qtype' => 'random']);
 
         quiz_delete_instance($quiz->id);
 
         // Check that the random question was deleted.
         if ($randomq) {
-            $count = $DB->count_records('question', array('id' => $randomq->id));
+            $count = $DB->count_records('question', ['id' => $randomq->id]);
             $this->assertEquals(0, $count);
         }
         // Check that the standard question was not deleted.
-        $count = $DB->count_records('question', array('id' => $standardq->id));
+        $count = $DB->count_records('question', ['id' => $standardq->id]);
         $this->assertEquals(1, $count);
 
         // Check that all the slots were removed.
-        $count = $DB->count_records('quiz_slots', array('quizid' => $quiz->id));
+        $count = $DB->count_records('quiz_slots', ['quizid' => $quiz->id]);
         $this->assertEquals(0, $count);
 
         // Check that the quiz was removed.
-        $count = $DB->count_records('quiz', array('id' => $quiz->id));
+        $count = $DB->count_records('quiz', ['id' => $quiz->id]);
         $this->assertEquals(0, $count);
     }
 
@@ -662,8 +662,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->assertNull(quiz_get_group_override_priorities($quiz->id));
 
-        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
-        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
+        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
+        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
 
         $now = 100;
         $override1 = (object)[
@@ -706,8 +706,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Create a student and enrol into the course.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'timeopen' => time() - DAYSECS, 'timeclose' => time() + DAYSECS));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'timeopen' => time() - DAYSECS, 'timeclose' => time() + DAYSECS]);
 
         // Create a calendar event.
         $event = $this->create_action_event($course->id, $quiz->id, QUIZ_EVENT_TYPE_OPEN);
@@ -737,8 +737,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Create a student and enrol into the course.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'timeopen' => time() - DAYSECS, 'timeclose' => time() + DAYSECS));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'timeopen' => time() - DAYSECS, 'timeclose' => time() + DAYSECS]);
 
         // Create a calendar event.
         $event = $this->create_action_event($course->id, $quiz->id, QUIZ_EVENT_TYPE_OPEN);
@@ -766,8 +766,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course();
 
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'timeclose' => time() - DAYSECS));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'timeclose' => time() - DAYSECS]);
 
         // Create a calendar event.
         $event = $this->create_action_event($course->id, $quiz->id, QUIZ_EVENT_TYPE_CLOSE);
@@ -791,8 +791,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
 
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'timeclose' => time() - DAYSECS));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'timeclose' => time() - DAYSECS]);
 
         // Create a calendar event.
         $event = $this->create_action_event($course->id, $quiz->id, QUIZ_EVENT_TYPE_CLOSE);
@@ -814,8 +814,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Create a student and enrol into the course.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'timeopen' => time() + DAYSECS));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'timeopen' => time() + DAYSECS]);
 
         // Create a calendar event.
         $event = $this->create_action_event($course->id, $quiz->id, QUIZ_EVENT_TYPE_CLOSE);
@@ -845,8 +845,8 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Create a student and enrol into the course.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'timeopen' => time() + DAYSECS));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'timeopen' => time() + DAYSECS]);
 
         // Create a calendar event.
         $event = $this->create_action_event($course->id, $quiz->id, QUIZ_EVENT_TYPE_CLOSE);
@@ -876,13 +876,13 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a student.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user();
-        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
+        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
 
         // Enrol student.
         $this->assertTrue($this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student->id, $course->id, $studentrole->id));
 
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
         // Remove the permission to attempt or review the quiz for the student role.
         $coursecontext = \context_course::instance($course->id);
@@ -913,13 +913,13 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a student.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user();
-        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
+        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
 
         // Enrol student.
         $this->assertTrue($this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student->id, $course->id, $studentrole->id));
 
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
 
         // Remove the permission to attempt or review the quiz for the student role.
         $coursecontext = \context_course::instance($course->id);
@@ -948,19 +948,19 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a student.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user();
-        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
+        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
 
         // Enrol student.
         $this->assertTrue($this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student->id, $course->id, $studentrole->id));
 
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'sumgrades' => 1));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'sumgrades' => 1]);
 
         // Add a question to the quiz.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
         // Get the quiz object.
@@ -1003,19 +1003,19 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a student.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user();
-        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
+        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
 
