diff --git a/mod/assignment/index.php b/mod/assignment/index.php
index d6e415b5982..1468c4c33cf 100644
--- a/mod/assignment/index.php
+++ b/mod/assignment/index.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);   // course
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);   // course
 
     if (! $course = get_record("course", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course ID is incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/choice/view.php b/mod/choice/view.php
index 772fa5bfe19..9c52c8ec205 100644
--- a/mod/choice/view.php
+++ b/mod/choice/view.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);    // Course Module ID
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);    // Course Module ID
     $action = optional_param('action', '');
     
     if (! $cm = get_record("course_modules", "id", $id)) {
diff --git a/mod/journal/edit.php b/mod/journal/edit.php
index 6c710d98d7f..0f3f247f41b 100644
--- a/mod/journal/edit.php
+++ b/mod/journal/edit.php
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
     require_once("../../config.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);    // Course Module ID
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);    // Course Module ID
 
     if (! $cm = get_record("course_modules", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course Module ID was incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/journal/index.php b/mod/journal/index.php
index 60329fb8cfd..2dbf763bf0e 100644
--- a/mod/journal/index.php
+++ b/mod/journal/index.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);   // course
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);   // course
 
     if (! $course = get_record("course", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course ID is incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/journal/report.php b/mod/journal/report.php
index e3bfaf182fa..a80e75d837a 100644
--- a/mod/journal/report.php
+++ b/mod/journal/report.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);   // course module
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);   // course module
 
     if (! $cm = get_record("course_modules", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course Module ID was incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/journal/view.php b/mod/journal/view.php
index d9308697582..5202c67634e 100644
--- a/mod/journal/view.php
+++ b/mod/journal/view.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);    // Course Module ID
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);    // Course Module ID
 
     if (! $cm = get_record("course_modules", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course Module ID was incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/lams/index.php b/mod/lams/index.php
index efa43c7c16a..6dcb593520a 100644
--- a/mod/lams/index.php
+++ b/mod/lams/index.php
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);   // course
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);   // course
 
     if (! $course = get_record("course", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course ID is incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/lesson/index.php b/mod/lesson/index.php
index 2a97de94470..6e538115c47 100644
--- a/mod/lesson/index.php
+++ b/mod/lesson/index.php
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("locallib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);   // course
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);   // course
 
     if (!$course = get_record("course", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course ID is incorrect");
diff --git a/mod/wiki/index.php b/mod/wiki/index.php
index f894d4c2366..486b57cb8aa 100644
--- a/mod/wiki/index.php
+++ b/mod/wiki/index.php
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     require_once("../../config.php");
     require_once("lib.php");
 
-    require_variable($id);   // course
+    $id = required_param('id', PARAM_INT);   // course
 
     if (! $course = get_record("course", "id", $id)) {
         error("Course ID is incorrect");