         // Enrol student.
         $this->assertTrue($this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student->id, $course->id, $studentrole->id));
 
         // Create a quiz.
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id,
-            'sumgrades' => 1));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id,
+            'sumgrades' => 1]);
 
         // Add a question to the quiz.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
-        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
 
         // Get the quiz object.
@@ -1049,9 +1049,9 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->setAdminUser();
 
         // Create the activity.
-        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(array('enablecompletion' => 1));
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id),
-            array('completion' => 2, 'completionview' => 1, 'completionexpected' => time() + DAYSECS));
+        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(['enablecompletion' => 1]);
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id],
+            ['completion' => 2, 'completionview' => 1, 'completionexpected' => time() + DAYSECS]);
 
         // Get some additional data.
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id);
@@ -1080,9 +1080,9 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->setAdminUser();
 
         // Create the activity.
-        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(array('enablecompletion' => 1));
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id),
-            array('completion' => 2, 'completionview' => 1, 'completionexpected' => time() + DAYSECS));
+        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(['enablecompletion' => 1]);
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id],
+            ['completion' => 2, 'completionview' => 1, 'completionexpected' => time() + DAYSECS]);
 
         // Enrol a student in the course.
         $student = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_and_enrol($course, 'student');
@@ -1188,11 +1188,11 @@ class lib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Create an instance as a user without the calendar capabilities.
         $this->setUser($user);
         $time = time();
-        $params = array(
+        $params = [
             'course' => $course->id,
             'timeopen' => $time + 200,
             'timeclose' => $time + 2000,
-        );
+        ];
         $generator->create_instance($params);
     }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/local_structure_slot_random_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/local_structure_slot_random_test.php
index 82334b4b22b..6c4c11eecac 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/local_structure_slot_random_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/local_structure_slot_random_test.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
 
         // Create a question category in the system context.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
 
         // Create a question category in the system context.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
 
         // Create a question category in the system context.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
 
         // Create a question category in the system context.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
@@ -191,16 +191,16 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create tags.
         foreach ($tagnames as $tagname) {
-            $tagrecord = array(
+            $tagrecord = [
                 'isstandard' => 1,
                 'flag' => 0,
                 'rawname' => $tagname,
                 'description' => $tagname . ' desc'
-            );
+            ];
             $tags[$tagname] = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_tag($tagrecord);
         }
 
-        return array($randomslot, $tags);
+        return [$randomslot, $tags];
     }
 
     public function test_set_tags() {
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
         $quizcontext = \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid);
 
         // Create a question category in the system context.
@@ -371,19 +371,19 @@ class local_structure_slot_random_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $form->stamp = make_unique_id_code();
 
         // Prepare 2 tags.
-        $tagrecord = array(
+        $tagrecord = [
             'isstandard' => 1,
             'flag' => 0,
             'rawname' => 'foo',
             'description' => 'foo desc'
-        );
+        ];
         $footag = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_tag($tagrecord);
-        $tagrecord = array(
+        $tagrecord = [
             'isstandard' => 1,
             'flag' => 0,
             'rawname' => 'bar',
             'description' => 'bar desc'
-        );
+        ];
         $bartag = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_tag($tagrecord);
 
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/locallib_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/locallib_test.php
index b73248fc984..bc9c28a7be0 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/locallib_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/locallib_test.php
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         $this->setAdminUser();
         // Setup test data.
-        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(array('enablecompletion' => 1));
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id),
-                                                            array('completion' => 2, 'completionview' => 1));
+        $course = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_course(['enablecompletion' => 1]);
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id],
+                                                            ['completion' => 2, 'completionview' => 1]);
         $context = \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid);
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id);
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Checking that the event contains the expected values.
         $this->assertInstanceOf('\mod_quiz\event\course_module_viewed', $event);
         $this->assertEquals($context, $event->get_context());
-        $moodleurl = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', array('id' => $cm->id));
+        $moodleurl = new \moodle_url('/mod/quiz/view.php', ['id' => $cm->id]);
         $this->assertEquals($moodleurl, $event->get_url());
         $this->assertEventContextNotUsed($event);
         $this->assertNotEmpty($event->get_name());
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $course = $generator->create_course();
         $quizgenerator = $generator->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
         $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $course->id]);
-        $group = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $quiz->course));
+        $group = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $quiz->course]);
         $groupid = $group->id;
         $userid = $user->id;
 
@@ -321,10 +321,10 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
         // Both quizzes close in two hours.
-        $quiz1 = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $course->id, 'timeclose' => $basetimestamp + 7200));
-        $quiz2 = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $course->id, 'timeclose' => $basetimestamp + 7200));
-        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
-        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
+        $quiz1 = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $course->id, 'timeclose' => $basetimestamp + 7200]);
+        $quiz2 = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $course->id, 'timeclose' => $basetimestamp + 7200]);
+        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
+        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
 
         $student1id = $student1->id;
         $student2id = $student2->id;
@@ -332,20 +332,20 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $teacherid = $teacher->id;
 
         // Users enrolments.
-        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
-        $teacherrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'editingteacher'));
+        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
+        $teacherrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'editingteacher']);
         $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student1id, $course->id, $studentrole->id, 'manual');
         $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student2id, $course->id, $studentrole->id, 'manual');
         $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($student3id, $course->id, $studentrole->id, 'manual');
         $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($teacherid, $course->id, $teacherrole->id, 'manual');
 
         // Create groups.
-        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
-        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
+        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
+        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
         $group1id = $group1->id;
         $group2id = $group2->id;
-        $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group_member(array('userid' => $student1id, 'groupid' => $group1id));
-        $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group_member(array('userid' => $student2id, 'groupid' => $group2id));
+        $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group_member(['userid' => $student1id, 'groupid' => $group1id]);
+        $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group_member(['userid' => $student2id, 'groupid' => $group2id]);
 
         // Group 1 gets an group override for quiz 1 to close in three hours.
         $record1 = (object) [
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->setUser($student1id);
         $params = new \stdClass();
 
-        $comparearray = array();
+        $comparearray = [];
         $object = new \stdClass();
         $object->id = $quiz1->id;
         $object->usertimeclose = $basetimestamp + 10800; // The overriden timeclose for quiz 1.
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->setUser($student3id);
         $params = new \stdClass();
 
-        $comparearray = array();
+        $comparearray = [];
         $object = new \stdClass();
         $object->id = $quiz1->id;
         $object->usertimeclose = $basetimestamp + 7200; // The original timeclose for quiz 1.
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Quiz 2 closes in two hours.
         $this->setUser($student2id);
 
-        $comparearray = array();
+        $comparearray = [];
         $object = new \stdClass();
         $object->id = $quiz1->id;
         $object->usertimeclose = $basetimestamp + 14400; // The overriden timeclose for quiz 1.
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Quiz 1 and quiz 2 close in two hours.
         $this->setUser($teacherid);
 
-        $comparearray = array();
+        $comparearray = [];
         $object = new \stdClass();
         $object->id = $quiz1->id;
         $object->usertimeclose = $basetimestamp + 7200; // The unchanged timeclose for quiz 1.
@@ -473,18 +473,18 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create tags.
         foreach ($alltags as $tagname) {
-            $tagrecord = array(
+            $tagrecord = [
                 'isstandard' => 1,
                 'flag' => 0,
                 'rawname' => $tagname,
                 'description' => $tagname . ' desc'
-            );
+            ];
             $tagobjects[$tagname] = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_tag($tagrecord);
         }
 
         // Create a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 3, 'grade' => 100.0]);
 
         // Create a question category in the system context.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
@@ -492,13 +492,13 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Setup standard questions.
         for ($i = 0; $i < $qnum; $i++) {
-            $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+            $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
             quiz_add_quiz_question($question->id, $quiz);
         }
         // Setup random questions.
         for ($i = 0; $i < $randomqnum; $i++) {
             // Just create a standard question first, so there would be enough questions to pick a random question from.
-            $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+            $question = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
             $tagids = [];
             if (!empty($questiontags[$i])) {
                 foreach ($questiontags[$i] as $tagname) {
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
             quiz_add_random_questions($quiz, 0, $cat->id, 1, false, $tagids);
         }
 
-        return array($quiz, $tagobjects);
+        return [$quiz, $tagobjects];
     }
 
     public function test_quiz_override_summary() {
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ class locallib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $recipient = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_user(['email' => 'student@example.com']);
 
         // Allow recipent to receive email confirm submission.
-        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', array('shortname' => 'student'));
+        $studentrole = $DB->get_record('role', ['shortname' => 'student']);
         assign_capability('mod/quiz:emailconfirmsubmission', CAP_ALLOW, $studentrole->id,
             \context_course::instance($course->id), true);
         $this->getDataGenerator()->enrol_user($recipient->id, $course->id, $studentrole->id, 'manual');
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/privacy/provider_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/privacy/provider_test.php
index 1f74e996d6c..ffba8269df1 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/privacy/provider_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/privacy/provider_test.php
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ class provider_test extends \core_privacy\tests\provider_testcase {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
 
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz);
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($numq->id, $quiz);
 
         // Run as the user and make an attempt on the quiz.
@@ -411,9 +411,9 @@ class provider_test extends \core_privacy\tests\provider_testcase {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
 
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz);
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($numq->id, $quiz);
 
         return $quiz;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_bank_view_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_bank_view_test.php
index 7058ea33203..bcefd39deeb 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_bank_view_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_bank_view_test.php
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class quiz_question_bank_view_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
         // Create a course and a quiz.
         $course = $generator->create_course();
-        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', array('course' => $course->id));
+        $quiz = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_module('quiz', ['course' => $course->id]);
         $context = \context_module::instance($quiz->cmid);
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id);
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_helper_test_trait.php b/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_helper_test_trait.php
index 35e027df16e..174ab2adc31 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_helper_test_trait.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/quiz_question_helper_test_trait.php
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ trait quiz_question_helper_test_trait {
         // Create a couple of questions.
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category($override);
 
-        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $saq = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         // Create another version.
         $questiongenerator->update_question($saq);
         quiz_add_quiz_question($saq->id, $quiz);
-        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $numq = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         // Create two version.
         $questiongenerator->update_question($numq);
         $questiongenerator->update_question($numq);
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ trait quiz_question_helper_test_trait {
     protected function add_one_random_question($questiongenerator, \stdClass $quiz, $override = []): void {
         // Create a random question.
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category($override);
-        $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
         quiz_add_random_questions($quiz, 0, $cat->id, 1, false);
     }
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/repaginate_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/repaginate_test.php
index d0a98367ff8..17fd9e3ad55 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/repaginate_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/repaginate_test.php
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@
 
 namespace mod_quiz;
 
-use mod_quiz\quiz_settings;
-
 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
 
 global $CFG;
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/locallib.php');
 require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/classes/repaginate.php');
 
 /**
- * Testable subclass, giving access to the protected methods of {@link \mod_quiz\repaginate}
+ * Test for {@see \mod_quiz\repaginate}
  * @copyright 2014 The Open Univsersity
  * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
  */
@@ -76,10 +74,6 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->repaginate = new mod_quiz_repaginate_testable(0, $this->quizslots);
     }
 
-    public function tearDown(): void {
-        $this->repaginate = null;
-    }
-
     /**
      * Create a quiz, add five questions to the quiz
      * which are all on one page and return the quiz object.
@@ -91,19 +85,19 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Make a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array(
-                'course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0, 'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 2));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance([
+                'course' => $SITE->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0, 'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 2]);
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id, $SITE->id);
 
         // Create five questions.
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
 
-        $shortanswer = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $numerical = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $essay = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $truefalse = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
-        $match = $questiongenerator->create_question('match', null, array('category' => $cat->id));
+        $shortanswer = $questiongenerator->create_question('shortanswer', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $numerical = $questiongenerator->create_question('numerical', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $essay = $questiongenerator->create_question('essay', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $truefalse = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
+        $match = $questiongenerator->create_question('match', null, ['category' => $cat->id]);
 
         // Add them to the quiz.
         quiz_add_quiz_question($shortanswer->id, $quiz);
@@ -134,7 +128,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      */
     public function test_get_this_slot() {
         $this->set_quiz_slots();
-        $actual = array();
+        $actual = [];
         $expected = $this->repaginate->get_slots_by_slot_number();
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
@@ -146,7 +140,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
 
     public function test_get_slots_by_slotnumber() {
         $this->set_quiz_slots();
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         $actual = $this->repaginate->get_slots_by_slot_number();
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
@@ -160,7 +154,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     public function test_get_slots_by_slotid() {
         $this->set_quiz_slots();
         $actual = $this->repaginate->get_slots_by_slotid();
-        $this->assertEquals(array(), $actual);
+        $this->assertEquals([], $actual);
 
         $slotsbyno = $this->repaginate->get_slots_by_slot_number($this->quizslots);
         $actual = $this->repaginate->get_slots_by_slotid($slotsbyno);
@@ -171,7 +165,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->set_quiz_slots();
 
         // Expect 2 questions per page.
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             // Page 1 contains Slots 1 and 2.
             if ($slot->slot >= 1 && $slot->slot <= 2) {
@@ -191,7 +185,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
         // Expect 3 questions per page.
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             // Page 1 contains Slots 1, 2 and 3.
             if ($slot->slot >= 1 && $slot->slot <= 3) {
@@ -207,7 +201,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
         // Expect 5 questions per page.
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             // Page 1 contains Slots 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
             if ($slot->slot > 0 && $slot->slot < 6) {
@@ -223,7 +217,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
         // Expect 10 questions per page.
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             // Page 1 contains Slots 1 to 10.
             if ($slot->slot >= 1 && $slot->slot <= 10) {
@@ -239,7 +233,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
         // Expect 1 questions per page.
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         $page = 1;
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             $slot->page = $page++;
@@ -265,7 +259,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->set_quiz_slots();
         $slotfrom = 1;
         $type = repaginate::LINK;
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             if ($slot->slot > $slotfrom) {
                 $slot->page = $slot->page - 1;
@@ -276,7 +270,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
 
         $slotfrom = 2;
-        $newslots = array();
+        $newslots = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $s) {
             if ($s->slot === $slotfrom) {
                 $s->page = $s->page - 1;
@@ -285,7 +279,7 @@ class repaginate_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         }
 
         $type = repaginate::UNLINK;
-        $expected = array();
+        $expected = [];
         foreach ($this->quizslots as $slot) {
             if ($slot->slot > ($slotfrom - 1)) {
                 $slot->page = $slot->page - 1;
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/reportlib_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/reportlib_test.php
index b5bcfb7aa82..69432ff0eb9 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/reportlib_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/reportlib_test.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/mod/quiz/report/reportlib.php');
  */
 class reportlib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     public function test_quiz_report_index_by_keys() {
-        $datum = array();
+        $datum = [];
         $object = new \stdClass();
         $object->qid = 3;
         $object->aid = 101;
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ class reportlib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $object->grade = 3;
         $datum[] = $object;
 
-        $indexed = quiz_report_index_by_keys($datum, array('aid', 'qid'));
+        $indexed = quiz_report_index_by_keys($datum, ['aid', 'qid']);
 
         $this->assertEquals($indexed[101][3]->qid, 3);
         $this->assertEquals($indexed[101][3]->aid, 101);
         $this->assertEquals($indexed[101][3]->response, '');
         $this->assertEquals($indexed[101][3]->grade, 3);
 
-        $indexed = quiz_report_index_by_keys($datum, array('aid', 'qid'), false);
+        $indexed = quiz_report_index_by_keys($datum, ['aid', 'qid'], false);
 
         $this->assertEquals($indexed[101][3][0]->qid, 3);
         $this->assertEquals($indexed[101][3][0]->aid, 101);
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class reportlib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $quiz->grademethod = QUIZ_ATTEMPTFIRST;
         $firstattempt = $DB->get_records_sql("
                 SELECT * FROM {quiz_attempts} quiza WHERE userid = ? AND quiz = ? AND "
-                        . quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz), array(123, 456));
+                        . quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz), [123, 456]);
         $this->assertEquals(1, count($firstattempt));
         $firstattempt = reset($firstattempt);
         $this->assertEquals(1, $firstattempt->attempt);
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class reportlib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $quiz->grademethod = QUIZ_ATTEMPTLAST;
         $lastattempt = $DB->get_records_sql("
                 SELECT * FROM {quiz_attempts} quiza WHERE userid = ? AND quiz = ? AND "
-                . quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz), array(123, 456));
+                . quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz), [123, 456]);
         $this->assertEquals(1, count($lastattempt));
         $lastattempt = reset($lastattempt);
         $this->assertEquals(3, $lastattempt->attempt);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class reportlib_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $quiz->grademethod = QUIZ_GRADEHIGHEST;
         $bestattempt = $DB->get_records_sql("
                 SELECT * FROM {quiz_attempts} qa_alias WHERE userid = ? AND quiz = ? AND "
-                . quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz, 'qa_alias'), array(123, 456));
+                . quiz_report_qm_filter_select($quiz, 'qa_alias'), [123, 456]);
         $this->assertEquals(1, count($bestattempt));
         $bestattempt = reset($bestattempt);
         $this->assertEquals(2, $bestattempt->attempt);
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/restore_override_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/restore_override_test.php
index 6234639c561..2773df5fdd5 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/restore_override_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/restore_override_test.php
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ class restore_override_test extends \restore_date_testcase {
         $quizgen = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
         $quiz = $quizgen->create_instance(['course' => $course->id]);
 
-        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
-        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(array('courseid' => $course->id));
+        $group1 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
+        $group2 = $this->getDataGenerator()->create_group(['courseid' => $course->id]);
 
         $now = 100;
 
diff --git a/mod/quiz/tests/structure_test.php b/mod/quiz/tests/structure_test.php
index 1e8fcc975ff..759dbba4667 100644
--- a/mod/quiz/tests/structure_test.php
+++ b/mod/quiz/tests/structure_test.php
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         // Make a quiz.
         $quizgenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('mod_quiz');
 
-        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(array('course' => $course->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0,
-            'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 2, 'preferredbehaviour' => 'immediatefeedback'));
+        $quiz = $quizgenerator->create_instance(['course' => $course->id, 'questionsperpage' => 0,
+            'grade' => 100.0, 'sumgrades' => 2, 'preferredbehaviour' => 'immediatefeedback']);
 
         $cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance('quiz', $quiz->id, $course->id);
 
-        return array($quiz, $cm, $course);
+        return [$quiz, $cm, $course];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
 
-        $headings = array();
+        $headings = [];
         $slot = 1;
         $lastpage = 0;
         foreach ($layout as $item) {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
                     throw new \coding_exception('Page numbers wrong.');
                 }
                 $q = $questiongenerator->create_question($qtype, null,
-                        array('name' => $name, 'category' => $cat->id));
+                        ['name' => $name, 'category' => $cat->id]);
 
                 quiz_add_quiz_question($q->id, $quiz, $page);
                 $lastpage = $page;
@@ -172,17 +172,17 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
      */
     protected function parse_section_name($heading) {
         if (substr($heading, -1) == '*') {
-            return array(substr($heading, 0, -1), 1);
+            return [substr($heading, 0, -1), 1];
         } else {
-            return array($heading, 0);
+            return [$heading, 0];
         }
     }
 
     public function test_get_quiz_slots() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         // Are the correct slots returned?
@@ -191,9 +191,9 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_quiz_has_one_section_by_default() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $sections = $structure->get_sections();
@@ -206,12 +206,12 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_get_sections() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1*',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2*',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $sections = $structure->get_sections();
@@ -229,12 +229,12 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_remove_section_heading() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $sections = $structure->get_sections();
@@ -242,18 +242,18 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->remove_section_heading($section->id);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_cannot_remove_first_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $sections = $structure->get_sections();
@@ -264,11 +264,11 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_to_the_same_place_does_nothing() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -276,19 +276,19 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_end_of_one_page_to_start_of_next() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -296,18 +296,18 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '2');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_last_slot_to_previous_page_emptying_the_last_page() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -315,19 +315,19 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_end_of_one_section_to_start_of_next() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -335,21 +335,21 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '2');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_start_of_one_section_to_end_of_previous() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -357,19 +357,19 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
     public function test_move_slot_on_same_page() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -377,19 +377,19 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_up_onto_previous_page() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(3)->slotid;
@@ -397,19 +397,19 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_emptying_a_page_renumbers_pages() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -417,19 +417,19 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '3');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_too_small_page_number_detected() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(3)->slotid;
@@ -439,11 +439,11 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_too_large_page_number_detected() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(1)->slotid;
@@ -453,13 +453,13 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_within_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(1)->slotid;
@@ -467,23 +467,23 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_to_new_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -491,46 +491,46 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '2');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_to_start() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(3)->slotid;
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, 0, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF3', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF3', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_down_to_start_of_second_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
@@ -538,82 +538,82 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '2');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_first_slot_down_to_start_of_page_2() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(1)->slotid;
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, 0, '2');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_first_slot_to_same_place_on_page_1() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(1)->slotid;
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, 0, '1');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_first_slot_to_before_page_1() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(1)->slotid;
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, 0, '');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_up_to_start_of_second_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 3',
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF4', 3, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF4', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(3)->slotid;
@@ -621,27 +621,27 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, '2');
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 3',
-                array('TF4', 3, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF4', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_move_slot_does_not_violate_heading_unique_key() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 3',
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF4', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF4', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $idtomove = $structure->get_question_in_slot(4)->slotid;
@@ -649,34 +649,34 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->move_slot($idtomove, $idmoveafter, 1);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF4', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF4', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 3',
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_quiz_remove_slot() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $structure->remove_slot(2);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_quiz_removing_a_random_question_deletes_the_question() {
@@ -685,9 +685,9 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $this->resetAfterTest(true);
         $this->setAdminUser();
 
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
 
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
@@ -704,23 +704,23 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $structure->remove_slot(2);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
         $this->assertFalse($DB->record_exists('question_set_references',
-            array('id' => $randomq->id, 'component' => 'mod_quiz', 'questionarea' => 'slot')));
+            ['id' => $randomq->id, 'component' => 'mod_quiz', 'questionarea' => 'slot']));
     }
 
     /**
      * Unit test to make sue it is not possible to remove all slots in a section at once.
      */
     public function test_cannot_remove_all_slots_in_a_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-            array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+            ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+            ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
             'Heading 2',
-            array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+            ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $structure->remove_slot(1);
@@ -729,12 +729,12 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_cannot_remove_last_slot_in_a_section() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $this->expectException(\coding_exception::class);
@@ -742,10 +742,10 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
     }
 
     public function test_can_remove_last_question_in_a_quiz() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $structure->remove_slot(1);
@@ -753,131 +753,131 @@ class structure_test extends \advanced_testcase {
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
         $q = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null,
-                array('name' => 'TF2', 'category' => $cat->id));
+                ['name' => 'TF2', 'category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($q->id, $quizobj->get_quiz(), 0);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_add_question_updates_headings() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
 
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
         $q = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null,
-                array('name' => 'TF3', 'category' => $cat->id));
+                ['name' => 'TF3', 'category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($q->id, $quizobj->get_quiz(), 1);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_add_question_updates_headings_even_with_one_question_sections() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 3',
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
 
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
         $q = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null,
-                array('name' => 'TF4', 'category' => $cat->id));
+                ['name' => 'TF4', 'category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($q->id, $quizobj->get_quiz(), 1);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
                 'Heading 1',
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF4', 1, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF4', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 3',
-                array('TF3', 3, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+                ['TF3', 3, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_add_question_at_end_does_not_update_headings() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
 
         $questiongenerator = $this->getDataGenerator()->get_plugin_generator('core_question');
         $cat = $questiongenerator->create_question_category();
         $q = $questiongenerator->create_question('truefalse', null,
-                array('name' => 'TF3', 'category' => $cat->id));
+                ['name' => 'TF3', 'category' => $cat->id]);
 
         quiz_add_quiz_question($q->id, $quizobj->get_quiz(), 0);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
                 'Heading 2',
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF3', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF3', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_remove_page_break() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-            ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $slotid = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
         $slots = $structure->update_page_break($slotid, repaginate::LINK);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-            ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_add_page_break() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         $slotid = $structure->get_question_in_slot(2)->slotid;
         $slots = $structure->update_page_break($slotid, repaginate::UNLINK);
 
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
-        $this->assert_quiz_layout(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 2, 'truefalse'),
-        ), $structure);
+        $this->assert_quiz_layout([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 2, 'truefalse'],
+        ], $structure);
     }
 
     public function test_update_question_dependency() {
-        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz(array(
-                array('TF1', 1, 'truefalse'),
-                array('TF2', 1, 'truefalse'),
-        ));
+        $quizobj = $this->create_test_quiz([
+                ['TF1', 1, 'truefalse'],
+                ['TF2', 1, 'truefalse'],
+        ]);
         $structure = structure::create_for_quiz($quizobj);
 
         // Test adding a dependency.